东北冷涡发展过程的位涡收支分析

从位涡收支的角度对一次东北冷涡发展过程进行了诊断分析,研究了位涡趋势方程中各趋势项对冷涡发展的贡献。结果表明,在对流层低层东北冷涡的发展过程中,非绝热加热率、水平平流位涡以及非平流的位涡趋势对低层位涡的增强做正贡献,有利于低层冷涡的发展,也充分说明了非绝热加热对低层冷涡的发展所起的重要作用;而垂直平流位涡刚好相反,对低层位涡的增强做负贡献,不利于低层冷涡的发展。从垂直结构看,水平平流位涡主要是在对流层低层和高层对位涡发展有正贡献;而垂直平流位涡是在中层促使位涡增强;非平流引起的位涡变化主要是在低层;由平流和非平流引起的总位涡趋势增大,促使冷涡加强发展。     

由台风低压倒槽引发的山东暴雨过程研究

2004年8月26-28日发生在山东省的大到暴雨过程主要是由"艾莉"台风减弱的低压和西风带冷空气远距离相互作用造成的,台风倒槽的发展与低空东南气流的加强及台风低压外围热量和动量的向北输送密切相关.采用双向三重嵌套网格非静力模式MM5对这一过程进行了数值模拟,研究了台风倒槽的中尺度结构特征,并通过涡度收支探讨了台风倒槽及中尺度低涡发生发展的物理过程.结果表明,强降水是在台风倒槽顶部强风中心与弱风中心之间的强辐合作用下触发的,台风倒槽的增强和中尺度低涡的形成是低空急流及其动力作用的结果,降水的非绝热加热也起着重要作用.涡度方程的收支诊断表明,对流层低层的散度项、对流层中层的水平平流项和铅直输送项是正涡度的主要贡献者,在同一等压面上散度项和水平平流项的作用是相反的.对流层中层铅直输送项的贡献为正,扭转项为负贡献,涡度变化的总趋势是它们相互作用的净结果.等压面上相对涡度的变化趋势并不是均匀的,中尺度低涡的东南象限相对涡度局地变化较强,这是强降水发生在此的重要原因.低层正涡度的增加是由水平辐合引起的,而高层正涡度的增加是涡度由低层向高层垂直输送的结果.因此台风倒槽的发展和中尺度低涡的形成主要是由于低层的涡度制造,另一方面来自中低层涡度的垂直输送.     

理想热带气旋增强过程中的多尺度涡度收支特征分析

基于中尺度WRF模式,研究了无背景气流环境假设条件下理想热带气旋中低层大气多尺度涡旋运动的发展演变特征。精确的尺度分离是基于傅里叶变换实现的,且原始涡度场被划分为三个尺度范围:系统尺度(大于150 km)、中间尺度(50~150 km)、对流尺度(小于50 km)。研究结果表明:热带气旋的非轴对称本质主要是由于中间尺度和对流尺度上的运动造成的,且中间尺度涡度演变特征与热带气旋增强的阶段性有很好的对应关系,尤其是其快速增强阶段;全尺度涡度收支特征主要表现为两两抵消效应:STR/HAD和TIL/VAD,且前者的净贡献明显强于后者;系统尺度涡度收支特征与全尺度基本一致,但中间尺度涡度收支表现出明显不同特征:积分70 h之前,各收支项均表现出了与系统尺度相反的贡献,之后,各收支项的符号转变与系统尺度相同,但收支项净贡献明显大于系统尺度。总的来说,水平分辨率5 km下模拟的理想热带气旋的快速增强主要与中间尺度上STR/HAD净贡献的快速增长有关。此外,进一步研究了特定时段中间尺度涡度收支项的空间演变,结果表明:在热带气旋增强阶段,各收支项均在涡旋内核的轴对称化中有不可忽视的作用,且TIL在中心负涡度异常衰退、最终变为正涡度过程中起主导作用。      

辽宁地区一次暴雪过程低涡增强机制分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2015年2月15—17日辽宁省东北部地区一次暴雪天气过程的低涡增强机制进行了分析。结果表明:辽宁地区此次暴雪过程中850 h Pa低涡增强最明显,绝对涡度平流项是高层正涡度变率的主要强迫项,散度项则是低层正涡度变率的主要强迫项;500 h Pa冷平流增强强迫高层正涡度变率发展,造成涡度在垂直方向上分布不均匀,差动涡度平流增大,垂直上升运动加强,低层辐合加强,使低层涡度增强,低层低涡系统发展,低层低涡系统发展使干冷的西北气流、东北气流和来自黄海北部的东南暖湿气流在辽宁中部地区汇合,降雪加强。     

一次引发川东暴雨的西南涡特征分析

利用NCEP再分析格点资料、常规观测资料、自动站降水资料、0.1°×0.1°的FY-2E云顶亮温资料,对2013年6月29日至7月1日发生在四川东部的大暴雨过程进行分析,结合涡度收支方程重点分析了引发这次大暴雨的西南涡结构。结果表明：在西南低涡发生发展过程中,对低涡发展起直接作用的是水平辐合辐散项和水平平流项,低涡形成前水平辐合辐散项起主要贡献,低涡形成后水平平流项贡献增大,并在对流层中低层以正贡献为主,扭转项贡献最小,而垂直输送项在低涡形成前期以正贡献为主,低涡减弱阶段以负贡献为主;在西南低涡形成前期,对流层高层有位涡大值区向下传输至中层,中高层正位涡叠加在低层负位涡之上,有利于低层低涡的发展及不稳定能量的存储与释放,是低涡维持发展的重要因素。     

"03.7"江苏大暴雨凝结潜热的数值模拟

运用美国中尺度数值模式(MM5)对2003年7月4~5日江苏省中部的大暴雨过程进行了有无降水凝结潜热加热的数值模拟研究。模拟结果表明,凝结潜热释放能使高层负涡度和低层正涡度强烈发展,形成地面至500 hPa深厚的正涡度柱;使高层辐散、低层辐合和垂直上升运动显著增大一个量级;能诱发低空中尺度涡旋发生发展;使降水量增幅一个量级。凝结潜热释放是暴雨发生和雨量增幅的一种重要物理机制。     

热带气旋登陆维持和迅速消亡的诊断研究

采用动态合成方法, 对登陆后长久维持热带气旋(LTC)和迅速衰亡热带气旋(STC)的涡度、动能、热量和水汽的收支平衡进行计算和对比分析.结果表明: (1)LTC在陆上长久维持过程中, 其低层正涡度衰减缓慢并保持一定强度.STC登陆后正涡度减弱较快.(2)热带气旋登陆后涡度的收支主要取决于水平散度项、平流项和剩余项.散度项使LTC低层正涡度增加, 高层减少, 平流项和剩余项则使其低层涡度减弱, 高层涡度增加.总体而言, LTC自高层获得正涡度的补充, STC则没有获得环境正涡度.(3)低层, 摩擦耗散使LTC动能减少, 但动能通量辐合可补充部分动能而减缓衰减.中高层, LTC登陆后36～60 h动能收大于支, 动能的增加一部分来自于斜压动能制造, 一部分来自于次网格尺度.STC有类似的动能耗散, 却无动能补充.(4)LTC登陆后保持一定强度, 并从外界获得热量和水汽补充来支持积云对流发展, 而积云对流对LTC的维持具有正反馈作用.STC登陆后没有这一过程.     

一次东移型西南低涡的数值模拟及位涡诊断

利用非静力中尺度模式WRF对2011年6月16-18日引发强降水的一次东移型西南低涡过程进行了数值模拟,结果表明,WRF模式较成功地模拟了此次西南低涡所引起强降水的范围和移动。低涡首先在低层850 hPa形成,9 h之后在700 hPa出现闭合低涡,发展成熟。西南低涡的初生和成熟阶段在对流层低层都维持与正涡度和高位涡中心相耦合的动力结构,并伴有上升运动;在成熟阶段,上升运动、正涡度柱和高位涡柱明显加强、发展至对流层高层(300 hPa)。低层水汽通量散度对降水带的强度和移动都具有较好的指示意义。位涡收支诊断分析表明,非绝热作用项的垂直结构与垂直通量散度项相反,潜热释放造成的非绝热作用项有利于低层位涡增长、抑制高层位涡增长,对西南低涡的生成、发展有重要作用。     

太行山地形在“7·19”华北持续性低涡暴雨中的作用北大核心

本文对2016年“7·19”华北特大暴雨进行观测分析和数值模拟,并设置了改变地形高度的敏感性试验,以探究该过程降水系统的发生发展机制以及太行山地形的作用。结果表明:(1)本次强降水过程发生在“东高西低”的有利环流形势下,受太行山地形和平原环流系统影响,低层东风急流造成强的对流性降水和低涡作用的叠置造成“7·19”华北地区持续性暴雨的维持和加强;(2)第一阶段为对流性降水,太行山东麓大气对流不稳定能量释放,大气逐渐转为稳定层结;第二阶段为低涡降水,涡度收支分析表明水平散度项和扭转项对低涡维持和发展起到了主要的正贡献,同时伴随有较强的上升运动和垂直风切变,垂直风切变的增强促使水平涡度向垂直涡度转变;(3)太行山地形在持续性暴雨中对两阶段降水、低涡和水汽的作用存在差异。地形高度敏感性试验中,地形高度增高对低层气流的阻挡和强迫抬升作用增强,使得地形降水增强,低涡路径东移,且强度增大。水平散度项使得对流层低层辐合上升运动增强,造成涡度的垂直输送,这是低涡发展和维持的重要原因之一。太行山地形阻挡截留东部平原水汽,且水汽回流加强,有利于太行山东麓水汽的输送与辐合。     

2009年豫南一次强暴雨过程的位涡方程诊断分析

利用中尺度WRF模式、NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料及常规气象观测资料,对2009年8月28—30日河南省南部一次强暴雨过程进行中尺度数值模拟,借助模式输出的模拟数据计算位势涡度及位势涡度方程收支,并利用位涡收支方程对此次暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明,WRF模式对此次暴雨过程的模拟效果较好,模拟暴雨强度及落区与实况较一致,位势涡度能够较好地反映此次暴雨过程的动力及热力特征。位涡异常高值区与暴雨中心有较好的对应关系,暴雨中心大致位于位涡高值中心东南侧。位涡收支方程中各收支项同样能够反映此次暴雨过程的动力、热力性质。暴雨发展过程中大气中低层位涡局地增加,位涡局地变化大值中心驿应暴雨中心。各收支项中,引起中低层位涡局地变化的贡献主要来源于潜热加热作用、水平平流作用、垂直输送作用及摩擦作用。其中潜热加热与水平平流作用对暴雨中低层正变位涡起正贡献作用,潜热加热作用有利于位涡局地增加,水平平流作用易于低层位涡向流场辐合区聚集,引起局地位涡增加;垂直输送及摩擦作用对中低层位涡变化表现为负贡献作用,垂直作用易于将中低层位涡向高层输送,使得低层位涡减小,高层位涡增加。在摩擦作用下,低层位涡被大量耗散,使得中低层位涡局地减小。     

Impact of Mid- and Upper-Level Dry Air on Tropical Cyclone Genesis and Intensification: A Modeling Study of Durian (2001)

The impact of mid- and upper-level dry air, represented by low relative humidity (RH) values, on the genesis of tropical cyclone (TC) Durian (2001) in the South China Sea was investigated by a series of numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The mid-level RH was lowered in different regions relative to TC Durian (2001)'s genesis location. Results suggest that the location of dry air was important to Durian (2001)'s genesis and intensification. The rapid development of the TC was accompanied by sustained near-saturated mid- and upper-level air, whereas low humidity decelerated its development. Water vapor budget analysis showed that moisture at mid and upper levels was mainly supplied by the vertical convergence of moisture flux and the divergence terms, and consumed by the condensation process. The horizontal convergence of moisture flux term supplied moisture in the air moistening process but consumed moisture in the air drying process. With a dryer mid- and upper-level environment, convective and stratiform precipitation were both inhibited. The upward mass fluxes and the diabatic heating rates associated with these two precipitation types were also suppressed. Generally, convection played the dominant role, since the impact of the stratiform process on vertical mass transportation and diabatic heating was much weaker. The vorticity budget showed that the negative vorticity convergence term, which was closely related to the inhibited convection, caused the vorticity to decrease above the lower troposphere in a dryer environment. The negative vorticity tendency is suggested to slow down the vertical coherence and the development rate of TCs.     

Discussion on the complete-form vorticity equation and slantwise vorticity development

The complete form of the vertical vorticity tendency equation (the complete-form vorticity equation) is derived from the Ertel potential vorticity equation to contain thermodynamic factors. In this study, a new complete-form vorticity equation, which has the same form as the original complete-form vorticity equation, is deduced from the absolute vorticity vector equation combined with the continuity equation and the expression of three-dimensional (3D) entropy gradient. By comparing the complete-form vorticity equation with the classical vertical vorticity equation, it is found that regardless of whether or not the isentropic surface is tilting, the two vorticity equations are in essence the same. The “baroclinic term” of the complete-form vorticity equation is exactly equal to the solenoidal term of the classical one, and there is a significant amount of cancellation between the two baroclinic items (the “slantwise term” and the horizontal vorticity change term) in the complete-form vorticity equation. In operational weather analysis, the tilt of the isentropic surface can be diagnosed according to the density of the isotherm on the upper-level isobaric map. For synoptic-scale motion, the vertical vorticity produced by the tilt of the isentropic surface is due to the contribution of atmospheric baroclinicity, which is measured by the solenoid. The 3D solenoid is parallel to the isentropic surface, so the more tilted the isentropic surface, the bigger the projection of the 3D solenoid in the vertical direction. The baroclinic contribution can be interpreted based on the PV thinking theory, but the relationship between the vorticity field and the potential vorticity field is not immediate.     

东北冷涡下一次飑线和MCV的形成与水平涡度的关系

利用WRF中尺度数值模式,NCEP/NCAR分析资料,多普勒雷达观测资料等,对2016年7月25日一次东北冷涡下的飑线过程进行数值模拟,研究了飑线形成和维持与水平涡度的关系及飑线过程中中尺度对流涡旋(MCV)的形成机制,分析发现,高低层水平涡度逆时针旋转对本次飑线的形成和维持有很好的指示意义。(1)飑线发生前,高层渤海湾西侧出现水平涡度的逆时针旋转中心,并有较强的辐散配合,低层水平涡度为逆时针弯曲,为飑线产生提供了有利的上升运动条件。随后高层多个对流单体的水平涡度气旋式涡旋合并形成较大范围的气旋式涡旋结构,触发低层的上升运动,同时低层对流区前部形成一致的气旋式弯曲使得对流单体组织成带状结构,形成飑线。(2)飑线成熟时期高层水平涡度表现为统一大范围气旋式涡旋结构,低层则呈现典型的S型弯曲结构,水平涡度x方向的分量沿对流带从南至北表现为正负正,y方向的分量始终为正,并由对流带的中心向两侧减小,显示出水平涡度矢量旋转的方向对飑线影响的重要性。(3)由垂直涡度方程的分析得出,在飑线发展中期,MCV形成前,雷达反射率回波在500 hPa左右表现出明显的旋转,此时主要与500 hPa以上强的正涡度水平平流项及中层倾侧项和水平散度项有关,之后,在这几项的作用下使得中层风场产生气旋式旋转,形成MCV。      

Thermodynamic Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones with RapidIntensity Change over the Coastal Waters of China

In order to investigate the different thermodynamic mechanisms between rapid intensifying (RI) and rapid weakening (RW) tropical cyclones (TCs),the thermodynamic structures of two sets of composite TCs are analyzed based on the complete-form vertical vorticity tendency equation and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.Each composite is composed of five TCs,whose intensities change rapidly over the coastal waters of China.The results show that the maximum apparent heating source Q1 exists in both the upper and lower troposphere near the RI TC center,and Q1 gets stronger at the lower level during the TC intensification period.But for the RW TC,the maximum Q1 exists at the middle level near the TC center,and Q1 gets weaker while the TC weakens.The maximum apparent moisture sink Q2 lies in the mid troposphere.Q2 becomes stronger and its peak-value height rises while TC intensifies,and vice versa.The increase of diabatic heating with height near the TC center in the mid-upper troposphere and the increase of vertical inhomogeneous heating near the TC center in the lower troposphere are both favorable to the TCs' rapid intensification; otherwise,the intensity of the TC decreases rapidly.     

西北太平洋热带气旋快速增强阶段的风速分布特征

利用联合台风预警中心的最优路径（best-track）资料,筛选出西北太平洋地区快速增强和非快速增强两类热带气旋样本。利用美国国家海洋与大气管理局（NOAA）的多平台热带气旋表面风分析资料,对比分析了两类样本的风速和涡度的分布特征。结果显示,快速增强的热带气旋样本通常结构更紧凑,最大风速较大,最大风速半径较小,台风内区的风速较大。在涡度上表现为快速增强热带气旋样本内区的涡度和涡度梯度较大。对两类样本进行t检验,结果显示两类样本内区的切向风差异明显,说明热带气旋的内区风速分布与其发展之间存在密切联系。其物理机制可能是:当存在较大的内区涡度梯度时,涡度隔离机制有利于对流单体向涡旋中心汇聚,此外较大的涡度意味着较大的惯性稳定度,有利于非绝热加热向热带气旋动能的转换,二者共同作用有利于热带气旋的快速发展。      

A Study on a Heavy Rainfall Event Triggered by an Inverted Typhoon Trough in Shandong Province

A heavy rainfall event that occurred in Shandong Province in 26 28 August 2004 was caused mainly by Typhoon Acre and cold air activities related to a westerly trough. The event was triggered by an inverted typhoon trough, which was closely associated with the intensification of the low-level southeasterly flow and the northward transport of heat and momentum in the periphery of the typhoon low. A numerical simulation of this event is performed using the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 with two-way interactive and triply-nested grids, and the structure of the inverted typhoon trough is studied. Furthermore, the formation and development mechanism of the inverted typhoon trough and a mesoscale vortex are discussed through a vorticity budget analysis. The results show that the heavy rainfall was induced by the strong convergence between the strong and weak winds within the inverted typhoon trough. Dynamic effects of the low-level jet and the diabatic heating of precipitation played an important role in the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex. The vorticity budget analysis suggests that the divergence term in the low troposphere, the horizontal advection term, and the convection term in the middle troposphere were main contributors to positive vorticity. Nonetheless, at the same pressure level, the effect of the divergence term and that of the adveetion term were opposite to each other. In the middle troposphere, the vertical transport term made a positive contribution while the tilting term made a negative contribution, and the total vorticity tendency was the net result of their counteractions. It is found that the change tendency of the relative vorticity was not uniform horizontally. A strong positive vorticity tendency occurred in the southeast of the mesoscale vortex, which is why the heavy rainfall was concentrated there. The increase of positive vorticity in the low （upper） troposphere was caused by horizontal convergence （upward transport of vorticity from the lower troposphere）. Therefore, the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex were mainly attributed to the vorticity generated in the low troposphere, and also the vertical transport of vorticity from the low and middle troposphere.     

The impact of deformation on vortex development in a baroclinic moist atmosphere

A mathematical relation between deformation and vertical vorticity tendency is built by introducing the frontogenesis function and the complete vertical vorticity equation, which is derived by virtue of moist potential vorticity. From the mathematical relation, it is shown that properly configured atmospheric conditions can make deformation exert a positive contribution to vortex development at rates comparable to other favorable factors. The effect of deformation on vortex development is not only related to the deformation itself, but also depends on the current thermodynamic and dynamic structures of the atmosphere, such as the convective stability, moist baroclinicity and vertical wind shear(or horizontal vorticity). A diagnostic study of a heavy-rainfall case that occurred during 20–22 July 2012 shows that deformation has the most remarkable effect on the increase in vertical vorticity during the rapid development stage of the low vortex during its whole life cycle. This feature is mainly due to the existence of an approximate neutral layer(about 700 h Pa) in the atmosphere where the convective stability tends to be zero. The neutral layer makes the effect of deformation on the vertical vorticity increase significantly during the vortex development stage, and thus drives the vertical vorticity to increase.     

南海地区中层气旋的生成

本文对12个中层气旋生成时的环境场作综合分析,选出两个生成位置靠近平均位置的气旋,分4个时次进行涡度和热量的收支计算。结果表明,大尺度的涡度倾向是气旋生成的必要条件,尤其是散度项的贡献最为显著。在低纬地区地转参数(f)比中纬度小,散度项的贡献较大程度地取决于相对涡度(ξ)的大小。在对流层中下层,散度项值最大,气旋也首先在这里生成。气旋生成时涡管倾斜度很大,由于积云对流将低层的正涡度向上层输送,使涡管变垂直,促使气旋发展成熟。计算得到的小尺度涡度输送和实际降水量分布十分一致。积云对流释放出来的潜热可直接加热中层大气,但上层大气是靠补偿动力下沉增温的。      

一次华南强飑线过程的数值模拟及后方入流作用诊断

利用WRF中尺度模式对2014年3月30—31日发生在华南的一次强飑线过程进行数值模拟。本次飑线过程受高空槽和低涡切变线影响,水汽条件充足,低层垂直风切变较强。模拟结果表明:发展阶段,后方入流缺口开始出现,飑线逐渐呈弓形结构;成熟阶段,飑线后方入流逐渐下沉到地面并延伸至对流区前沿,冷池完全移入残留冷区并加强,配合九连山下坡过程,飑线得以加强。后方入流对本次飑线过程的发展和维持十分重要。后方入流受环境风及中层负压力扰动作用开始形成,随后受对流区后侧中低层涡旋对的影响迅速发展增强而进入发展阶段,反气旋式涡旋的北侧风场促进了后方入流的形成和发展;成熟阶段,气旋式涡旋的南侧风场使后方入流迅速增强。气旋式涡旋区域主要受涡管拉伸作用增长,反气旋式涡旋区主要受涡度倾斜增长作用。涡旋对垂直涡度主要是由低层水平涡度向上倾斜引起,而水平涡度则是由斜压作用产生。