全球地震模型(GEM)研究进展综述及应用前景展望

本文综述了全球地震模型(GEM)组织的工作目标、主要职能、工具(OpenQuake软件)和研究成果,并对GEM今后的发展和应用趋势进行了展望。借鉴GEM和OpenQuake,可以进一步完善我国的地震危险性分析模型,提升大型活动断裂带附近大城市和重大工程设施地震危险性分析的科学性。     

基于特大地震发生率的川滇地区地震危险性预测新模型

川滇地区是我国地震危险性较高的地区之一.本文基于对特大强震的风险性考虑,使用全球地震模型OpenQuake软件,建立了川滇地区地震危险性预测新模型.首先根据构造特征划分多个震源分区,并整理出这些震源分区内断层活动特征与滑动速率;基于震源分区和断层模型,使用GPS应变率转换成的锥形古登堡-里克特关系作为整个区域的地震积累率,并允许超过历史最大震级的特大地震的出现,结合活动断层滑动速率所积累的地震发生率,给出震源分区内断层地震源和背景地震源的地震发生率的比率分配关系;在活动断层分段上,保留了大型断裂或其主要部分,没有根据小的阶区来对断层进行详细分段,以便分配特大地震发生率;并使用地震率平滑方法分配背景地震发生率.最后在OpenQuake中加入地震动预测方程,计算出了川滇地区的PGA分布图,为区域地震危险性提供科学依据.     

地震活动模型和新地面运动预测方程对加拿大4个城市地震危险性评估的影响

概率地震危险性分析（PSHA）中的主要不确定性是地震活动发生率和地面运动预测方程（GMPE）。我们探索了地震学和地面运动研究中的新发现和新认识对加拿大东部和西部地区地震危险性评估的影响。更新的信息包括地震活动发生率的重新估计、震源区的说明条款及新地面运动预测方程的应用。由于我们只说明了主要不确定性的影响,并没有全面处理所有的不确定性,因此我们将我们的模型称为暂时更新地震危险性模型。根据暂时更新地震危险性模型,我们获得了加拿大4个大城市的一致危险谱（UHS）并与加拿大地质调查局基于1995年地震危险性模型编制的当今加拿大地震危险图（2005／2010）的一致危险谱做了比较。敏感性分析显示了中低地震活动区域（加拿大东部）地震活动平滑的显著影响,而地面运动预测方程对所有地区的影响都是显著的。此外,我们的暂时更新地震危险性模型可以很容易地绘制地震危险性曲线及给出各种场地条件和多种概率水平的地震危险性分解结果,这种功能对进行进一步的地震工程分析具有重要意义。     

地震诱发滑坡的危险性分析与预测

结合地震滑坡的特点和相关文献研究,介绍了地震力的分析方法、地震滑坡的机理、地震危险性分析的方法、地震活动性参数的确定方法以及场点地震危险性概率计算原则。将两种地震诱发滑坡预测结果进行对比,分析结果表明,地震滑坡危险区主要集中在中国西部地区（川、滇、甘、陕、新疆等省区）及中国台湾地区,随预测年限的增加场地的地震滑坡危险性也随之增高,地震崩塌滑坡的危险区域明显加大。     

基于振型叠加技术的确定性地震危险性分析方法及其应用

本文根据基于振型叠加（modal summation）技术的地震危险性确定性分析方法,结合区域地震活动性、地质构造和地震波传播特点,通过计算理论地震图途径,分别计算了大连市周边各个地震对各个场点所造成的最大影响强度（主要以峰值加速度、速度和位移体现）,所确定的参数可为结构抗震设计工作提供客观依据。     

基于序列的地震危险性概率分析

地震通常在时空上是丛集的。传统的地震危险性分析所考虑的只是每个地震丛集中最大震级的事件——主震,并用所考虑场地地震动强度量值的超越率来表示（Cornell,1968）。这种地震危险性概率分析（PSHA）用于长期的结构设计或评估。近来,出于对短期风险的管理,已采用一种类似的方法来进行余震地震危险性概率分析（APSHA）,其与主震的发生相关（Yeoand Cornell,2009）。地震危险性概率分析通常用一种均匀泊松过程来描述事件的发生,而余震地震危险性概率分析则通过有条件的非均匀泊松过程来模拟余震的发生,其概率值取决于触发余震序列的主震震级。另外,由主震和后续余震组成的每个地震丛集,可以看成以相同主震概率发生的单一事件。这就可以用相对简单的方式在危险性分析中考虑余震,这个方法首先由Toro和Silva（2001）论证,并由Boyd（2012）进一步研究。实际上,这篇短文中心探讨概率方面,说明地震危险性概率分析和余震地震危险性概率分析的联合结果以得到一种考虑主震一余震序列的地震危险性整体解析解的可行性,而前面提到的研究中这些仍然缺乏。这种方法应用的结果,说明有助于依据导致超越某一加速度阈值同时也考虑余震的地震事件发生率（如对于结构设计）,初步评估地震危险性的增加。因而这从地震工程长远来看是切合实际的方向。     

“东南亚地震构造与地震危险性国际讨论会”概况

“东南亚地震构造与地震危险性国际讨论会”概况陈运泰，高文学（国家地震局地球物理研究）（国家地震局地质研究所）李京（国家地震局分析预报中心）“东南亚地震构造与地震危险性国际讨论会”于１９９４年１月２７日至２月４日在越南河内举行。会议由越南国家科学研究中...     

蒙古国地区背景地震危险性分析

根据蒙古国及其周边地区的背景地震目录（M≤6.0）,采用空间光滑地震活动性的方法研究了蒙古国地区背景地震危险性水平,给出了蒙古国50年超越概率10 %的峰值加速度分布图。结果表明蒙古国大部分地区背景地震危险性水平为0.05 g,部分地区高达0.1~0.15 g,意味着蒙古国地区背景地震危险性高,在进行地震危险性分析和地震区划时应充分考虑背景地震活动,采用不同起始震级的地震活动性模型计算得到的地震危险性水平具有较大的空间差异,因此在采用空间光滑地震活动性模型进行地震危险性分析时应采用多个模型加权平均的方法,平衡地震频度和地震震级的影响。     

余震对地震危险性评估的影响：以北安纳托利亚断裂带为例

为了调查研究余震对地震危险性评估的影响,根据主震目录和原始地震目录用最大似然方法估计了北安纳托利亚断裂带（ＮＡＦＺ）的地震危险性参数（λｍ、ｂ和Ｍｍａｘ）。主震目录是使用窗口方法朋原始地震目录中去除余震编制的,原始地震目录是由１９００￣、９９２年仪器检测地震和１０００￣１９００年发生的历史地质组成的。对于主震目录的事件而言,泊松过程是适用的,而对于原始地震目录则不适用。本文论证了使用主震目录和原始     

基于相似系统理论的地震危险性分析

不同地区地震危险性的产生机制具有相似性，地震危险性可由若干地震活动指标（要素）加以描述，因此，这些指标特性的相似性反映了地震危险性大小的差异。为此，给出了一种计算相似度的新方法，并用这一方面对若干地区的地震危险性进行了评价，结果令人满意。     

Updated seismic hazard assessment of Tunisia

Modern earthquake loss models make use of earthquake catalogs relevant to the seismic hazard assessment upon seismicity and seismotectonic analysis. The main objective of this paper is to investigate a recently compiled catalog (National Institute of Meteorology or INM catalog: 412-2011) and to generate seismic hazard maps through classical probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) and smoothed-gridded seismicity models for Tunisia. It is now established with the local earthquake bulletin that the recent seismicity of Tunisia is sparse and moderate. Therefore, efforts must be undertaken to elaborate a robust hazard analysis for risk assessment and seismic design purposes. These recommendations follow the recently published reports by the World Bank that describe the seismic risk in Tunis City as being beyond a tolerable level with an MSK intensity level of VII. Some attempts were made during the past two decades to assess the seismic hazard for Tunisia and they have mostly failed to properly investigate the historical and instrumental seismicity catalog. This limitation also exists for the key aspect of epistemic and random uncertainties impact on the final seismic hazard assessment. This study also investigates new ground motion prediction equations suitable for use in Tunisia. The methodology applied herein uses, for the first time in PSHA of Tunisia, seismicity parameters integrated in logic tree framework to capture epistemic uncertainties through three different seismic source models. It also makes use of the recently released version of OpenQuake engine; an open-source tool for seismic hazard and risk assessment developed in the framework of the Global Earthquake Model.     

Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of southern part of Ghana

This paper presents a seismic hazard map for the southern part of Ghana prepared using the probabilistic approach, and seismic hazard assessment results for six cities. The seismic hazard map was prepared for 10% probability of exceedance for peak ground acceleration in 50 years. The input parameters used for the computations of hazard were obtained using data from a catalogue that was compiled and homogenised to moment magnitude (Mw). The catalogue covered a period of over a century (1615–2009). The hazard assessment is based on the Poisson model for earthquake occurrence, and hence, dependent events were identified and removed from the catalogue. The following attenuation relations were adopted and used in this study—Allen (for south and eastern Australia), Silva et al. (for Central and eastern North America), Campbell and Bozorgnia (for worldwide active-shallow-crust regions) and Chiou and Youngs (for worldwide active-shallow-crust regions). Logic-tree formalism was used to account for possible uncertainties associated with the attenuation relationships. OpenQuake software package was used for the hazard calculation. The highest level of seismic hazard is found in the Accra and Tema seismic zones, with estimated peak ground acceleration close to 0.2 g. The level of the seismic hazard in the southern part of Ghana diminishes with distance away from the Accra/Tema region to a value of 0.05 g at a distance of about 140 km.     

A comparison of intensity‐based demand distributions and the seismic demand hazard for seismic performance assessment

This paper compares the seismic demands obtained from an intensity‐based assessment, as conventionally considered in seismic design guidelines, with the seismic demand hazard. Intensity‐based assessments utilize the distribution of seismic demand from ground motions that have a specific value of some conditioning intensity measure, and the mean of this distribution is conventionally used in design verification. The seismic demand hazard provides the rate of exceedance of various seismic demand values and is obtained by integrating the distribution of seismic demand at multiple intensity levels with the seismic hazard curve. The seismic demand hazard is a more robust metric for quantifying seismic performance, because seismic demands from an intensity‐based assessment: (i) are not unique, with different values obtained using different conditioning intensity measures; and (ii) do not consider the possibility that demand values could be exceeded from different intensity ground motions. Empirical results, for a bridge‐foundation‐soil system, illustrate that the mean seismic demand from an intensity‐based assessment almost always underestimates the demand hazard value for the exceedance rate considered, on average by 17% and with a large variability. Furthermore, modification factors based on approximate theory are found to be unreliable. Adopting the maximum of the mean values from multiple intensity‐based assessments, with different conditional intensity measures, provides a less biased prediction of the seismic demand hazard value, but with still a large variability, and a proportional increase the required number of analyses. For an equivalent number of analyses, direct computation of the seismic demand hazard is a more logical choice and provides additional performance insight. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new seismic hazard analysis using FOSM algorithms

From recent lessons, it is evident that earthquake prediction is immature and impractical as of now. Under the circumstances, seismic hazard analysis is considered a more practical approach for earthquake hazard mitigation, by estimating the annual rate of earthquake ground motions (or seismic hazard) based on seismicity and other geological evidences. Like other earthquake studies for the high-seismicity region around Taiwan, this study aims to conduct a new seismic hazard assessment for the region using the well-established FOSM (first-order second-moment) algorithm, on the record of 55,000 earthquakes observed in the past 110 years. The new seismic hazard analysis from a different perspective shows that the annual rate for earthquake-induced PGA to exceed the current design value (i.e., 0.23g) in two major cities in Taiwan should be relatively low, with it no greater than 0.0006 per year. Besides, the FOSM estimates were found very close to those with Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), mainly because the skewness of the three random variables (i.e., earthquake magnitude, location, and model error) considered in the probabilistic analysis is not very large.     

Improved seismic hazard model with application to probabilistic seismic demand analysis

An improved seismic hazard model for use in performance‐based earthquake engineering is presented. The model is an improved approximation from the so‐called ‘power law’ model, which is linear in log–log space. The mathematics of the model and uncertainty incorporation is briefly discussed. Various means of fitting the approximation to hazard data derived from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis are discussed, including the limitations of the model. Based on these ‘exact’ hazard data for major centres in New Zealand, the parameters for the proposed model are calibrated. To illustrate the significance of the proposed model, a performance‐based assessment is conducted on a typical bridge, via probabilistic seismic demand analysis. The new hazard model is compared to the current power law relationship to illustrate its effects on the risk assessment. The propagation of epistemic uncertainty in the seismic hazard is also considered. To allow further use of the model in conceptual calculations, a semi‐analytical method is proposed to calculate the demand hazard in closed form. For the case study shown, the resulting semi‐analytical closed form solution is shown to be significantly more accurate than the analytical closed‐form solution using the power law hazard model, capturing the ‘exact’ numerical integration solution to within 7% accuracy over the entire range of exceedance rate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Combining USGS ShakeMaps and the OpenQuake-engine for damage and loss assessment

The evaluation of the potential impact of strong seismic events shortly after their occurrence is a critical step to organise emergency response and consequently minimise the adverse effects of earthquakes. The estimation of the impact from earthquakes considering the observed ground shaking from past events can be useful for the calibration of existing exposure and/or fragility and vulnerability models. This study describes a methodology to combine the publicly available information from the USGS ShakeMap system and the open-source software OpenQuake engine for the assessment of damage and losses. This approach is employed to estimate the number of structural collapses considering the 2012 Magnitude 5.9 Emilia-Romagna (Italy) earthquake and the aggregated economic loss because of the 2010 Magnitude 7.1 Darfield (New Zealand) event. Several techniques to calculate the ground shaking in the affected region considering the spatial and interperiod correlations in the intra-event ground motion residuals are investigated and their influence in the resulting damage or loss estimates are evaluated.     

Practice‐oriented estimation of the seismic demand hazard using ground motions at few intensity levels

This paper examines the calculation of the seismic demand hazard in a practice‐oriented manner via the use of seismic response analyses at few intensity levels. The seismic demand hazard is a more robust measure for quantifying seismic performance, when seismic hazard is represented in a probabilistic format, than intensity‐based assessments, which remain prevalent in seismic design codes. It is illustrated that, for a relatively complex bridge–foundation–soil system case study, the seismic demand hazard can be estimated with sufficient accuracy using as little as three intensity measure levels that have exceedance probabilities of 50%, 10% and 2% in 50 years which are already of interest in multi‐objective performance‐based design. Compared with the conventional use of the mean demand from an intensity‐based assessment(s), it is illustrated that, for the same number of seismic response analyses, a practice‐oriented ‘approximate’ seismic demand hazard is a more accurate and precise estimate of the ‘exact’ seismic demand hazard. Direct estimation of the seismic demand hazard also provides information of seismic performance at multiple exceedance rates. Thus, it is advocated that if seismic hazard is considered in a probabilistic format, then seismic performance assessment, and acceptance criteria, should be in terms of the seismic demand hazard and not intensity‐based assessments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic hazard assessment for the Itoiz dam site (Western Pyrenees,Spain)

This work summarises the seismic hazard analysis performed for the complete characterisation of strong ground-motion at the site of the Itoiz dam (Western Pyrenees, Spain). The hazard analysis includes the compilation of a composite catalogue from French and Spanish agencies, the definition of an original hybrid seismogenic source model (including zones and major faults) and the selection of ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs). Hazard results are provided as hazard curves and acceleration response spectra on rock for the 1000- and 5000-year return periods, which correspond respectively to the operating basis earthquake (OBE) and safety evaluation earthquake (SEE). The impact of truncating GMPEs at a number of standard deviations (epsilon) has been found not critical here for the return periods targeted. Subsequently, an analysis of the contribution of each source to total hazard and a hazard disaggregation analysis are performed in order to establish the earthquake-source parameters for both the OBE and SEE scenarios consistently with the seismotectonics of the region. The European Strong Motion database is then searched and a selection of records is proposed for each of the scenarios. Our results suggest that seismic hazard in the region is underestimated by the official Spanish seismic hazard map included in the current version of the code (NCSE-02), which is the reference document for the definition of seismic actions for dam projects in the whole Pyrenees.