2021年6月大气环流和天气分析

2021年6月北半球的大气环流主要特征表现为,极涡呈单极型分布,较常年同期偏强;欧洲上空500 hPa位势高度场较常年同期显著偏高,西太平洋副热带高压位置南北变化较大。6月全国平均降水量91.5 mm,较历史常年同期偏少8%,江南大部、华南北部、江淮地区较常年偏少2～5成,局部地区偏少5成以上;内蒙古北部、黑龙江西部地区以及吉林东部、辽宁中东部偏多5成以上。全国平均气温20.8℃,较历史同期略偏高,其中河南北部、江苏中部以及青海南部地区气温较常年同期偏高达到了 2℃以上。本月内有8次区域性暴雨天气过程,极端降水量出现区域分散。6月共有2个台风生成,接近历史同期水平,没有台风登陆我国。6月我国黄淮西部、江淮东部以及华南南部等地共44个站发生极端高温事件,4个站日最高气温突破历史同期极值。     

2017年7月大气环流和天气分析

2017年7月大气环流特征为,极涡呈偶极型分布,主体强度较常年偏强;中高纬环流呈5波型分布,北半球副热带高压强度偏强,西太平洋副热带高压整体位置偏北,脊线持续北抬。7月我国平均气温为23.2℃,较常年同期（21.9℃）偏高1.3℃。全国平均降水量112.5 mm,较常年同期（120.6 mm）偏少6.7%,东北地区西部、江南地区东北部、江淮地区西南部和新疆北部等地降水偏少显著。强降水天气主要出现在东北地区和南方,7月我国出现9次区域性暴雨天气过程,7月13—14日降水过程多方面突破历史极值。7月西北太平洋地区有8个台风生成,其中7个台风活跃,3个台风登陆我国,数量较历史同期明显偏多;台风生成个数与1994、1967和1971年并列为历史同期最多。内蒙古东部出现气象干旱,江淮江汉伏旱发展。中东部地区和新疆持续高温天气,最长持续天数为20 d,1884站出现35℃以上高温天气;高温极值为49℃,发生在吐鲁番站。     

2023年7月大气环流和天气分析北大核心CSCD

2023年7月北半球大气环流主要特征表现为:极涡分裂为多个中心呈绕极分布,较常年同期偏强;西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期强度偏强,位置偏西、偏北;全国平均降水量为122.0 mm,接近常年同期,有45个站日降水量超建站以来历史极值,吉林西部、河北南部等地累计降水量较常年同期显著偏多1~2倍,而西北中北部、广西中北部、湖南中部以及新疆北部等地偏少5成左右;有8次区域性暴雨天气过程,受台风杜苏芮及其残余环流影响,7月26—29日、7月29日至8月1日,台湾、浙江东部、福建东部以及京津冀等地部分地区先后出现极端强降水;月内共有3个台风生成,2个登陆我国,较常年同期略偏少,其中,台风杜苏芮为登陆福建第二强台风;全国平均气温为23.0℃,较历史同期略偏高,山东西部、河北南部、新疆西北部和东北部等地最高气温平均值较常年同期偏高2~4℃;高温过程共有7次,其中,7月5—16日为全国性的高温过程,中东部大部以及内蒙古西部和新疆大部最高气温超过35℃,12个国家站日最高气温超过历史极值。     

2015年7月大气环流和天气分析

2015年7月环流特征如下：北半球极涡呈多极型,中高纬西风呈5波型分布。西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强。7月全国平均降水量88.7 mm,较常年同期偏少26.5%,为1951年来历史同期最少;全国平均气温为22.1℃,较常年同期偏高0.2℃。月内共出现7次主要降水过程,多站出现极端日降水量。7月共有5个热带气旋在西北太平洋和南海活动,生成个数与常年同期基本持平,并有2个台风(莲花和灿鸿)在我国登陆。新疆出现持续高温天气;华北、黄淮等地出现气象干旱;全国24个省（区、市）遭受风雹灾害。     

2014年6月大气环流和天气分析

2014年6月大气环流特征为:北半球极涡呈双极型,较常年略偏强;西太平洋副热带高压强度较常年同期偏强,南海季风爆发较常年偏晚3候。2014年6月,全国平均气温为20.5℃,较常年同期(20.0℃)偏高0.5℃,与常年相比全国大部地区气温接近常年同期或偏高。南方地区人梅开始晚,降雨量偏少,江淮地区出现空梅。江淮、黄淮、长江中下游降水偏少20%以上。全国平均降水量为100.7 mm,较常年同期(99.3 mm)略偏多1.4%。月内出现4次主要的降水过程。南方强降水天气较多,多地遭受洪涝灾害,云南干旱有所缓解,东北、华北等地多阵性降水;全国22个省(区、市)遭受风雹灾害。全国101个站发生极端高温事件。今年第7号台风海贝思在广东登陆,是今年第一个登陆我国的台风。     

2016年7月大气环流和天气分析

2016年7月大气环流特征为,极涡呈偏心型分布,主体强度较常年偏强;中高纬环流呈4波型分布,北半球副热带高压强度偏强,西太平洋副热带高压整体位置偏南,脊线南北振荡。7月我国平均气温为22.6℃,较常年同期（21.9℃）偏高0.7℃。全国平均降水量131.8 mm,较常年同期（120.6 mm）偏多9.3%,华北、江淮和江南等地偏多显著。强降水天气主要出现在华北地区和南方,7月我国出现8次区域性暴雨天气过程,7月18—22日降水过程多方面突破历史极值。7月西北太平洋地区有4个台风生成,3个台风活跃,2个台风登陆我国,数量较历史同期明显偏少。第一号台风是1949年以来生成时间第二晚的首个台风。内蒙古东北部出现气象干旱。中东部地区和新疆持续高温天气,最长持续天数为11 d,最大影响1075个站点;高温极值为46.8℃,发生在吐鲁番站。     

2018年7月大气环流和天气分析

2018年7月大气环流的主要特征是极涡偏强且呈单极型分布,中高纬环流呈4波型,西太平洋副热带高压强度较常年明显偏强,位置较常年明显偏北。7月全国平均气温22.9℃,较常年同期偏高1.1℃,为1961年以来历史同期第三高;全国平均降水量133.8 mm,比常年同期（120.6 mm）偏多11%,与历史同期相比呈现北多南少的分布特征。月内我国有7次区域性暴雨天气过程,多站出现极端日降水量。7月共有5个热带气旋在西北太平洋和南海活动,并有“玛莉亚”、“山神”、“安比”3个台风登陆,生成和登陆个数均较常年偏多。我国中东部出现持续性高温天气,同时强对流天气频发,影响范围较广。     

2018年8月大气环流和天气分析

2018年8月大气环流的主要特征是极涡呈单极型分布且强度偏强,亚欧洲大陆中高纬为多波型,西北太平洋副热带高压西脊点偏西,强度接近常年略偏强。8月全国平均气温21.9℃,较常年同期偏高1.1℃,为1961年以来历史同期第四高;全国平均降水量127.7 mm,比常年同期（105.3 mm）偏多21.3%,与历史同期相比呈现中部偏少的分布特征。月内我国有11次区域性暴雨天气过程,多站出现极端日降水量。8月共有10个热带气旋在西北太平洋和南海活动,其中1812号台风云雀、1814号台风摩羯、1816号台风贝碧嘉、1818号台风温比亚登陆,生成和登陆个数较常年偏多。我国中东部出现持续性高温天气,同时强对流天气频发,影响范围较广。     

2014年7月大气环流和天气分析

提2014年7月环流特征如下：北半球高纬地区为单一极涡,中高纬地区呈5波型分布,巴尔喀什湖附近低槽和东亚大槽强度均较常年偏强;西北太平洋副热带高压带呈东西带状分布,强度与常年同期相当。7月全国平均降水量115．0 mm,较常年同期（120．6 mm）偏少4．6％;全国平均气温为22．3℃,较常年同期（21．9℃）偏高0．4℃。月内共出现8次强降水过程,多站出现极端日降水量。7月共有5个热带气旋（风力8级以上）在西北太平洋和南海活动,生成个数较常年偏多,并有“威马逊”、“麦德姆”2个热带气旋登陆。华南、江南等地出现持续高温天气,全国87个气象观测站发生极端高温事件,74站发生极端日降水量事件。     

2012年7月大气环流和天气分析

2012年7月环流特征如下：欧亚中高纬呈两脊一槽型,我国中高纬多高空槽活动,西太平洋副高强度较常年偏弱,西段位置多变。7月全国平均降水量为135．2mm,较常年同期（118．2mm）偏多14．4％,为1951年以来同期第四多雨年;全国平均气温为22．1℃,较常年同期偏高0．4℃。月内,共出现8次强降水过程,多站出现极端日降水量。共有4个热带气旋生成,其中台风韦森特登陆广东。江南、江淮、江汉和黄淮中部等地高温日数明显偏多。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on