STUDY ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN NDVI PROFILE AND THE GROWING STATUS OF CROPS

Daily and ten-day Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) of crops were retrieved from meteorological statellite NOAA AVHRR images ,The temporal variations of the NDVI were analyzed during the whole growing season,and thus the principle of the interaction between NDIV profile and the growing status of crops was discussed,As a case in point,the relationship between integral NDVI and winter wheat yield of Henan Province in 1999 had been analyzed.By putting integral NDVI values of 60 sample counties into the winter wheat yield-integral NDVI coordination,scattering map was plotted. It demonstrated that integral NDVI had a close relation with winter wheat yield.These relation could be described with linear,cubic polynomial ,and exponential regression,and the cubic polynomial regression was the best way,In general ,NDVI reflects growing status of green vegetation ,so crop monitoring and crop yield estimation could be realized by using remote sensing technique on the basis of time serial NDVI data together with agriculture calendars.     

Estimation of land production and its response to cultivated land conversion in North China Plain

Food safety and its related influencing factors in China are the hot research topics currently, and cultivated land conversion is one of the significant factors influencing food safety in China. Taking the North China Plain as the study area, this paper examines the changes of cultivated land area using satellite images, estimates land productivity from 1985 to 2005 using the model of Estimation System for Land Productivity (ESLP), and analyzes the impact of cultivated land conversion on the land production. Compared with the grain yield data from statistical yearbooks, the results indicate that ESLP model is an effective tool for estimating land productivity. Land productivity in the North China Plain showed a slight decreasing trend from 1985 to 2005, spatially, increased from the north to the south gradually, and the net changes varied in different areas. Cultivated land area recorded a marginal decrease of 8.0 × 10⁵ ha, mainly converted to other land uses. Cultivated land conversion had more significant negative impacts on land production than land productivity did. Land production decreased by about 6.48 × 10⁶ t caused by cultivated land conversion between 1985 and 2005, accounting for 91.9% of the total land production reduction. Although the land productivity increased in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, it can not offset the overall adverse effects caused by cultivated land conversion. Therefore, there are significant meanings to control the cultivated land conversion and improve the land productivity for ensuring the land production in the North China Plain.     

TM图像杨树林识别的MLC与LSU算法应用分析——以河北省文安县为例

以Landsat5 TM1、TM2、TM3、TM4、TM5和TM7等图像数据,经预处理后进行植被指数提取和主成分分析,生成13个波段数据集;并用最优指数法(OIF)选取目视解译波段,运用最大似然法(MLC)和线性光谱分解法(LSU)对华北平原农区河北省文安县2007年5月的杨树林地面积信息作了应用分析.结果表明:(1)...     

基于MODIS GPP产品的冬小麦保险费率厘定方法研究

农作物保险是国内外减少灾害造成的种植户经济损失,保障农民基本生产收入的重要手段。国内传统的农作物保险费率是基于行政单元的统计数据厘定的,忽略了行政单元内部灾害的空间风险差异,因此如何获得行政单元内部农户级农作物纯保险费率,成为精细化农作物保险的关键问题。本文针对农户级的冬小麦纯保险费率,以河南省周口市为实验区,利用2005—2015年MODIS MOD17 A2 GPP总初级生产力数据产品生成2005—2015年冬小麦生长季的GPP数据,同时利用Landsat5/7/8 TM/ETM/OLI数据计算2005—2015年公里级的冬小麦种植面积比。通过Bühlmann-Straub模型和经验费率法厘定得到2016年实验区基于格网单元的冬小麦纯保险费率。研究表明：遥感数据可以为农作物保险空间精细费率厘定提供数据保障,利用遥感数据可以得到公里级格网单元的冬小麦纯保险费率。将利用遥感数据得到的农作物纯保险费率用于农作物保险中,提高了农作物保险的空间精细水平,可以进行基于地块的空间差异化农户投保,有利于政府针对不同农户制定合理的农作物保险政策,保险公司合理的收取保费。     

Regionalization for large area crop estimates by remote sensing

The crop estimates by remote sensing, developing quickly in recent decades, is a up-to-date technique. Regionalization for large area crop estimates by remote sensing, a special applied regionalization, is the foundation of crop estimates in a large area by remote sensing. According to the actual demands of wheat yield estimation by remote sensing and wheat agroclimatic demarcation of China, this paper first puts forward some principles upheld in this regionalization and analyses its main bases. Secondly, it works out the classificatory schemes about the optimum temporal for estimating wheat yield by remote sensing, information sources of space remote sensing and landuse structure in China. Finally, According to the regionalization indices, this study divides the wheat plantable region of China into 14 regions of crop yield estimates and 31 subregions of crop yield estimates.     

Regionalization for large area crop estimates by remote sensing

The crop estimates by remote sensing, developing quickly in recent decades, is a up-to-date technique. Regionalization for large area crop estimates by remote sensing, a special applied regionalization, is the foundation of crop estimates in a large area by remote sensing. According to the actual demands of wheat yield estimation by remote sensing and wheat agroclimatic demarcation of China, this paper first puts forward some principles upheld in this regionalization and analyses its main bases. Secondly, it works out the classificatory schemes about the optimum temporal for estimating wheat yield by remote sensing, information sources of space remote sensing and landuse structure in China. Finally, According to the regionalization indices, this study divides the wheat plantable region of China into 14 regions of crop yield estimates and 31 subregions of crop yield estimates.     

REGIONALIZATION FOR LARGE AREA CROP ESTIMATES BY REMOTE SENSING——A Case Study of Chinese Wheat

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华北平原水资源合理开发利用的思路与举措

经过几十年的大量开采利用,华北平原地下水资源不仅表现为区域超采和局部严重超采,也暴露出地下水补给源严重萎缩的问题。其主要表现在中西部粗质平原的地下水易补给区,因汇流山地水库强力拦蓄,河道主体补给功能丧失,而在中东部细质平原的径流主产区,因水位埋藏浅和水质咸化,降水径流不能形成对地下水的有效补给,蒸发流失严重。以往实践强调山区水利工程建设而轻视了东部低平原区径流拦蓄利用,重视对高海拔咸水体的改造利用而忽视了对低海拔咸水体的改造利用,强化地表水库建设的重要性而忽略了地下水库的重要性。面对华北平原供水紧张的严峻形势,调整水资源开发战略势在必行,其具体思路是:以千方百计提高降水利用水平为中心,调整和改善水资源开发利用整体布局;以地下水补给调蓄为重点,大力集蓄雨洪水和改造利用浅层水,充分发挥地表水和地下水两大功能作用。其具体举措有:实施山前梯级水坝的地下水库"回灌"工程;实施中东部及滨海淡水蓄水利用工程;实施东部浅层地下水规模化改造开发利用工程。若上述措施得以实施,可使降水利用率从现状的20.65%提高到26%以上,则华北平原供水问题有望获得解决。     

基于多源数据的华北平原地下水储量时空变化分析

利用GRACE卫星数据反演华北平原2003~2015年地下水储量变化,并用监测井数据进行验证。基于EOF方法分解GRACE年际地下水储量变化,结合冬小麦年均WFblue和TRMM降雨数据分析影响华北平原地下水储量年际变化的因素。结果表明,前2个特征向量方差贡献率为93.09%。其中,第1模态方差贡献率为80.04%,与华北平原2003~2009年冬小麦年均WFblue空间变化的相关系数为-0.69,且空间分布一致;第2模态方差贡献率为13.05%,与同时段降水数据的空间分布的相关系数为0.93。说明农业灌溉,尤其是冬小麦的灌溉对华北平原地下水的消耗起着至关重要的作用。     

Spatio-temporal Characteristics and Geographical Determinants of Air Quality in Cities at the Prefecture Level and Above in China

In recent years, the large scale and frequency of severe air pollution in China has become an important consideration in the construction of livable cities and the physical and mental health of urban residents. Based on the 2016-year urban air quality index(AQI) data published by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, this study analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of air quality and its influencing factors in 338 urban units nationwide. The analysis provides an effective scientific basis for formulating national air pollution control measures. Four key results are shown. 1) Generally, air quality in the 338 cities is poor, and the average annual values for urban AQI and air pollution in 2016 were 79.58% and 21.22%, respectively. 2) The air quality index presents seasonal changes, with winter spring autumn summer and a u-shaped trend. 3) The spatial distribution of the urban air quality index shows clear north-south characteristic differences and a spatial agglomeration effect; the high value area of air pollution is mainly concentrated in the North China Plain and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 4) An evaluation of the spatial econometric model shows that differences in urban air quality are due to social, economic, and natural factors.     

基于微波数据与光学数据集成的机器学习技术在作物产量估算中的应用

各类光学植被指数已成功地应用于各种植被监测与作物产量估算中,但这些指数易受大气状况的影响。由星载微波辐射计得到的植被光学厚度数据（VOD）与植被密度、含水量密切相关,数据可全天候获得,在农业遥感监测中呈现着巨大的潜力。作为来自不同传感器的遥感数据,微波遥感数据与光学遥感数据可以提供不同波长范围内的植被信息。为了更准确地进行作物产量估算,本研究提出将微波遥感数据与光学遥感数据共同应用于冬小麦单产估算中。研究选择L波段微波辐射计SMAP卫星的VOD数据与MODIS的标准归一化植被指数NDVI、增强型植被指数EVI、叶面积指数LAI、光合有效辐射分量FPAR数据作为研究变量,分别使用BP神经网络、GA-BP神经网络和PSO-BP神经网络建立冬小麦产量估算模型。结果表明： 3种神经网络回归模型的P值均小于0.001,通过了显著性检验。GA-BP神经网络回归模型的估算值与真实值在3种神经网络回归模型中表现了最高的相关性（R=0.755）与最低的均方根误差（RMSE=529.145 kg/hm²）,平均绝对误差(MAE=425.168 kg/hm²)和平均相对误差（MRE=6.530%）。为了分析多源遥感数据的结合在作物产量估算中的优势,研究同时构建了仅使用NDVI和LAI,使用NDVI、EVI、LAI、FPAR等光学数据进行冬小麦产量估算的3种GA-BP神经网络回归模型作为对比。结果表明,使用微波遥感数据与光学遥感数建立的GA-BP神经网络回归模型较上述3种作为对比的GA-BP神经网络回归模型的相关系数R值分别提高了0.163,0.229与0.056,均方根误差RMSE分别降低了122.334、158.462和46.923 kg/hm²,使用多源遥感数据的组合可以很好地提高作物产量估算的准确性。     

东北地区农业需水动态调控模型设计与应用

一个地区水量的充足与否直接影响该区农作物产量的高低。利用空间信息技术(RS和GIS)建立的东北地区农业需水动态调控模型,可服务于不同地区农业(农作物)的合理发展。文中以东北地区黑龙江、吉林、辽宁3省主要农作物及其分布现状为研究对象,依据区内水资源的供需平衡原理和水资源与农业的相互耦合关系,运用RS和GIS手段,进行了东北地区农业需水动态调控模型系统的概念设计。东北农业需水动态调控GIS不仅可以实现对现有数据查询、检索、修改和分析,还可对农业未来的发展做出预测,对未来20年内东北地区作物单产、作物耗水量、作物需水量以及作物产量变化等趋势做出评价。据此可为一些重大水利工程规划布局决策提供参考依据,从而实现东北地区农业稳定、快速的可持续发展。     

Remote sensing needs and capabilities in West Africa

The greatest advantage of remote sensing over conventional measurements lies in the opportunity to carry out detailed spatio-temporal analysis of land and ocean features on a very frequent basis. This paper analyses the contribution of satellite imagery to atmospheric, geophysical and ocean studies and management in West Africa since the early 1980s.The detailed application of data from optical sensors (e.g. Meteosat,NOAA/AVHRR, SPOT, Landsat TM, etc.)for weather prediction,hydrogeological, landuse/cover and cartographic studies has been acknowledged. However, the use of microwave (e.g. SAR) and optical data for ocean monitoring and studies in the sub-region is still very limited. Even though sufficient remote sensing expertise and infrastructure is perceived in the region, no clearly defined networking or database exists.     

Remote sensing needs and capabilities in West Africa

The greatest advantage of remote sensing over conventional measurements lies in the opportunity to carry out detailed spatio-temporal analysis of land and ocean features on a very frequent basis. This paper analyses the contribution of satellite imagery to atmospheric, geophysical and ocean studies and management in West Africa since the early 1980s.The detailed application of data from optical sensors (e.g. Meteosat,NOAA/AVHRR, SPOT,L andsat TM, etc.) for weather prediction, hydrogeological, landuse/cover and cartographic studies has been acknowledged. However, the use of microwave (e.g. SAR) and optical data for ocean monitoring and studies in the sub-region is still very limited. Even though sufficient remote sensing expertise and infrastructure is perceived in the region, no clearly defined networking or database exists.     

河南省冬小麦快速遥感制图

在省域尺度上,冬小麦遥感识别中存在冬小麦物候不一致、地表环境复杂、数据处理复杂、遥感数据冗余、选择适当的分类样本困难、分类精度低等问题,而遥感数据云平台为解决这些问题提供了良好的数据基础和数据处理能力。以河南省为研究区,以谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine)云平台为支撑,基于2015年和2002年前后年份河南省冬小麦识别关键期内的2296景Landsat遥感影像,采用NDVI重构增幅算法建立冬小麦大区域遥感快速制图模型,实现了2015年和2002年的河南省冬小麦分布制图。结果表明：2015年和2002年冬小麦种植面积分别为56 055.79 km²和47 296.11 km²,与统计数据比,精度达到97%;2002-2015年,河南省冬小麦种植分布存在明显变化,总体播种面积呈增加趋势,2015年比2002年增加8759.69 km²,增幅为18.52%。与传统计算机冬小麦制图方法相比,基于Google Earth Engine云平台的数据处理和制图效率均获得千倍以上的提升。     

Evapotranspiration Estimation Based on MODIS Products and Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land （SEBAL） Model in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

In this study,the Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land(SEBAL) model and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) products from Terra satellite were combined with meteorological data to estimate evapotranspiration(ET) over the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Land cover/land use was classified by using a recursive partitioning and regression tree with MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) time series data,which were reconstructed based on the Savitzky-Golay filtering approach.The MODIS product Quality Assessment Science Data Sets(QA-SDS) was analyzed and all scenes with valid data covering more than 75% of the Sanjiang Plain were selected for the SEBAL modeling.This provided 12 overpasses during 184-day growing season from May 1st to October 31st,2006.Daily ET estimated by the SEBAL model was misestimaed at the range of-11.29% to 27.57% compared with that measured by Eddy Covariance system(10.52% on average).The validation results show that seasonal ET from the SEBAL model is comparable to that from ground observation within 8.86% of deviation.Our results reveal that the time series daily ET of different land cover/use increases from vegetation on-going until June or July and then decreases as vegetation senesced.Seasonal ET is lower in dry farmland(average(Ave):491 mm) and paddy field(Ave:522 mm) and increases in wetlands to more than 586 mm.As expected,higher seasonal ET values are observed for the Xingkai Lake in the southeastern part of the Sanjiang Plain(Ave:823 mm),broadleaf forest(Ave:666 mm) and mixed wood(Ave:622 mm) in the southern/western Sanjiang Plain.The ET estimation with SEBAL using MODIS products can provide decision support for operational water management issues.     

20世纪90年代中国东西部土地利用变化时空特征分析

在覆盖全国的1km栅格土地利用本底与动态成分数据时空信息平台支持下,应用土地利用动态度模型,分别计算了全国及东西部地区土地利用一级类型的单一和综合动态度,并分析了土地利用动态度的空间格局。通过分析东西部土地利用类型变化特征和土地利用类型转换特征,对20世纪90年代中国东西部土地利用变化过程的时空特征进行了全面分析,揭示了东西部地区土地利用变化的时空规律。并对主要土地利用类型变化的原因进行了分析。     

基于RS和GIS的松辽平原黑土流失研究

基于RS和GIS技术,利用1986年TM数据和2001年ETM数据,对松辽平原黑土分布现状与动态变化进行监测研究,分析了黑土流失特点及其时空分布规律,并引入冲沟线密度概念量化黑土流失趋势。结果表明:松辽平原典型黑土面积54 989.92 km2,沿京哈铁路线呈弧形条带状展布;1986~2001年间,黑土区水土流失面积达3 765.21 km2,减少速度为251.01 km2/a,集中在河流两岸、较大建筑用地附近和与盐碱土接壤的地区;仅考虑冲沟的有效作用域,预计到2016年黑土面积平均会有1411.0 km2/a转变为冲沟,黑土流失状况不容乐观。     

Examining Forest Net Primary Productivity Dynamics and Driving Forces in Northeastern China During 1982–2010

Forest net primary productivity （NPP） is a key parameter for forest monitoring and management. In this study, monthly and annual forest NPP in the northeastern China from 1982 to 2010 were simulated by using Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach （CASA） model with normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） sequences derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer （AVHRR） Global Invento y Modeling and Mapping Studies （GIMMS） and Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） products. To address the problem of data inconsistency between AVHRR and MODIS data, a per-pixel unary linear regres- sion model based on least ~;quares method was developed to derive the monthly NDVI sequences. Results suggest that estimated forest NPP has mean relative error of 18.97% compared to observed NPP from forest inventory. Forest NPP in the northeastern China in- creased significantly during the twenty-nine years. The results of seasonal dynamic show that more clear increasing trend of forest NPP occurred in spring and awmnn. This study also examined the relationship between forest NPP and its driving forces including the climatic and anthropogenic factors. In spring and winter, temperature played the most pivotal role in forest NPR In autumn, precipitation acted as the most importanl factor affecting forest NPP, while solar radiation played the most important role in the summer. Evaportran- spiration had a close correlation with NPP for coniferous forest, mixed coniferous broadleaved forest, and broadleaved deciduous forest. Spatially, forest NPP in the Da Hinggan Mountains was more sensitive to climatic changes than in the other ecological functional re- gions. In addition to climalie change, the degradation and improvement of forests had important effects on forest NPP. Results in this study are helpful for understanding the regional carbon sequestration and can enrich the cases for the monitoring of vegetation during long time series.     

Agriculture development-induced surface albedo changes and climatic implications across northeastern China

To improve the understandings on regional climatic effects of past human-induced land cover changes,the surface albedo changes caused by conversions from natural vegetation to cropland were estimated across northeastern China over the last 300 years,and its climatic effects were simulated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model.Essential natural vegetation records compiled from historical documents and regional optimal surface albedo dataset were used.The results show that the surface albedo decreased by 0.01-0.03 due to conversions from grassland to cropland in the Northeast China Plain and it increased by 0.005-0.015 due to conversions from forests to cropland in the surrounding mountains.As a consequence,in the Northeast China Plain,the surface net radiation increased by 4-8 W/m 2,2-5 W/m 2,and 1-3 W/m 2,and the climate was therefore warmed by 0.1℃-0.2℃、0.1℃-0.2℃、 0.1℃-0.3 ℃ in the spring,autumn and winter,respectively.In the surrounding mountain area,the net radiation decreased by less than 1.5 W/m 2,and the climate was therefore cooled too slight to be detected.In summer,effects of surface albedo changes on climate were closely associated with moisture dynamics,such as evapotranspiration and cloud,instead of being merely determined by surface radiation budget.The simulated summer climatic effects have large uncertainties.These findings demonstrate that surface albedo changes resulted in warming climate effects in the non-rainy seasons in Northeast China Plain through surface radiation processes while the climatic effects in summer could hardly be concluded so far.