黄河上游官亭盆地古洪积扇前沿全新世地层序列研究

青海官亭盆地喇家遗址史前巨大灾难事件,是我国史前环境变化与文明演变研究领域的热点之一。通过对官亭盆地喇家遗址北侧大红山前古洪积扇前沿地带的野外考察,进行土壤沉积物地层划分、结合理化指标测试分析,发现该地带土壤与沉积物的基本层序,自下而上依次为晚更新世马兰黄土（L₁）—全新世早期过渡性风成黄土（L_t）—全新世中期古土壤（S₀）—全新世晚期风成黄土（L₀）—现代耕作土壤（MS）。这个层序特点与黄河北岸第二级阶地喇家遗址区域相同,也与黄土高原地区全新世土壤沉积物的层序相同。在全新世中期黑垆土古土壤（S₀）中夹有三层红色泥流沉积层（RC₁、RC₂、RC₃）,是全新世中期后段气候恶化条件之下,暴雨山洪泥流溢出沟槽在地面扩散沉积形成。该地带以RC₁为代表第一期山洪泥流事件早于喇家遗址毁灭的年代。以RC₂为代表的第二期山洪泥流层卷入密集的木炭屑和杂物,表明在山洪泥流发生的时候有火灾发生,这对应着3 850 a B.P.毁灭喇家遗址的大地震和山洪泥流群发生灾难事件。以RC₃为代表的第三期山洪泥流事件,与喇家遗址区域相同发生在3 600 a B.P.。其后在古洪积扇前沿到黄河第二级阶地的范围,再没有发生山洪泥流溢出沟槽扩散覆盖土地并且毁灭聚落成灾的现象。在喇家遗址北侧古洪积扇区域建立了全新世土壤地层序列,分析了该地带山洪泥流与喇家遗址灾难事件的联系。这对于研究揭示史前时期以来官亭盆地人地关系演变具有科学意义。     

内蒙古额济纳旗地貌特征及其构造、气候事件

根据遥感卫星影像解译及野外地质实地调查,将内蒙古额济纳旗地区的地貌单元划分为中低山区、冲—洪积平原、湖积盆地及风成地貌。根据不同地貌单元组成的沉积物年龄测定和分析,初步认为上新世—早更新世的构造抬升形成苏泊淖尔级湖积阶地;早更新世末(750±60kaBP),发生一次明显的构造抬升活动,形成东、西居延海间的台地;另一次明显的构造抬升记录发生在中更世末—晚更新世初,即149±60kaBP之后,形成黑城冲湖积台地;苏泊淖尔级阶地形成于全新世早、中期,属气候干旱湖泊萎缩形成的气候阶地,阶地沉积物中保存的古风成砂丘,表明晚更新世末—全新世早期气候一度恶化。天鹅湖湖积阶地的形成表明5000a之后一段时间,气候相对适宜;全新世中后期,气候波动强烈,1200aBP出现一次丰水期。     

青藏高原东北部风成沉积微量元素揭示的全新世千年尺度气候变化*

通过对青藏高原东北部共和盆地典型古土壤—风成砂剖面的释光（OSL）年代测定和沉积物中微量元素的分析,重建了区域全新世千年尺度的气候变化过程。研究表明,除Co、Rb、Sr和Ba以外的12种微量元素所反映的气候变化规律较显著,其含量变化曲线上的峰值段对应于古土壤层而谷值段对应于风成砂层,这一现象可作为气候暖湿、冷干波动的标志;区域全新世气候变化可分为以下阶段：11.8～10.0 ka气候寒冷干燥,10.0～9.2 ka气候逐渐趋于暖湿,9.2～4.6 ka气候相对冷干,4.6～0.7 ka气候相对暖湿,0.7 ka以来气候明显寒冷干燥;区域全新世气候变化中存在8次寒冷事件,与青藏高原和北大西洋揭示的寒冷期具有明显的对应关系,表明共和盆地千年尺度的气候变化与全球气候变化具有一致性。     

青藏高原东北缘循化-官亭地区2.6万年以来气候变化研究

根据粉尘搬运的动力学原理,利用温湿度组合、风力强度变化和粉尘源区收扩演变特点,分析了青藏高原东北缘循化-官亭地区黄土的粒度、磁化率特征及其反映2.6万年以来的气候波动、区域环境变化以及冬夏季风关系等,划分了主要气候演化阶段,取得了以下重要认识:1)山脉阻挡是造成循化-官亭盆地黄土剖面记录气候波动差异的主要影响因素,拉脊山东南段是亚洲冬季风和高原冬季风系统的重要分割线;2)循化盆地和官亭盆地约26kaB.P.气候变化主要分为2个阶段,每个阶段又可分为若干个亚阶段;3)青藏高原东北缘官亭-循化地区全新世适宜期时间可能为6.0~3.7kaB.P.,官亭盆地和循化盆地黄土粒度磁化率明显差异的原因可能主要受风场的控制。     

黄河上游官亭盆地红粘土层成因机制再探讨

位于官亭盆地的喇家史前灾难遗址被毁原因是近年来人们争论的焦点.笔者在野外调查和实验测试分析的基础上,对官亭盆地二级阶地上沉积的红色粘土层来源、成因机制进行了再探讨,揭示了山洪泥石流对官亭盆地喇家遗址的影响,以期为山间盆地区居民正确制定防灾减灾措施提供地质依据.主要取得了以下认识:1)官亭盆地剖面2.45m厚的红色粘土层其粒度特征以第二组分为优势组分,其中值粒径为9～11μm;磁化率值主要分布在20×10-8～40×1O-8 m3/kg之间;2)该红色粘土层与积石峡峡谷区的湖相地层在发育年龄、颜色、粒度、磁化率、土体质地结构等方面具有明显区别,反映了二者不同的成因机制,红色粘土层与积石峡堰塞湖溃决无关;3)官亭盆地北侧由于地震等作用形成的山体古崩塌、古滑坡和第三系松散粘土物质被强降水近距离冲刷搬运堆积在山前坡地,遗址毁灭的洪水来自北侧岗沟等沟谷,而非黄河泛滥的洪水;4)官亭盆地红粘土的成因可能是:地震诱发滑坡、崩塌,同时造成山体疏松,在暴雨或持续降水作用下,滑坡崩塌堆积物和山体松散物质被洪水沿沟谷携带到沟口及地势较低的黄河二级阶地沉积,地震后发生的山洪泥石流灾害造成了喇家遗址的彻底毁灭.     

青藏高原共和盆地14.5calkaBP以来粘土矿物响应的气候变化模式

对青藏高原北缘共和盆地沙珠玉河的尾闾湖达连海钻孔沉积柱(40.92 m)进行了~(14)C年代测定(10个控制点)和粘土矿物分析(按20cm/70 a间隔的分辨率)。沉积柱底部年龄为14.5 cal ka BP。根据沉积柱粘土矿物的类型、组合、比率指标综合分析,重建了共和盆地14.5 cal ka BP以来气候环境的演化历史。冰消期(14.5~10.0 cal ka BP)盆地气候总体特征表现为干冷,盆地物理风化强:早中全新世(10.0~5.0 cal ka BP)气候表现为温湿,盆地化学风化为主,气候最宜期发生在中全新世的6.0 cal ka BP前后;晚全新世(5.0~0.0 cal ka BP)气候表现为干冷,盆地物理风化盛行。末次冰消期以来,共和盆地粘土矿物记录的气候环境变化阶段与高原其它湖泊指标记录的阶段基本一致。共和盆地粘土矿物记录的气候环境兼有西风、季风模式的特征。     

北京斋堂东胡林全新世早期遗址的黄土剖面

门头沟斋堂东胡林遗址是目前北京地区发现的最早且内涵最丰富的新石器早期遗址(9281±120～8270±60 a BP)。该遗址的黄土剖面清晰,包含了晚更新世及早全新世的黄土堆积、全新世早期的沉积间断及埋藏古土壤。在相对精确的~(14)C年龄时间框架下,本文对保存该遗址的黄土剖面的分层、黄土的粒度特征、矿物成分、化学成分、孢粉图谱及蜗牛的相对丰度进行了研究。分析表明本地区晚更新世气候比较干冷,气候的明显转暖应在全新世早期(早于9281±120 a BP),在约8500 a BP华北地区的年均温度可能已达到比现在高约2～3℃左右的状况。正是在这样的环境背景下,山顶洞人的后裔们,在清水河畔的阶地上开始了全新的生活。     

渭河咸阳段全新世古洪水事件光释光测年研究

古洪水水文学研究是全球气候变化研究的前沿课题,确定古洪水事件的年代是古洪水研究的重要内容之一。对渭河流域进行深入的野外考察,在中游咸阳段阶地发现全新世黄土-古土壤层里夹有古洪水滞流沉积层,表明该地层记录了古洪水事件发生的信息。在该剖面采集光释光样品,分离提取40~63 μm石英颗粒成分,应用单片再生剂量法（SAR）进行红外后蓝光(Post-IR OSL)释光测量,获得了9个OSL年龄值。结果表明由古洪水滞流沉积层记录的特大古洪水事件发生在3 200~2 800 a B.P.之间。结合沉积样品系列的磁化率和粒度成分等气候替代性指标分析,揭示了在全新世中期向晚期转折过渡时期,渭河流域处于气候向干旱化发展的转型期,气候变化剧烈,大气系统不稳定,降水变率增大等,是导致特大洪水多发的主要原因。这也是渭河流域气候水文系统对于全球性气候恶化响应的结果。     

全新世以来岱海盆地植被演替和气候变化的孢粉学证据

岱海盆地99A孔11.01 m以上地层较高分辨率的孢粉分析揭示了该区12 000 cal a BP以来的植被演替和气候变化. 早全新世时期, 岱海盆地受冬季风影响强烈, 气候波动以冷湿、暖干为主, 12 000～11 000 cal a BP为以白桦林为主的森林草原植被, 气候寒凉湿润; 11 000～7 900 cal a BP白桦林退缩, 气候温干; 中全新世时, 主要受控于夏季风影响下, 气候波动以冷干、暖湿为主, 7 900～4 450 cal a BP是岱海盆地森林植被发育最好的时期, 气候温暖湿润, 4 450～2 900 cal a BP森林开始退缩, 气候温干; 2 900～0 cal a BP在气候变凉干和人类活动的影响下, 森林植被几近消失.     

青海湖盆地史前狩猎采集人群的石料利用策略研究

史前人类向青藏高原扩散的过程和适应高海拔缺氧环境的机制是多学科关注的热点科学问题.青海湖盆地是青藏高原旧石器-中石器时代遗址分布最为丰富的区域,对这些遗址出土的石制品原料的分析有助于深入理解青藏高原史前狩猎采集人群的石料开发策略、人群迁徙和交流联系.青海湖盆地151遗址出土的928件石制品的石料研究分析显示,处于末次冰消期的下文化层的石制品以近源的石英和石英岩为主要原料,而处于全新世早中期的上文化层在同类型近源石料仍占主体地位的情况下,开始出现较高比例和多样化的优质硅质石料,并且主要用于生产细石器.野外调查和查阅地质资料均未发现青海湖盆地内有151遗址中出现的同类型优质硅质石料产出,推测其来自远距离搬运.青海湖盆地内其他8个末次冰消期至全新世中期遗址的3269件石制品石料分析结果显示,与151遗址同类型的远源优质硅质石料在全新世早期开始在盆地内的遗址中出现.这一结果表明青海湖盆地末次冰消期古人类活动强度和范围有限,全新世早中期古人类受到全新世大暖期气候变好和周边地区农业人群兴起挤压活动空间的双重影响,在高原上的活动范围和强度大大增加,伴随着开始有意识地开发优质石料,较频繁地进行远距离迁移和人群交流.远源优质硅质石料的产地可能位于北祁连山区和青藏高原上的陆相火山岩区,需要未来更深入的研究揭示.该研究为深入理解青藏高原古人类的高海拔环境适应策略和移动模式提供了重要材料,为理解史前人类向高原扩散的机制提供了重要信息.     

A luminescence dating study of the sediment stratigraphy of the Lajia Ruins in the upper Yellow River valley,China

Pedo-sedimentological fieldwork were carried out in the Lajia Ruins within the Guanting Basin along the upper Yellow River valley. In the eolian loess-soil sections on the second river terrace in the Lajia Ruins, we find that the land of the Qijia Culture (4.20–3.95 ka BP) are fractured by several sets of earthquake fissures. A conglomerated red clay covers the ground of the Qijia Culture and also fills in the earthquake fissures. The clay was deposited by enormous mudflows in association with catastrophic earthquakes and rainstorms. The aim of this study is to provide a luminescence chronology of the sediment stratigraphy of the Lajia Ruins. Eight samples were taken from an eolian loess-soil section (Xialajia section) in the ruins for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. The OSL ages are in stratigraphic order and range from (31.94 ± 1.99) ka to (0.76 ± 0.02) ka. Combined OSL and ¹⁴C ages with additional stratigraphic correlations, a chronological framework is established. We conclude that: (1) the second terrace of the upper part of Yellow River formed 35.00 ka ago, which was followed by the accumulation of the eolian loess-soil section; and (2) the eolian loess-soil section is composed of the Malan Loess of the late last glacial (MIS-2) and Holocene loess-soil sequences.     

六盘山西侧山麓剥蚀面的发育与新构造隆升

晚新生代青藏高原的隆升对其周围地貌格局和沉积产生了重大影响。地处高原东北构造边界的六盘山受其影响产生明显的地貌分异，造成黄土高原东西两部分巨大的风成沉积差异。最近对位于六盘山西侧陇中盆地东北边缘黄河最高阶地之上的山麓剥蚀面上的黄土磁性地层学研究表明该剥蚀面形成于约1.8 MaBP，与陇中盆地西南隅的兰州、临夏两地山麓剥蚀面的年龄一致_〔1〕，表明在约1.8 MaBP 以前六盘山以西普遍遭受剥蚀，可能形成一级统一 的山麓剥蚀面，即所谓的甘肃期准平原，并指示在约1.8 MaBP 时，六盘山和青藏高原曾产生进一步强烈抬升，该剥蚀面发育结束，黄河出现，黄土开始堆积_〔1，2〕。     

Extraordinary floods related to the climatic event at 4200 a BP on the Qishuihe River,middle reaches of the Yellow River,China

Palaeo-hydrological study was carried out in the Qishuihe River valley in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Several bedsets of flood slackwater deposit were identified in the Holocene loess-soil sequences on the riverbanks. They were differentiated from aeolian loess and soils by the parallel and waving beddings and the distinctive stratigraphic breaks separating individual palaeoflood events. Chronology of the flood events was established by OSL dating, checked by archaeological identification of the anthropogenic remains retrieved from the sequences. The results show that successive floods occurred between 4300 and 4000 a BP in association with the abrupt climatic event of 4200 a BP. These overbank floods had the riverbank settlement inundated repeatedly. Another series of extraordinary floods occurred between 3200 and 3000 a BP when monsoonal climate shifted from the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum toward late Holocene dry conditions. The climatic event of 4200 a BP and the climatic decline at 3100 a BP were believed to be characterized by droughts previously. This work provides solid evidence that both severe droughts and extreme floods were parts of the climatic variability during abrupt climatic event and climatic decline in the semi-arid to sub-humid zones over the world.     

黄河黑山峡口最高阶地宇宙核素的初步年龄 及所反映的新构造运动*

黄河深切于青藏高原东北缘的构造山地中,留下了山地和黄河形成演化的记录,但其高阶地年龄因超出常规测年技术的范围而存在困难。文章尝试用原地成因宇宙核素¹⁰ Be和²⁶ Al以及垂直剖面取样技术,通过剖面X²最小统计同时求出了年龄、侵蚀速率、继承浓度以及阶地沉积物密度等参数,所获得的黑山峡口247m最高基座阶地的参考年龄和剥蚀速率分别约为2.4Ma和15.5 ＋8 -4 m/Ma,这是该河段高阶地测年的一次新探索。根据这一结果及相关的构造地貌特征,认为香山-天景山断裂带西段2.4Ma前以逆冲为主,以后逐渐过渡到左旋走滑,该段黄河诞生于逆冲作用减弱时期。     

龙山文化末期泾河特大洪水事件光释光测年研究

通过对泾河流域深入的野外考察,在其中游基岩峡谷内发现了含有龙山文化末期文化层和古洪水滞流沉积单元的全新世黄土土壤剖面。利用光释光的单片测年技术,确定古洪水滞流沉积层覆盖着的黑垆土层的OSL年龄为 4078±382aB.P. 和4111±450aB.P.。结合其中所含龙山文化遗址的考古年代,揭示出泾河流域在4100～4000aB.P.之间出现一个古洪水多发时期。这组古洪水滞流沉积单元包含5个单层,记录了4100～4000aB.P.之间泾河流域曾经发生的5次特大古洪水事件。这个洪水期对应着我国北方在4000aB.P.前后,由全新世大暖期向着全新世晚期干旱期转折过程中的气候剧烈变化。这些史前洪水事件可能对我国龙山文化的衰落和古代华夏文明的诞生具有重大的影响。     

用OSL方法确定雅鲁藏布江大拐弯第四纪晚期冰川堰塞湖年龄

雅鲁藏布江是青藏高原上的一条大河, 其河谷地貌和地质环境演化的发育历史对于青藏高原地质研究有重要意义。前人用ESR和14C测年方法对雅鲁藏布江河谷两岸广泛分布河湖相沉积物、冰碛物测年确定了有四期堰塞湖。作者用光释光(OSL, Opically Stimulated Luminesecence)测年方法分析采集到的湖相样品年龄为(50.9±2.1) ka BP和(1.8±0.1) ka BP, 证明雅鲁藏布江大拐弯处末次冰期早冰阶和新冰期存在 古堰塞湖。     

Holocene palaeoflood events recorded by slackwater deposits along the middle Beiluohe River valley,middle Yellow River basin,China

Palaeohydrological investigations were carried out in the middle Beiluohe River valley in the middle Yellow River basin. Palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWDs) are natural records of overbank flooding and are often identified in the Holocene aeolian loess–soil profiles along the river valley. Three bedsets of palaeoflood SWDs were found within the mid‐Holocene Climatic Optimum palaeosol (S₀) on the right riverbank. Both the sedimentary and the analytical results, including magnetic susceptibility, grain‐size distribution and concentrations of chemical elements, indicate that these palaeoflood SWDs were deposited from the suspended sediment load of overbank flooding. We identified three episodes of extraordinary overbank flooding events. These hydro‐climatic events were dated to 7600–7400, 5800–5000 and 4200–4000 a BP, from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and pedostratigraphical correlation. The minimum flood peak discharges were estimated to have been between 12 600 and 14 100 m³ s^?1 using the slope–area method. These hydro‐climatic events are considered to be a regional expression of known climatic events and demonstrate that the mid‐Holocene climate was far from stable. These results show that the magnitudes of floods are highly sensitive to climate change in semi‐arid and sub‐humid regions with a monsoonal climate.     

近40a来江河源区生态环境变化的气候特征分析

利用月气象资料,对过去40a江河源气候变化特征进行分析,并与全球、全国、青藏高原进行了比较.结果表明:江河源区气温具有增暖趋势,近40a两地年平均气温分别增加约0.8℃和0.7℃,为高原异常变暖区.黄河源区变暖的主要特征是最低气温变暖,日照时数增加;最低、最高气温的显著变暖,以及较黄河源区增加更长的日照时数是长江源区变暖的主要特征.长江源区冬季变暖的作用不是主要的,春季、夏季和秋季的变暖作用比冬季还要大;黄河源区的变暖也并不主要是冬季变暖造成的,秋季变暖的作用与其相当,其它季节的变暖作用也不能忽视.近40a来江河源区降水量略有增加,主要体现在20世纪80年代中后期以来春季与冬季降水量的明显增加,夏季降水量虽然总体上没有明显变化,且局地夏季降水量呈持续减少趋势.与全球、全国以及高原区对比显示,江河源区对全球气候变暖的响应最敏感,变暖首先从长江源和整个高原发端,之后15a.黄河源和全国才进入显著温暖期.黄河源与长江源北部降水量的增加表明,气候变暖有利于高原增加降水量.     

Distribution and Forming Model of Fluvial Terrace in the Huangshui Catchment and its Tectonic Indication

<正>The Huang Shui River,a main tributary of the Yellow River,crosses a series of tectonically subsided and uplifted areas that show different patterns of terrace formation.The distribution of fluvial terrace of the Huang Shui River is studied through topographic and sedimentologic terrace mapping.Three terraces in the Haiyan Basin,four terraces in the Huangyuan Basin,19 terraces in the Xi'ning Basin(the four high terraces may belong to another river),nine terraces in the Ping'an Basin, five terraces in the Ledu Basin and 12 terraces in the Minhe Basin are recognized.Sedimentology research shows that the geomorphologic and sedimentological pattern of the Huang Shui River,which is located at the margin of Tibet,are different from that of the rivers at other regions.The formation process of the terrace is more complicated at the Huang Shui catchment:both accumulation terrace and erosion terrace were formed in each basin and accumulation terraces were developed in some basins when erosion terraces were formed in other basins,indicating fluvial aggradation may occur in some basins simultaneously with river incision in other basins.A conceptual model of the formation process of these two kinds of fluvial terraces at Huang Shui catchment is brought forward in this paper.First,the equilibrium state of the river is broken because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement,and the river incises in all basins in the whole catchment until reaching a new equilibrium state.Then,the downstream basin subsides quickly and the equilibrium state is broken again,and the river incises at upstream basins while the river accumulates at the subsidence basin quickly until approaching a new equilibrium state again.Finally,the river incises in the whole catchment because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement and the accumulation terrace is formed at the subsidence basin while the erosion terrace is formed at other basins.The existence of the accumulation terrace implied the tectonic subsidence in the sub-basins in Huang Shui catchment.These tectonic subsidence movements gradually developed from the downstream Minhe Basin to the upstream Huangyuan Basin.Dating the terrace sequence has potential to uncover the relationship between the subsidence in the catchment and the regional tectonic at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.