国外地理学研究动态——《国际社会科学杂志》地理学专辑介绍

联合国教科文组织主办的《国际社会科学杂志》第150期（1996年12月）、第151期（1997年3月）出了两期地理学专辑,专辑反映了地理学的最新研究动态,对地理学的各主要分支学科的特点、现状和研究热点进行了评述。全球环境变化、环境灾害、社会—自然相互作用,社会经济活动的全球化、城市化和跨国公司等新的空间组织形式和新的区位选择过程、地理信息技术,这些都是目前地理学研究的主要课题,而且地理学的各个分支之间和地理学与其它学科之间的综合趋势正日益加强。     

Behavioural-geographical aspects of environmental quality

The behavioural approach in human geography accentuates the view of quality of the environment through man and his value orientations. The quality of environment from the point of view of human experience raises behavioural-geographical questions that are the core of the presented topic. Aspects of environmental imaginations and sensations as well as human value system are presented as variables affecting the structure of the perceived environment and human spatial behaviour. In this context, the authors present results of two behavioural studies that correspond to new models of man and environment from the viewpoint of a behavioural approach. The suggested humanistic approach in behavioural geography emphasizes above all the emotional aspect of the relationship between man and environment, which through environmental values, spatial sensations, and meanings, leads to human spatial behaviour.     

A theoretical framework for a ‘spatially conscious’ economic analysis of environmental issues

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for the integration of economic aspects and environmental aspects into the decision-making process for sustainable development strategies. The aim is integrate Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and environmental valuation methods in the structure of a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in order to better evaluate spatial concerns. The conceptual approach is augmented by a modest case study of a marina development in Santa Rosaliita on the Baja California peninsula in Mexico. This marina project is part of the proposed ‘Escalera Nautica’ an ambitious regional development scheme, which has caused controversy concerning its social, economic and environmental implications. The paper outlines the necessity to develop spatially conscious methodologies for a policy relevant research regarding sustainable regional development. Additionally, the paper contributes a spatial analytic perspective based on normative economic principles to the recent discussion on environmental economic geography.     

On geography as science

The paper attempts a preliminary exploration of some of the issues raised if we choose to account geography a “science”. The inherent equivocation of the notion of “science” is first examined, and the methodological implications are emphasised, leading into a brief consideration of inductivism and deductivism; it is concluded that deductivism, despite some valid questions which hang over it, represents the more secure methodological framework, and some of the implications of this conclusion for geographical study in general are explored. The importance of deductivism in physical geography is then considered, and the special problems of human geography are also examined, notably the significance of human volition and of value judgments in social, economic and cultural geography. The methodological implications of human perception are also reviewed. Regional geography is then briefly evaluated, and the possibilities of applying techniques of systems analysis to its problems are developed, viewing these techniques as a special phase of scientific method. Some issues relating to the notion of causality are then raised, with special reference to the crucial distinctions between the notion of causality in natural science and the related concept in historical study, and, by extension, in certain aspects of geography also. The paper concludes with a brief evaluation of the quantitative movement in geography, paying particular attention to the role of mathematics in science in general and in geography in particular.     

景观生态系统的空间结构：概念、指标与案例

空间结构分析是景观生态学研究的重要内容和基本特色之一。讨论了景观生态系统的空间结构概念,提出斑,廓,基,缘是空间结构的四个主要元素。认为对景观生态系统空间结构的分析,可以分三个不同的等级层次进行,一是宏观尺度的整体空间构架,二是中观尺度几种典型的空间组合型;三是空间元素的基本形态特征。     

城市环境地球化学研究综述

近年来地球科学越来越多地面向城市,城市环境受到人类活动的广泛影响,自然及人类活动引起的城市地球化学问题日益受到人们的重视。城市环境地球化学是应用地球化学的原理和方法研究城市生态环境问题,主要研究城市土壤、沉积物、尘埃、地表水、地下水、生物、空气等介质中化学元素及同位素的分布、演化、环境作用及健康效应,重点解决城市地球化学环境质量变化的原理及由此产生的生态环境效应及人体健康效应。城市环境地球化学的主要研究对象是传统工业城市、典型矿业城市及国际化的大都市。在城市地球化学概念出现之后短短的10余年时间内,很多国家开展了城市环境地球化学调查和研究工作,取得了重要的成果和进展,并发展成为环境地球化学与城市环境的重要方向,但仍存在着一定的问题,需要深入研究。目前,城市环境系统的地球化学填图、城市地球化学与环境污染研究、城市地球化学与生态风险研究、城市地球化学与人体健康研究、城市地球化学系统的调控与环境规划等领域是国际城市环境地球化学的热点和前沿。     

区域生态风险评价

生态风险评价是伴随着环境管理目标和环境观念的转变而逐渐兴起并得到发展的一个新的研究领域，它区别于生态影响评价的重要特征在于其强调不稳定性因素的作用，区域生态风险评价所涉及的风险源以及评价受体等都在区域内具有空间异质性，因而比一般生态风险评价更复杂。通过讨论区域生态风险评价的特点和方法论基础，对有关概念和评价的方法步骤进行了理论探讨。     

西部干旱区内陆河流域脆弱生态环境研究进展——以新疆塔里木河流域为例

干旱区内陆河流域的脆弱生态环境是在长期的演变过程中形成的。人类对自然资源，特别是水资源的不合理利用，加剧了脆弱生态环境的演变过程，影响了干旱区的生态安全。从国内外脆弱生态环境研究进展状况以及以塔里木河流域为典型代表的干旱区内陆河流域自然地理特征分析中，揭示了脆弱生态环境的特征及演变规律。近一个世纪以来，人们针对内陆河流域的人与环境问题、水资源问题（包括水文地质、水资源变化特征、水环境变化特征）、气候以及自然地理学领域做了大量的研究工作。随着国家西部发展战略的逐步实施，干旱区内陆河流域将成为西部地区重要的资源开发与经济发展潜力巨大的地区。     

当代地理学特征：发展趋势及中国地理学研究进展

地理学是一门研究地球表层自然要素与人文要素相互作用及其时空变化规律的科学，它广泛运用现代科学技术手段，具有跨越自然科学与社会科学的性质。面对当前全球变化和可持续发展的世界性科学问题，地理学家根据学科特点和领域优势，抓住机遇、迎接挑战。目前主要研究地球表层系统各界面间的物理、化学、生物及人文过程，探讨多种过程的相互作用机理，探求人类活动与资源环境间相互协调、可持续发展的规律。地理学以“格局—结构—过程—机理”的研究思路贯穿始终。随着新技术、新方法的使用以及观测资料的不断积累，实验测试数据质量的提高和数据量的增加，当今地理学的研究在空间尺度上同时向微观、宏观两个方向扩展，模型研究不断科学化，已具备现代科学的主要特征。总体上，表现为部门地理研究深化，区域综合研究加强。长期以来，中国地理学在自然地理的综合研究、地表自然过程研究、城市与区域发展研究，以及面向社会现实的应用基础研究等方面取得了较好进展。     

矿山开采环境地质问题分析与防治建议

系统分析常见矿山环境地质问题各类型特征,指出问题发生的原因。矿山环境地质问题是项综合的系统工程,阐述对问题的防治,以及保障矿业开发及生态环境保护协调发展应重视的方面。     

地理学研究进展与前沿领域

现代地理学涵盖自然地理学、人文地理学和地理信息科学，其发展趋势是：相邻学科的交叉、渗透与融合，加强地理学内部的综合研究，地理过程的微观研究进一步深化，结合实践拓宽应用研究领域，实验与研究手段的现代化，理论思维模式的转变。地理学应在陆地表层过程与格局、全球环境变化及其区域响应、自然资源保障与生态环境建设、区域可持续发展及人地系统的机理与调控、地理信息科学和数字地球战略等前沿领域开拓创新，为促进地球系统科学的发展、协调人地关系等做出积极的贡献。     

中国环境地质研究主要进展与展望

环境地质研究是以人-地相互关系为核心、促进人类与地质环境协调共处的重大课题,受到国内外地质学界普遍关注。本文在简要回顾环境地质学科发展历程的基础上,较系统地总结了国内外环境地质研究的主要进展及存在的问题。结合我国当前生态文明建设和未来发展需求,提出环境地质研究是新时期地质工作的重要使命,未来发展方向和重点领域应涵盖城市地质研究、水资源可持续利用和管理、地质灾害监测与综合防治、生态环境系统保护、地球关键带相关问题研究等,强调学科交叉及新技术新方法的系统性研究,在合理开发利用资源和保护地质环境中发挥重要作用。     

Quantify the landscape effect and environmental sustainability of rural region planning at town scale near metropolis

The urban fringe, which can be seen as a special form of regional ecosystem with a spatial transition from urban to rural areas, has strong heterogeneity and is a typical ecologically sensitive area. The expansion of cities and the landscape effect of the changes have attracted wide attention. The primary aim of this study is to obtain an understanding of the spatial patterns of landscape conversion and the corresponding environmental sustainability. With the help of GIS and Fragstats software, the changes of landscape patterns before and after town planning were compared in An-Ding town of Beijing, of which the sustainability was also revealed based on the ecological footprint using social and economic statistic data. The results showed that the landscape pattern changed greatly during its conversion from several villages to a small town and the landscape fragmentation increased due to road construction. Meanwhile, human disturbance increased with the constructed land extension. For the gap between the ecological footprint and the biological capacity, An-Ding town ran an ecological deficit at that period, which means it was unsustainable. However, the environmental sustainability decreased after planning due to the degraded green land and forest. The results suggested that ecological management should be strengthened during the town planning period.     

从自然地理学到景观生态学

Landscape ecology ,as a multidisciplinary field,is relatively new synthetic and holistic science. It evolved from roots in many fields,such as geography,ecology,economy and system science. According to the time一space coupling dynamic model , the development process of landscape ecology can be devided into three phasis:Landscape holistic ecology,spatial structure ecology and regional construction ecology"
The basic theories of landscape ecology included ; ecological evalution , succession , spatial differentianon and biotic diversity，landscape heterogeneity and coexistence of heterogeneity component，island biogeography and spatial mosaic theory ,scale effect and natural hierachical organization theory,biological geochemistry and landscape geochemistry ,ecological reconstruction and ecological location theory.
The scale issue and heteogeneity are the central functional question on the methodology of landscape ecology. Key landscape concepts are structure，function and change. It uses pattern (changse in space)and process(changes in time) as pivotal attributes. More attention should be paid on the macroscopic variation of structure and function of landscape ecology system , edge effect and human impact onthe landscape.     

Some problems of ecological environmental geology in arid and semiarid areas of China

Arid and semiarid areas are widely distributed in China but rich in natural resources. Because of the arid climate, complex geological conditions, and human activities, some problems of ecological environmental geology occur, such as lack of water resources, desertification, salinization, and biogeochemical endemic diseases, etc. These problems occur in fragile regions of the environment, seriously restricting the developing of the national economy and causing harm to human health. Ecological environmental geology is a new developing science in China. Through the research of ecological environmental geology and with the help of research results of the western plain of the Tarim Basin in Xingjing, we propose a comprehensive administrative measure of ecological geological environment on the basis of rational utilization of water resources, and it can be used to improve the ecological environment of arid and semiarid areas.     

再议水库生态环境调度

从生态调度科学内涵、工程实践以及调度体系3个方面,剖析了诸多学者运用水库生态调度概念所取得的丰硕成果,发现水库生态调度提法得不到共识的原因:对生态调度中的"生态"自然科学的不同认识;水库调度对水库"生态"与"环境"作用机制的不同理解;水库非生物因子与生态系统非生物因子的差异性认识。深入研究和剖析了"水库环境调度"、"水库生态调度"和"水库生态环境调度"的概念及其调度体系内容,明确了"水库生态环境调度"提法的科学性和可操作性,澄清认识,共识提法,有利于在整体分析水库水资源、水库水环境和水库水生态这个复杂系统的基础上来完善水库调度学科体系,有利于在水库生态环境调度科学实践后增加其科学意义和应用价值,有利于在构建水库生态环境调度技术体系、调度规程及其应用平台后提高水库调度的综合效益。     

环境公平研究进展综述

环境公平是实现社会和谐与可持续发展的重要方面,它是指人类社会在资源消费和生态健康等方面实现代内和代际公平,其核心在于优先考虑当前处于劣势的群体,本质在于要求所有人都拥有健康的环境,公平地分享地球资源.从代内和代际2个方面阐述了环境公平性理论的内涵,并从环境质量公平性、资源环境公平性和公平性评价方法3个方面总结了当前环境公平性研究国内外现状和进展,并分别分析了这3个方面研究中存在的问题,最后对如何解决环境公平问题指出研究的重点方向.     

地球化学填图的国际研究现状及建议

以环境调查、矿产勘探、土地合理利用和绿色农业生产为目的的区域地球化学综合调查工作正在世界各国开展。研究领域有：①制定土地合理使用和区域发展规划;②进行环境污染程度和环境本底值调查;③对研究区成矿潜力进行预测;④进行原生地球化学环境调查,为地方病的防治和动植物的健康服务;⑤对土壤肥力进行评估,为合理施肥和绿色农业服务。结合国内外研究动态,对我国今后开展的多目标地球化学填图提出了一些建议。