The Frozen Soils and Devastating Characteristics of West Kunlun Mountains Pass Ms 8.1 Earthquake Area in 2001

The investigation on damages to frozen soil sites during the West Kunlun Mountains Pass earthquake with Ms 8.1 in 2001 shows that the frozen soil in the seismic area is composed mainly of moraine, alluvial deposit, diluvial deposit and lacustrine deposit with the depth varying greatly along the earthquake rupture zone. The deformation and rupture of frozen soil sites are mainly in the form of coseismic fracture zones caused by tectonic motion and fissures,liquefaction, seismic subsidence and collapse resulting from ground motion. The earthquake fracture zones on the surface are main brittle deformations, which, under the effect of sinlstral strike-slip movement, are represented by shear fissures, tensional cracks and compressive bulges. The distribution and configuration patterns of deformation and rupture such as fissures, liquefaction, seismic subsidence and landslides are all related to the ambient rock and soil conditions of the earthquake area. The distribution of earthquake damage is characterized by large-scale rupture zones, rapid intensity attenuation along the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Highway, where buildings distribute and predominant effect of rock and soil conditions.     

Co- and post-seismic surface deformation and gravity changes of Ms7.0 Lushan,earthquake

On April 20, 2013, an earthquake with mag- nitude 7.0 occurred in the southwest of the Longmenshan fault system in and around Lushan County, Sichuan Province, China. This devastating earthquake killed hun- dreds of people, injured 10 thousand others, and collapsed countless buildings. In order to analyze the potential risk of this big earthquake, we calculate the co- and post-seismic surface deformation and gravity changes of this event. In this work, a multilayered crustal model is designed, and the elastic dislocation theory is utilized to calculate the co- and post-seismic deformations and gravity changes. During the process, a rupture model obtained by seismic waveform inversion （Liu et al. Sci China Earth Sci 56（7）： 1187-1192, 2013） is applied. The time-dependent relaxation results show that the influences on Lushan and its surrounding areas caused by the Ms7.0 Lushan earthquake will last as long as 10 years. The maximum horizontal displacement, vertical uplift, and settlement are about 5 cm, 21.24 cm, and 0.16 m, respectively; the maximal positive and nega- tive values of gravity changes are 45 and -0.47 μGal, respectively. These results may be applied to evaluate the long-term potential risk caused by this earthquake and to provide necessary information for post-earthquake reconstruction.     

Response of vertical deformation on faults to remote strong earthquakes

Vertical coseismic deformation on non-causative fault caused by remote strong earthquakes(epicentral distance≥1500 km,MS≥7.0)are observed by fault-monitoring instruments of new type during recent two years.The monitor-ing result shows,delay time,maximum amplitude and duration of vertical deformation on the non-causative faulthave remarkable close relationship with earthquakes magnitude and epicentral distance.The delay time of verticalcoseismic deformation have positive linear relationship with epicentral distance.The velocity of coseismic defor-mation is 5.5 km/s,close to the velocity of surface wave in granite.The logarithms of maximum amplitude of co-seismic deformation and epicentral distance have remarkable linear relationship with magnitude.The greater themagnitude and the closer the epicentral distance are,the bigger the maximum amplitude of coseismic deformationon non-causative fault will be.Relative to the epicentral distance,the magnitude is the most important factor to theduration of coseismic vertical deformation on the non-causative fault.Stronger earthquake causes longer vibrationduration of coseismic deformation.The experiential equation of co-seismic deformation faults obtained by thiswork is significant on the coseismic deformation research.     

Study on the Relationship Between Recent Crustal Deformation and the Temporal-Spatial Distribution of Strong Earthquakes ( Ms ≥6.0) in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region

Analysis of deformation data measured across the faults, regional vertical deformation data and GPS measurements in the Sichuan-Yunnan region made since the 1980s permitted us to conclude that the crustal deformation in the region during this period of time was relatively weak and caused the occurrence of earthquakes (Ms≥6.0), which were not distributed along the major boundary active faults in the region after the 1981 I)awu Ms 6.9 earthquake and that the seismic activity is characterized by quasi-clockwise migration. Thus, it follows that earthquake prediction research should be focused on the central part of the Sichuan-Yunnan region in the coming years. Finally, a concept of temporal division of the region into active blocks is suggested and the preliminary result of the division is given in the paper.     

Deformation Patterns and Shortening Rates in the East Part of the Kalpin Thrust System in the Southwest Tianshan Mountains During the Late Quaternary

Deformation patterns, shortening amounts and rates in the late Quaternary across the Kalpin thrust system have received little attention in the past. This paper attempts to discuss them, mainly in the eastern part of the thrust system by doing field investigation along the faults and folds, measuring geomorphic deformation, excavating trenches in several important sites where young alluvial fans were obviously displaced and dating young deposits of alluvial terraces. There are two types of deformation in the surface and near surface for the Kalpin thrust system in the late Quaternary. They are movement of thrust faults on lower angles and bending of young folds. Both kinds of deformation are shown by shortening and uplifting of young geomorphic surfaces. The surface ages of 3 stages are calculated by dating 20 examples using the TL method in the study area and comparing the results of our predecessors on the deposition and incision times of alluvial terraces in the Tianshan mountain which are 100ka B.P., 33～18ka B.P. and 6.6～8.2ka B.P. respectively for the large-scale deformed alluvial surfaces: T_3, T_2 and T_1 in the Kalpin region. Then, 19 sets of shortening amounts and rates are obtained in 13 sites along 4 rows of anticlines in front of the Kalpin thrust system and Piqiang fold. The shortening amounts and rates show that there are two sections where deformation is stronger than others. The two sections consist of two arcs that are towards the south. The shortening rates near the top of arcs are 1.32mm/a in the west and 1.39mm/a in the east across the thrust system, respectively. In addition, deformation is stronger in the front rows than the rear ones for bifurcate folds.     

A Preliminary Analysis of Relations Between Tectonic Deformation of Sedimentary Cover and Basement in Kuqa Depression

Study of seismic activity in the Kuqa area enables us to infer some possible active faults in basement from the epicentral distribution on different profiles. The relations between active faults in the basement and surface structures are analyzed and the difference between sedimentary cover and basement in their deformation characteristics and the genesis are discussed. The following conclusions have been drawn : ( 1 ) the epicentral distribution indicates that, the east Qiulitag and south and north Qiulitag deep faults in the basement correspond to the east and west Qiulitag anticlines, respectively. Moreover, deep faults also exist beneath the Yiqiklik and Yaken anticlines. It indicates that the formation of surface structures is controlled by deep structures; (2) A NE-trending strike-slip fault develops along the line from the western termination of Yiqiklik structure to Dongqiu Well 5 and a NW-trending active fault on the western side of Baicbeng. The two active faults across the tectonic strike are the main causes for tectonic segmentation of the Kuqa depression and possibly the cause for the middle segment (Kuqa-Baicheng) of the depression to be more shortened than both its eastern and western terminations; (3) The difference between the sedimentary cover and basement in their deformation characteristics depends mainly on the different properties of media between them.The lithospheric strength of the basement in the basin is fairly high, which determines the basement deformation to be mainly of brittle fracture seismic activity. While the strength of sedimentary cover is low, where there exist weak thin layers, such as coal and gyps. Under the effect of strong tectonic compression, the sedimentary rocks may undergo strong viscous or plastic flow deformation; meanwhile, an aseismic detachment may take place along the weak layers.     

Anomalies of Precursory Group and Grouped Strong Earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region

Three methods of extracting the information of anomalies of a precursory group are put forward, i.e., the mathematical analyses of the synthetic information of earthquake precursors(S), the inhomogeneous degree of precursory groups ( ID ) and the values of short-term and impending anomaly in near-source area (NS). Using these methods, we calculate the observational data of deformation, underground fluid and hydrochemical constituents obtained from different seismic stations in the Sichuan-Yunnan region and conclude that the synthetic precursory anomalies of a single strong earthquake with Ms6.0 differ greatly from those of the grouped strong earthquakes, for the anomalous information of precursory groups are more abundant. The three methods of extracting the synthetic precursory anomaly and the related numerical results can be applied into the practice of prediction to the grouped strong earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. Inhomogeneons degree (ID) of synthetic precursory anomaly can be identified automatically because it takes the threshold of distributive characteristics of the anomalies of precursory group as its criterion for anomaly.     

The Recent Crustal Deformation on the Sichuan-Yunnan Rhombic Block Boundaries

Based on data from an across-fault survey along the sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block boundaries,the recent deformation characteristics on each fault have been analyzed.It was found that the rate of crustal deformation is slowing down along the northern segment and increasing along the southern segment.Each fault has different features of deformation.The horizontal deformation is mainly characterized by left-lateral strike-slip.The rate of vertical deformation is less than that of the horizontal dformation.The faults have the feature of upper wall uplifting alternated with descending.The anomaly changes of crustal deformation at some sites are closely related to the seismicities near the sites.     

GNSS在断层形变研究中的应用

Great earthquakes often occur along or near active fault belts. Thus, monitoring and research on fault deformation are quite important. Methods such as short-leveling, short- baseline and integrated monitoring profile across fault belts have been used to monitor fault activities for many years. GNSS observations are mainly used to obtain the horizontal velocity field in large areas and to study the activities and deformation of major blocks. GNSS technology has been used to monitor and study the deformation of faults from a different aspects, In this paper, some applications and new explorations of GNSS are discussed. They are： （1） Research and monitoring of strike-slip activities of faults with GNSS. （2） Research and monitoring of vertical activities of faults with GNSS. （3） Investigating the laws of deformation of blocks on the sides of fault zone and setting up strain models to deduce the activities and deformation of faults with respective models and compare the deduced results with the actual measurements across fault. It is concluded that a larger discrepancy between the deduced and the observed deformation indicates a stronger interaction between the blocks, which can be important for predicting the location of a strong earthquake and assessing seismic hazard, as well as the seismicity trend.     

Analyses on gravity variation before and after the Lijiang earthquake based on a finite rectangular dislocation model

The methods were discussed to calculate the gravity variation due to crustal deformation based on a model of dis-location on a finite rectangular plane.Taking the Lijiang Ms=7.0 earthquake as an example the calculating princi-ple of fault parameters were determined,and the results were given.Of particular interests were the characteristics of the gravity variations in different dislocation types.With comparison between the calculated results and the practical measurements,it was found that the model could to some extent account for the observations.But it failed to give explanations to the more far spatial gravity variation.     

红河断裂带中、越现代形变监测对比研究综述

利用现今大地形变测量资料,可分析研究得到现今地壳形变特征.大地形变场的建立,主要以精密水准测量监测大地区域垂直形变,以地面激光测距监测大地水平形变,以短基线、短水准测量等方法对断层活动性进行定点观测研究.20世纪90年代以后比较流行用GPS监测场区现代构造运动及断裂的地壳形变.本文主要通过分析对比中、越红河断裂带及其相邻地区的现代形变监测资料,得出现今红河断裂的形变特征.     

结构面分布特征对隧道围岩变形影响的数值模拟分析

结构面对隧道围岩变形及稳定性起着决定性作用。运用三维离散元方法（3DEC）研究结构面分布特征,重点是结构面线密度1/λ、强度和倾角对隧道围岩变形的影响,总结了结构面分布与围岩变形特征的关系。结果表明,在结构面强度较低的情况下,结构面线密度对隧道变形的影响较大,其影响可分为两种情况：①λ≤0.2时,围岩的弯曲变形大于沿结构面的剪切变形,属于应力型大变形;②0.2〈λ≤0.4时,沿结构面的剪切变形大于围岩的弯曲变形,属于结构型大变形。结构面倾角主要影响围岩大变形发生的位置。将数值模拟结果与国内工程实例实测变形资料相对比,发现一致性较好。本研究结果对隧道支护结构的设计以及施工设计具有借鉴意义与指导作用。     

基于时序InSAR技术的新磨村滑坡发生前后变形研究

基于时序InSAR技术,并结合现场调查,采用新磨村滑坡发生前30景SAR数据和滑坡发生后36景SAR数据对滑坡及周边区域形变进行监测,结果表明:①新磨村滑坡发生前,坡脚未探测到明显的变形,但滑源区有明显的变形迹象,主要变形发生2016年和2017年,滑源区坡体经历了“缓慢变形-加速-暂时稳定-再加速-滑坡发生”过程;②新磨村滑坡发生后,在坡脚堆积区东南部形成一个不稳定变形体,累积变形量较大,雨季有加快变形趋势,尚未达到稳定状态;③根据新磨村滑坡前、后变形规律,滑坡发生前、后地表变形受降雨影响明显。     

中国大陆壳幔运动耦合作用分析

板块运动是地壳和上地幔变形的主要动力来源之一。因为只有地壳变形能被直接观测到,所以将上地壳变形场与下地壳和上地幔变形场比较是研究壳幔运动耦合作用的主要方法之一。利用中国大陆GPS观测结果,结合第四纪活动断层和由20世纪以来发生的地震资料反演获得的地球表层的水平应变率场,并将相关结果与Pn波各向异性及剪切波分裂的快波方向相比较,探讨中国大陆壳幔运动耦合作用。结果发现,总体来看活动性强的构造单元,其深部上地幔塑性剪切带的展布与上地壳脆性剪切带的方位有较大的差异;反之,活动性弱的构造单元,差异较小。活动构造单元其上地壳与下地壳—上地幔之间构造变形活动差异较大的原因,可能是在这个部位上、下地壳之间构造活动有一定程度的解耦,使下地壳以上部分的活动与其下“大地幔流”的运动趋势发生差异,从而产生构造应变能积累     

变形缝对T型交叉管廊地震响应的影响

整体现浇式地下综合管廊通常设置变形缝,以使管廊结构有效增强抵抗土体不均匀沉降的能力。本文以某拟建的整体现浇式T型交叉管廊为例,采用时程分析法计算了其在地震作用下的动力响应,研究了在地震作用下变形缝对管廊内力的影响,以及变形缝的相对变位。研究表明:在地震作用下,变形缝可以显著降低T型交叉管廊节点内力,但变形缝相对变位也会随之增大,最大张开量、压缩量和错位量分别可达5 mm、6 mm和3.2 mm。研究对整体现浇式T型交叉管廊的抗震设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Study of the Difference between Seismogenic Deformation and Deformation by Permanent Tectonic Movement

Ground deformation may be caused by crustal movement and non-crustal movement.The non-crustal movements include those caused by temperature,rainfall,ground water,etc.Deformation caused by crustal movement includes seismogenic deformation(that appearing in the process of earthquake preparation and that directly caused by the earthquake)and general tectonic activities.The key point in the study of the relationship between ground deformation and earthquakes is how to eliminate information of deformation caused by non-crustal movement and permanent(or slow)tectonic deformation in observed data.In this paper an analysis is made on the short leveling data recorded at Dahuichang Deformation-Observing Station,Beijing,for 22 years(1970-1991)by using the LMS algorithm method after lateral adaptive filtering of the modern digital signal processing technique.Eliminating the approximate annual variation in deformation caused by non-crustal movement such as temperature,rainfall,ground water,etc.,a unified standard is     

利用GPS技术监测大坝表面变形

目前GPS技术已能够提供连续、实时、无障碍和自动化服务,被广泛应用于各类变形监测。本文探讨GPS技术在大坝变形监测中的应用,以某水库大坝为例,介绍水库大坝变形监测GPS点布设及观测要求,并提出GPS观测整体方案,通过案例介绍大坝变形监测点布设及数据处理流程,简单分析大坝变形及影响因素。     

基于PSInSAR的2008年汶川MS8.0地震震后形变场特征

2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震造成了巨大的同震形变, 地表破裂带分布广泛。 为了研究汶川地震震后形变的分布特征, 收集了震后2008年5月28日至2010年9月15日的多时相ENVISAT ASAR数据, 该数据包括两个相邻条带, 能够覆盖震后形变区域。 使用基于单一主图像的PSInSAR处理技术分别对两个条带进行处理并拼接, 获得了震后时序形变图和年平均形变速率图。 研究结果显示, 龙门山断裂带两侧的震后形变分布特征明显不同, 断裂带西北盘形变量表现为LOS向隆升, 最大累积形变约为26 mm, 最大形变速率约为17±7 mm/a; 断裂带东南盘形变表现为LOS向沉降, 形变量较小, 最大累积形变约为-10 mm, 最大形变速率约为-5 mm/a。 汶川地震后的形变特征反映了龙门山断裂在此段具有逆冲为主兼有走滑分量的活动性质, 本文研究结果与震后GPS观测结果在形变趋势和量级方面具有较好的一致性。     

基于多卫星平台永久散射体雷达干涉提取三维地表形变速度场

永久散射体雷达干涉(PSI)技术及其应用于区域地表形变监测已成为雷达遥感领域的研究热点之一.使用单一卫星平台所获取的单侧视SAR影像时间序列进行PSI分析,仅能获取沿雷达视线(LOS)方向的一维地表位移信息.本文提出了基于多平台永久散射体雷达干涉提取三维地表形变速度场的模型与算法,其基本策略是:首先针对每一卫星平台的SAR影像时间序列进行PSI分析,并计算各地面目标沿LOS向的位移速度值,然后联合各平台所对应的LOS向位移速度值进行建模,并基于最小二乘方法解算各地面目标的三维位移速度分量.实验选取天津市西北部作为测试区,使用2007—2010年所获取的39幅TerraSAR-X影像、23幅ENVISAT ASAR影像和16幅ALOS PALSAR影像进行分析,经联合解算得到了该测试区域的垂直位移速度场以及南北向和东西向水平位移速度分量.与地面水准和已有GPS观测结果对比分析表明:多平台PSI的垂直位移速度场精度可达毫米级,而其水平位移速度分量与已有GPS结果基本一致.多平台PSI分析无需引入任何外部形变参考信息,便可以实现形变场的偏差校准和三维形变场的恢复.     

基于方差分量估计的多源InSAR数据自适应融合形变测量

近年来,合成孔径雷达干涉测量(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR)技术在地面沉降监测方面展现了巨大的应用潜力,但受其重访周期和一维形变测量能力的限制,仅利用单一轨道卫星观测数据很难揭示真实的地表形变特征及其演化规律.随着在轨运行的SAR卫星系统不断增加,使得融合相同时间段内覆盖同一区域的多源多轨道InSAR数据成为可能.然而目前普遍采用的多源InSAR数据融合方法均为针对大尺度形变监测设计,或者忽略南北向形变甚至水平形变,容易造成误判.为此,本文对经典小基线集(Small Baseline Subset, SBAS)时序InSAR分析方法进行改进,在其形变反演模型中加入东西向和南北向形变参数,采用方差分量估计方法解算多源观测数据验后方差,通过迭代精化确定权重矩阵,从而获得形变参数的最优估值.使用美国南加州地区的ALOS PALSAR和ENVISAT ASAR数据开展实验,利用南加州综合GPS网(SCIGN)位于研究区域内的9个站点观测数据进行验证,结果表明本文方法得到的融合形变测量结果在垂直向上能够准确反映地表形变波动,周期性与GPS观测比较一致;同时,融合得到的三维形变场显示南加州洛杉矶地区存在不可忽略的水平形变,东西向形变测量精度略高于南北向.因此,基于方差分量估计的多源InSAR融合方法在提高形变测量时间序列连续性的同时,能够更准确地反演研究区域三维形变特征.