西沙群岛现代的有孔虫Ⅰ

有孔虫是一类原生动物,除极少数种类生活于淡水环境、少数种类生活于与海有联系的半咸水环境外,大多数种类生活于海洋环境;其生活方式，大多数种类营底栖生活,少数种类营浮游生活。由于有孔虫具有个体小、种类多、数量大、对环境因子的反应较敏感、地理分布广泛、地质历程长久、其遗壳能在地层中长期保存等特点,因此,它不仅是研究现代海洋生态学的良好材料,同时也是研究古海洋生态学、恢复古海洋沉积环境及古气候、识别海相地层、进行地层对比等的重要微体化石之一。“科学的发生和发展一开始就是由生产决定的。”随着石油等沉积矿藏的勘探、开发,有孔虫研究越来越为人们所重视,成为地层对比、岩相识别、恢复古地理和古气候等的重要手段之一。 我国西沙群岛的有孔虫,过去尚无报道。本文是根据中国科学院海洋研究所西沙群岛生物考察队于1957年采自赵述岛、北岛和中岛的三份珊瑚砂样品进行研究的。对西沙群岛的现代有孔虫进行调查研究,不仅在我国有孔虫区系和动物地理学研究上具有重要意义,并可为开展南海及南海诸岛地层中的有孔虫动物群研究提供必要的参考资料。 西沙群岛的有孔虫区系极其丰富多采,种类当远远超过本文所记录的种数。本文研究所依据的样品数太少,只能是一个极其初步的记录。     

珠江口盆地西部新近纪高分辨率生物地层及海平面变化分析

珠江口盆地西部新近系主要为陆架浅海沉积环境,发育良好的海相砂岩储集层和多套储盖组合。因此,对这些砂体的成因及赋存位置的海平面变化研究至关重要。在有孔虫及钙质超微化石资料所建立的珠江口盆地西部新生代年代地层格架基础上,以有孔虫个体大于0.25mm的浮游有孔虫丰度和百分含量为依据,参照微体古生物化石带、岩性、电测和地震资料,总结出三级旋回边界和最大海泛面识别标志,从而提出具有国际对比意义的三级层序划分对比方案,对盆地内18口井进行了层序划分,识别出了2个完整的二级层序和15个三级层序。根据南海海域表层沉积物建立起的浮游有孔虫含量与水深的定量关系,得出量化古水深数据,辅以古生态成因相及特征沉积构造分析、海岸上超分析编制了海平面变化曲线,指出珠江口盆地西部新近系受拗陷阶段持续沉降影响,形成不同于海退型全球海平面变化的台阶式海侵特征。     

华北地区海陆相第四系的生物地层系统

华北是我国第四系研究的典型地区,很多研究者曾对其作过较为全面的讨论.但过去仅研究陆相地层与生物群,缺乏海相化石与年代地层学控制,致使一些有关地层时代与地层对比问题未获解决.六十年代以来,华北地区第四纪海相层与化石的发现、为进行第四系的研究开辟了新的前景.作者及何炎对华北第四纪有孔虫做了一系列研究.安藏生及本文作者对北京平原第四系磁性地层学、海相微体与超微化石做了研究.1975年与1978年,河北省地质局七队与其它单位对河北第四系作过比较全面的总结.基于上述资料及某些磁性地层学资料,我们有可能探讨华北海、陆相第四系的划分、对比及地层界线问题.一、华北第四纪海相生物地层系统作者将华北约300万年以来的海相第四系与上上新统划分为十个海相化石组合带(以有孔虫为主,见附表.)这十个带均有直接或间接的年代学资料为佐证.各带多有可靠的区域对比资料确定其上、下接触关系,仅有Ⅰ、Ⅱ带的关系尚待进一步澄清.各带的代表性化石皆以它们在我国的首现资料为准.兹扼要分述如下:(一)Ⅰ组合带 代表化石为Ammonia tepida,Evolutononion weiheense,代表剖面     

胶州湾东北角小海湾底质中有孔虫和介形类的研究

目前,我国沿海和陆架区所钻遇的新生代“海相层”,大多为滨海-近岸浅海或海陆过渡相沉积,为了恢复这些地层的沉积环境,必须对现代滨海-近岸浅海或海陆过渡相中的各种沉积环境,如潮上带、潮间带、潮下带、河口、海湾和泻湖等的有孔虫和介形类等生物组合及其生态分布规律进行深入的研究.进而,以“将今论古”的原则,应用于地史时期,尤其是第四系的研究中,恢复其古地理、古环境.近年来,我国不少学者已开始了这方面的工作.本文的目的,在于介绍这一具体环境下有孔虫和介形类的组合面貌及分布特征,积累一点有关资料.相信这对本区第四系的研究将有一定的参考价值.     

中国第四纪有孔虫动物群的古生态、古气候、古地理研究

中国的海岸线北起鸭绿江口南至北仑河口,漫长而曲折,全程约32000公里(包括岛屿岸线).沿海除辽河平原、华北平原、长江下游平原三大平原外,还有许多狭长的小块沿海平原,它们与中国坦荡的大陆架相连,伸向太平洋.在第四纪期间,这些地区有海相及海陆交互相沉积,如台湾西部云林县北港地区第四系海相沉积厚达686米;华北平原第四系海陆交互相沉积也厚达400—500米左右.这些海相地层中有孔虫动物群的研究,对中国及其沿岸地区第四纪地层的划分和对比、古气候、古地理变迁的解释、新构造运动的判别,都有很大意义.近年来作者对辽宁、河北、浙江和福建等省区45个钻孔(图 1)的微体动物群的时空分布进行了初步研究.为了配合对这些有孔虫动物群的研究,还对我国24个现代陆上水域进行了有孔虫概略调查,同时参考了兄弟单位大量资料,对中国第四纪有孔虫动物群的古生态、古气候、古地理及上新世与更新世的界线进行初步讨论.     

天津市潮滩活体和埋藏有孔虫群的分布及地质环境意义

对天津市潮滩8条垂直于海岸线剖面的57个表层沉积物样品进行了活体和死体有孔虫分析鉴定、粒度分析、含盐量测定,利用全站仪对剖面进行了水准测量,同时测定了海水盐度。研究了天津市潮滩有孔虫群的组成、数量及分异度等特征;通过聚类分析将天津市潮滩活体有孔虫群分为7个带,埋藏有孔虫群(活体+死体)分为5个带,但除了埋藏群Ⅰ、Ⅳ与活体有孔虫群Ⅰ、Ⅳ组合特征一致外,其他各带的组合特征及分带界线均不一致。通过分析活体有孔虫群分带与沉积物含盐量、海水盐度、潮位、沉积物组成等生态环境参数的关系,探讨了活体有孔虫群的主要控制因素;通过分析埋藏有孔虫群分带与潮位、沉积物粒径、现代沉积速率等沉积环境参数的关系,探讨了埋藏有孔虫群的搬运及沉积作用。指出了天津市海岸带活体有孔虫群和埋藏有孔虫群的关系、环境特征及地质意义,为该区高精度的古沉积环境划分提供了重要指标。     

台州湾沿岸晚第四纪的有孔虫分析及其古地理意义

一、前言 以探讨历史海洋学为目的的新生代海相地层的有孔虫研究工作,近年来已取得了一定的成效。 有孔虫分析研究之所以能广泛开展,不仅因为此类动物是鉴别海相地层的重要标志。能够说明周期性的海水进退,而且其种属繁多、分布广泛,动物组合常成为区域地层组分和对比的良好依据。特别是对有些地质时代的深海沉积物来说,是优良的标准化石。此     

上海地区晚第四纪磁性地层的初步研究

利用上海地区曹阳孔的沉积磁组构资料,对该孔所揭露的地层进行划分。其结果与古生物、同位素及沉积物粒度分析资料相吻合,五个层段对应于晚第四纪冰后期以来长江三角洲地区的地层层序特征。研究认为,Ｋ、Ｐ、Ｌ、Ｆ、ｑ组合特征是分辨古土壤与海相层、海相层内部沉积相变界线的高分辨率标志,可作为地层划分的新依据。     

渤海百万年以来的海侵记录:BH08孔有孔虫和介形类证据

对渤海南部BH08孔275个沉积物样品进行了有孔虫和介形类定量分析,依据化石群落特征及其指示的沉积环境,在孔深180m以上地层中识别出16个海相层,从上到下依次命名为第1海相层(M1)至第16海相层(M16)。应用Yao等(2014)所建立的BH08孔冰期/间冰期地层层序和年龄框架,初步树立起1 Ma以来能与全球深海氧同位素分期(MIS)相对应的海相层序,其中M1和M2为末次冰期后沉积,M3发生在MIS 3期,M4、M5和M6分别对应于MIS 5.1、MIS 5.3和MIS 5.5,M7至M16分别与MIS 7至MIS 25相对应。依据化石群落特征所反映的沉积环境,16个海相层的海相性程度由强到弱依次为:远岸内陆架(M9)、受径流少许影响的内陆架中部浅海或滨岸浅海(M1和M2)、受径流明显影响的近河口滨岸浅海或前三角洲(M6、M7、M8、M10和M13上部)、河流强烈作用下的三角洲前缘、河口边滩或有河流注入的半封闭半咸水泻湖(M3、M4、M5、M11、M12和M14—M16)和潮上带低盐度浅湖、沼泽(M3顶部、M4中一些薄层和M16底部)。     

南海北部新生代晚期浮游有孔虫及其分带

随着石油地质勘探工作的开展,南海北部新生代海相地层被大量钻孔揭露出来,并在其中发现丰富的浮游有孔虫化石,本文通过浮游有孔虫在地层中的分布特征和规律,建立南海北部新生代晚期浮游有孔虫分带序列及其对比.     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Destruction of Atmospheric Ozone in Ox,HOx, NOx,ClOx, BrOx,and IOx Catalytic Cycles

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Data on the relative contribution of the Ox, HOx, NOx, ClOx, BrOx, and IOx catalytic cycles to atmospheric ozone destruction are given for June and...     

Submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner,Marion, Katrine,Taylor, and Sheppard in Canterbury,New Zealand

The submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner, Marion, Katrine, Taylor, and Sheppard was surveyed in May 1987. These high‐altitude lakes lie at c. 600 m a.s.l., within the largely unmodified upper Hurunui catchment. Submerged vegetation was diverse and included numerous short shallow‐water species, dense swards of Isoetes alpinus, low covers of taller native vascular plants, and charophyte meadows beyond the depth limit of vascular plants to a maximum of 15 m. A sparse deepwater bryophyte community was observed from 11 to 32 m depth in Lake Sumner. Displacement of native vegetation by dense growths of the adventive oxygen weed Elodea canadensis over mid‐depths of 3–6 m was noted in all lakes, except Lake Marion.     

Distribution and stoichiometry of Al,Mn, Fe,Co, Ni,Cu, Zn,Cd, and Pb in seawater around the Juan de Fuca Ridge

A central theme of the ongoing GEOTRACES program is to improve the understanding of processes occurring at ocean interfaces with continents, sediments, and ocean crust. In this context, we studied the distributions of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb around the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in total dissolvable (td), dissolved (d), and labile particulate (lp) fractions, which represent a fraction in unfiltered samples, filtered samples through an AcroPak capsule filter, and the difference between td and d, respectively. Al and Fe were dominated by lp-species, while Ni, Zn, and Cd were dominated by d-species with undetectable amounts of lp-species. Major findings in this study are as follows: (1) The continental margin (CM) provided large sources of Al, Mn, Fe, and Co from the surface to ~2000 m in depth. The supply from CM caused high surface concentrations of dMn and dCo, a subsurface (100–300 m depth) maximum of dCo, and intermediate (500–2000 m depth) maxima of lpAl and lpFe. The supply of dFe from CM was ~10 times that from the high-temperature hydrothermal activity at station BD21, which is located at ~3 km from the Middle Valley venting site and ~ 200 km from Vancouver Island. (2) DPb was maximum at the top layer of North Pacific Intermediate Water, probably owing to isopycnal transport of anthropogenic Pb via advection of subducted surface waters. Although dCo and dPb had different sources in the upper water, they showed a strong linearity below 300 m (r ² = 0.95, n = 38), indicating concurrent scavenging. (3) A high-temperature hydrothermal plume occurred at a depth of 2300 m at BD21, accounting for maxima of dAl, dMn, dFe, lpCu, and lpPb and a minimum of dCu. (4) Strong bottom maxima of lpAl, lpMn, lpFe, lpCo, and lpPb occurred above the abyssal plain at the western foot of the JdFR, indicating resuspension of sediments. However, bottom maxima of d-species were apparent only for dAl and dCu.     

Identification,characterization, and statistical analysis of mudstone aggregate clasts,Cretaceous Carlile Formation,Central Alberta,Canada

While clastic mudstones and shale were traditionally interpreted to have been deposited in quiet water settings, recent flume experiments and studies have shown that mud can be transported in and deposited by traction currents as migrating ripples of mud aggregates. Despite these recent advances, mud aggregates have rarely been adequately described in the rock record.These mud aggregates and the sedimentary structures they form in mudstone successions are difficult to observe in the rock record due to compaction, which often obliterates the aggregates and flattens bedforms. This paper documents unambiguously identifiable sand sized mudstone aggregates in thin sections and SEM, transported in traction, and deposited in a series of prograding clinothems. These aggregates were sufficiently indurated to locally preserve shelter porosity, significantly improving the hydrocarbon reservoir properties.Grain size analysis of the aggregates was performed on thin sections, as well as disaggregated samples measured by a laser diffraction grain size analyzer for comparison. These analyses showed that sand sized aggregates often comprise more than half of the sediment volume. While the clay-rich composition of the Carlile Formation would suggest that it is a mudstone, statistical analysis of these grain size measurements show that it could alternatively be described as a silty sandstone. These findings potentially change how we think about mudstone classification, fine-grained sedimentation, and mudstone dominated petroleum reservoirs.     

Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS, TOPEX, GFO, Jason, and Envisat

The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements.