不同型号地震烈度仪振动测试对比分析

GL-P2B型和TMA-33型仪器是目前使用较为广泛的两种地震烈度仪,利用超低频振动平台系统为两种烈度仪提供稳定的不同频率和不同幅值的振动信号,获取两种烈度仪在同一振动平台下的输出响应,进而对两种烈度仪的线性特性和幅频百分比进行对比分析。结果表明：在线性测试中,GL-P2B在三个分向的线性度误差均要小于TMA-33,其拟合方程更加趋近于标准方程,其线性特性优于TMA-33;在幅频测试中,两种烈度仪在1～20 Hz的测试频率点上的误差百分比存在较小差异,但是在频率大于20 Hz时,两者则呈现出完全不同的走势,GL-P2B的误差百分比仍然处于较低水平,TMA-33的误差百分比则随着测试频率的增加而增加,GL-P2B在整个测试频率段内的稳定性优于TMA-33。     

天水市建筑场地地面脉动特征

通过对天水市建筑场地地面脉动的观测与分析,说明地面脉动幅值受多种因素的影响,並随地形地貌的改变而变化。水平向脉动明显地有一个卓越方向,水平振动的卓越方向在整体上受场地周围的地形所约束,局部场地条件只具有次要的影响。地面脉动频谱特性一般是在大区域范围内才能反应出变化来,且受区域地质和新构造运动的情况所控制,地面脉动的特征是局部地形地貌对谱型的影响迭加在区域背景上的结果。地面脉动与强震时地面运动特征的对比及二者的相关性是今后研究场地地面运动的重要问题。按场地地面脉动的卓越周期和谱型将测区场地作了区段划分。     

上海市地脉动观测及其在场地卓越周期测试中的应用

主要介绍了利用地脉动观测点地表处水平和竖向分量频谱幅值比(H／V)来估算场地卓越周期的方法,以及地脉动观测在场地地震安全性评价中的应用,并给出了上海市浦东及浦西多个测点的实测计算结果。     

Hilbert-Huang变换在地脉动卓越周期计算中的应用

研究如何在白天观测地脉动存在人为振动干扰情况下准确计算卓越周期.选择一个场地进行连续24 h地脉动观测.应用快速傅里叶变换计算地脉动数据的功率谱,应用Hilbert-Huang变换对地脉动数据进行经验模态分解并计算边际谱.通过实验发现,夜间和白天观测地脉动功率谱具有明显差异.在夜间观测的地脉动主峰明显,容易识别卓越周期,在白天观测的地脉动功率谱存在多个峰值,难以识别卓越周期.边际谱与功率谱基本一致,存在多个峰值,难以由边际谱判别卓越周期.通过实验还发现,可以由某一IMF分量的频谱判别卓越周期,但具体为哪个IMF分量需结合场地条件判断.对原始数据减去IMF分量后差值的频谱分析发现主峰明显,频率和夜间观测的非常接近,可以判别卓越周期.实验结果表明,对于在白天观测存在人为振动干扰的场地,难以通过功率谱和边际谱判别卓越周期,可以应用Hilbert-Huang变换进行经验模态分解,由原始数据减去IMF分量后差值的频谱峰值判别卓越周期.     

烈度仪记录与强震及测震记录的对比分析以2015年河北昌黎ML4.5地震为例

以2015年河北昌黎M_L4.5地震中测震、强震及烈度仪台站记录到的事件波形为研究对象,通过对比分析挑选的两组观测台站的记录波形以及不同台站的噪声记录特征,获得了烈度仪台站观测记录能力及特点的认识.结果表明:烈度仪台站产出的记录在部分频段 (1—10 Hz) 与传统强震台站、测震台站均有较好的一致性,但在中长周期部分存在较大差异;在相同观测频带 (0.1—10 Hz) 下,由烈度仪台站记录积分得到的速度时程、位移时程也与强震台站、测震台站的观测结果具有良好的相关性,说明烈度仪台站产出的加速度记录具有一定的可积分性;烈度仪台站记录的噪声水平远超出强震台站和测震台站,基本为仪器自噪声,不包含天然地脉动成分.此外,由于本研究所用的烈度仪采用了16位的A/D转换器,对震相到时的精确拾取产生了不利影响.综上,本文认为烈度仪台站较适用于中强地震的近场观测.      

基于背景噪声的烈度仪、强震计及地震计性能对比分析

通过在陡河地震台架设地震计、强震计及烈度仪3类仪器进行同台址观测,对记录的背景噪声进行RMS值、功率谱的计算和傅里叶谱分析,总结3类仪器的记录波形特征,对比分析3类仪器的地震监测能力。研究结果显示:宽频带地震计可以对背景噪声在全频率域内进行有效完整的记录;强震计只能对大于0.1 Hz的天然噪声进行有效记录;而烈度仪的记录则完全是仪器自噪声,其无法有效记录地脉动。     

安徽强震动台站场地响应研究

采用H/V谱比法,利用安徽强震台网记录的波形数据,计算了3个强震台的场地响应。结果表明,当台站场地为基岩或覆盖层较薄时,由地脉动和S波数据分别计算出的谱比曲线一致性很好。当覆盖层大于30.5 m的时候,两者的放大因子有差异,即用S波计算的场地放大响应要明显大于用脉动计算的场地响应。     

H/V谱比方法在强震记录应用中几个影响因素的初步研究

随着我国强震记录的积累,利用强震记录进行工程场地抗震设防研究成为必然。使用滇西南地区2007—2011年间强震台网记录到的强震动记录数据,研究使用水平/垂直谱比法(H/V)处理强震数据时的几个影响因素。通过研究发现:在使用H/V谱比法进行场地地震效应研究时,强震记录和地脉动记录存在较大的不同;使用强震记录可以获得更多的震源和台站场地参数信息,但这同时也相应增加了强震数据使用时的难度。比较国内外学者使用强震数据进行场地地震效应的研究成果,分析在使用强震数据时存在的问题,最终给出使用强震记录研究场地效应的建议。     

应用微动H/V谱比法和台阵技术探测场地响应和浅层速度结构

为了快速而且廉价地获取北京市详细的场地响应和浅层速度结构,应用于地震动模拟和地震灾害预防,我们开展了微动观测技术和处理方法研究.本文利用2007年夏季北京五棵松地区进行的几个微动观测实验数据,使用单台H/V谱比法分析场地的卓越频率及其对应的放大系数,并对比了不同地震仪和观测时间对H/V曲线的影响;应用高分辨率F-K频谱分析方法从微动台阵数据中得到Rayleigh波的频散曲线并使用邻域算法反演出浅层速度结构.H/V结果表明该地区卓越频率在2.1～2.2 Hz之间,对应的放大系数下限约为3;利用微动H/V方法得到的场地卓越频率具有较高的稳定性.微动台阵反演结果给出了比较合理的波阻抗界面深度和层平均速度结构,认为地下80多米处的波阻抗界面是决定场地卓越频率和其场地放大系数的主要界面.本研究表明微动技术应用于评估城市地震场地响应和浅层速度结构是可行且易于实施的.     

震级、震源距对地震信号H/V影响分析

本文采用喜马拉雅科学探测台阵四川省境内10个台站,计算了所有地震信号0.5—15 Hz的H/V谱比,分析了震级、震源距对H/V谱比的影响,并与各台站场地地脉动H/V谱比进行了比较. 结果表明: 震级对各台站地震信号的H/V谱比振幅值以及峰值频率几乎没有影响;震源距对谱峰明显的H/V谱比曲线的谱形和峰值频率影响不大,但对谱峰不明显的H/V谱比曲线的峰值频率有一定影响;H/V谱峰明显的台站,地震信号与地脉动信号的H/V谱比曲线的峰值频率具有很高的一致性,H/V谱峰不明显的台站,二者的峰值频率有一定差异.      

HORIZONTAL-TO-VERTICAL SPECTRUM RATIO OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION FOR SITE CHARACTERIZATION

Nakamura's method, which uses a horizontal-to-vertical Fourier spectrum ratio of microtremor, has become popular to determine the predominant period and amplification of a site. In this study, this method is extended for earthquake ground motion recordings using new strong motion data recorded by JMA-87-type accelerometers. From the analysis of these accelerograms, horizontal-to-vertical Fourier spectrum ratios of a site for different earthquakes are also found to be stable irrespective of magnitude, distance and depth. To establish this fact, attenuation relations of velocity response spectra for horizontal and vertical components are derived for three damping ratios (0, 2 and 5 per cent) using the JMA data. Then the horizontal-to-vertical ratios of the velocity response spectra are obtained. The results show that the horizontal and vertical velocity response spectra are dependent on magnitude, distance and depth, but that their ratios are almost independent of magnitude, distance and depth. However, since the current data set consists of mostly intermediate to far field data, this observation should be limited to records of these distance ranges. Introducing station coefficients, representing site amplification, to this relation yields the value comparable to the horizontal-to-vertical Fourier spectrum ratio at a specific site. The stability of the spectrum ratio is explained by the transfer function between the ground surface and stiff-soil outcrop due to S-wave propagation. These results suggest that site amplification characteristics can be evaluated by one-point two-component surface recordings of earthquake ground motion, in a similar manner as proposed by Nakamura for microtremor. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工程场地动力特性分析的地脉动法

简要地回顾了地脉动研究的历史,综述了地脉动在场地动力分析中应用的四种主要分析方法：直接富氏谱法、相对参考点谱比法、单点地脉动谱比法和利用地脉动反演场地剪切波速法。介绍各种分析方法的理论依据和适用条件,侧重分析了各种方法中存在的问题,论述了地脉动的应用前景和进一步研究的内容。     

Applicability of the H/V spectral ratio of microtremors in assessing site effects on seismic motion

The authors examine the reliability of site response estimations obtained by the horizontal to vertical (H/V) spectral ratios of microtremors by means of cross‐validation with the ratio of the horizontal spectra of earthquake motion with respect to reference sites. The data comprise microtremor and ground motion records recorded at 150 sites of Yokohama strong motion array. The use of non‐supervised pattern recognition techniques aims to group the sites with more objectivity. Attributes defining the overall shape of the amplification spectra serve as input in the computation of Euclidean distance similarity coefficients amongst sites. The implementation of the Ward clustering scheme leads to the attainment of a meaningful tree diagram. Its analysis shows the possibility of summarizing the results into six general patterns. A good coincidence of site effects estimates at 80 per cent of the sites becomes apparent. However, this coincidence appears poor for sites characterized by H/V amplification ratios around 2 or smaller and predominant periods longer than 0.5 s. In such cases, the presence of stiff, sandy sediments in the soil profile proves common. To proscribe H/V estimations, relying solely on the small spectral ratios criterion seems inadequate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reliability of rayleigh wave dispersion curve obtained from f–k spectral analysis of microtremor array measurement

The paper utilizes previously developed microtremor simulation technique to evaluate the reliability of Rayleigh wave dispersion curve estimated by f–k spectral analysis of microtremor array measurement. The simulated microtremors are obtained for a fictitious (TEST) site. Attempt is also made to obtain the dispersion curve for two real sites (OHDATE and SKC) by inverse analysis of the microtremor array measurement using f–k spectra method. The estimated dispersion curve from simulated microtremors (TEST site) compares well with the theoretical dispersion curve, demonstrating the reliability of f–k spectra method and indicating that the estimated dispersion curve from microtremor measurements could be adequately used as the target for inverse analysis purposes. It is also demonstrated that the dispersion curve from microtremor measurements can be utilized to estimate the soil profile at OHDATE and SKC sites by inverse analysis. Results show that the theoretical dispersion curve of the fundamental mode of Rayleigh wave after the end of inverse analysis are in good agreement with the dispersion curve obtained by f–k spectral analysis of microtremor array measurement.     

MEMS型加速度传感器在超高层建筑振动监测中的性能对比测试

为开展MEMS型加速度传感器在超高层建筑振动监测应用中的性能对比测试,选取4种不同类型MEMS型加速度传感器与G1B型力平衡式加速度传感器,将其安装在地王大厦相同测点,对MEMS型、G1B型加速度传感器记录的结构环境振动数据进行时程、频谱和模态频率对比分析,并对其记录的结构地震响应进行时域及频域对比。研究结果表明,不同类型MEMS型加速度传感器仪器噪声均大于G1B型加速度传感器,其中MEMS-I型加速度传感器噪声水平相对较小,与G1B型加速度传感器模态频率识别结果及地震响应监测数据吻合较好,验证了MEMS-I型加速度传感器可较准确地记录到结构强振动响应,适用于超高层建筑日常结构振动监测。     

汶川地震远场地震动场地相关性与分析方法评价

为考查远场地震动的场地相关性并评价一些场地特性分析方法的适用性,采用不同方法对汶川地震山东省12个远场台站的强震记录进行了分析.选取台站分别位于按建筑抗震设计规范(CBC)场地划分中的Ⅰ—Ⅲ类场地上.地震动记录的分析方法包括傅里叶幅值谱法,地震反应谱法,水平与竖向谱比率法,参考点谱比率法,以及尾波分析等.结果表明,按傅里叶幅值谱法,地震反应谱法,水平与竖向谱比法计算得到的卓越周期均远大于台站场地的卓越周期,不同方法得到的结果之间也有较大差别,且主要反映长周期地震动的卓越频率;参考点谱比率法的结果未反映地震动的卓越周期,也与场地的卓越周期差别较大;对完整记录尾波分析所得的结果比较接近场地的卓越周期.希望本文能为考虑远场地震作用时设计谱的建立,以及场地特性估计时地震动分析方法的选取提供参考依据.     

Site response in Tecoman,Colima, Mexico—I: Comparison of results from different instruments and analysis techniques

This paper presents a study of site effects in the urban area of Tecoman in Colima, Mexico. A variety of instruments (both accelerometers and seismometers) were used to record earthquakes and ambient vibration throughout the city. Earthquake records were analysed using several techniques to estimate site effects: spectral ratios relative to a reference station, spectral ratios of the horizontal components relative to the vertical recorded at the same site, and a parametric inversion of Fourier spectra. Ambient noise records were used to estimate a local transfer function using horizontal to vertical spectral ratios. The results show that local amplification at Tecoman is significant. Dominant frequency varies between 0.5 and 0.7 Hz, suggesting a large thickness of the soft sedimentary deposits. We did not observe systematic variations throughout the city. Our more reliable estimates indicate that maximum amplification is comprised between a factor 6 and 8. Comparisons among different sensors and recorders show that all combinations between velocimeters, accelerometers, and recorders provide reliable results provided that the electronic noise is smaller than the noise being recorded. This is notably not the case for accelerometers at quiet sites and for frequencies smaller than 2 Hz. This explains why previous studies disagree as to the usefulness of accelerometers to record ambient noise for site effect studies. This factor is, however, a function of noise amplitude at each site.     

1976年8月松潘地震强震与脉动频谱特性的分析

地面脉动与地震地面运动之间有没有关系?是什么关系?众说不一。1976年松潘地震记录提供了探讨这一问题的条件。我们对台址进行了各种工作之后,得出的结论是:(1)地震地面运动加速度和富氏谱峰值随震级而增大;脉动幅值及谱幅值随测点高程及地表沉积层厚度而加大。(2)同一地区脉动和不同序列地震记录的幅值及谱幅值的最大值,均有一定方向性。(3)同一序列地震谱曲线特征极为相似。(4)一层穿斗木架房屋结构对地面脉动频谱特性没有影响;而后者在前者的谱曲线上有明显反应。结论:从1976年松潘地震文县台址的资料分析来看,地面脉动频谱特性在地震地面加速度谱形态或特征方面关系不明显。