新疆阿勒泰地区短时强降水中尺度特征[1]

利用NCEP FNL再分析、FY2D/G逐时云顶亮温（TBB）、新疆北部区域自动站和闪电定位及EC-thin再分析资料，对2013—2020年暖季新疆北部36例短时强降水事件进行分析。结果表明：新疆北部短时强降水的直接影响系统是涡旋云系和带状云系中生成的MCS，MCS主要位于涡旋云系中部和带状云系南部，MCS强度在-32℃～-52℃；地面温度锋和露点锋及中尺度锋区、切变线和气旋式辐合风场、中低压是触发MCS的主要原因。地闪最强时刻发生在MCS发展到成熟阶段，短时强降水发生在地闪密集区附近；短时强降水发生时地闪频次迅速增多，之后迅速减小，并以负地闪为主。因地形作用形成的中尺度系统，其发生发展对短时强降水预报具有一定的指示意义。地面温度锋和露点锋及中尺度锋区主要出现在阿尔泰山脉、萨吾尔山系的沿山及其丘陵地区，因山脉和河谷平原的热力差异形成；因此，新疆北部短时强降水落区与地形有密切的关系。     

内蒙古夏季典型短时强降水中尺度特征

利用常规观测资料、NCEP FNL分析资料、FY-2D逐时云顶亮温(TBB)资料、内蒙古地区自动气象站资料和闪电定位资料, 对2012—2015年内蒙古夏季37例典型短时强降水事件进行分析。结果表明:冷锋云系尾部、涡旋云系和暖湿切变云系中发展的中尺度对流系统(MCS)是造成内蒙古短时强降水的直接影响系统, 短时强降水发生在MCS发展或成熟阶段, 而且位于TBB梯度密集区MCS移出区域靠近干冷空气侵入一侧。自动气象站观测到的中气旋、中低压以及中小尺度气旋式辐合风场和切变线诱发MCS发展, MCS发展到成熟阶段地闪密度达到最大值, 地闪密度值较高对应的MCS面积扩展率也较大。内蒙古西部和中部偏北地区短时强降水发生前3 h相对湿度达到60%~80%, 但其余地区相对湿度基本为80%~90%, 温度锋区浅薄冷空气是触发MCS发生发展的关键因素。     

“基于SWAP平台的新疆强降水预警技术及应用”项目

<正>一、项目背景自国家卫星气象中心下发卫星天气应用平台(SWAP)以来,该平台为新疆区、地、县级气象台站一线业务人员提供了交互式的静止气象卫星资料和产品专业分析工具,尤其是在无雷达覆盖的区域,SWAP在强对流天气的监测分析及短时临近天气预报工作中发挥有效的指导作用。但由于新疆干旱半干旱气候背景,新疆区域暴雨的中尺度云团预警指标及阈值与我国中东部有一定差异,基于目前国家气象卫星中心SWAP平台默认的相关阈值判识,在新疆暴雨及短时     

局部大暴雨形成的机理与中尺度分析

利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站加密观测资料、NCEP逐6 h的1°×1°的再分析资料和FY-2C卫星逐时TBB资料、多普勒雷达探测资料,对2012年7月7-8日河南商丘地区大暴雨天气过程形成机理和中尺度系统活动特征进行了研究.结果表明:500 hPa低槽与低层东西向切变线和低空急流相互配合、共同作用是此次大暴雨形成的大尺度环境条件。中尺度分析显示:多个中尺度雨团的活动形成了4个大暴雨中心,中尺度雨团与MαCS相伴,而MαCS是由多个MγCS和MβCS合并、加强的结果。这些MγCS和MβCS是由地面中尺度辐合线或辐合中心触发产生并发展,MαCS覆盖区下强降水回波的移动和发展与地面中度辐合系统对应较好,大暴雨出现在地面辐合系统形成后的1~2 h内;而暖平流导致的局地升温,是地面中尺度辐合系统形成的主要原因。TBB梯度与降水强度成正比,当▽TBB/0.5°E≥34℃,并且TBB≤-63℃时,将产生30mm·h~(-1)的强降水;当MCS发展成熟时强降水发生在中尺度对流云团TBB低值中心附近,当TBB在1 h内降低31℃以上时,1~2 h后该地将出现雨强为50 mm的短时强降水。因此,地面热力不均匀导致的局地升温是此次地面中尺度辐合系统生成的主要原因,而地面中尺度辐合系统的发生发展触发了中小尺度对流系统的发生发展,导致了局部大暴雨的产生。根据中小尺度对流云团的TBB强度及变幅,可提前1~2 h预报短时强降水。     

夏半年新疆K指数特征及其在短时强降水预报中的应用

利用1989－2018年4－9月高空探测和常规地面观测资料，计算新疆12个探空站的K指数气候平均值，采用线性趋势法、Mann－Kendall趋势检验法、R/S分析法等，分析新疆夏半年K指数时空分布特征，归纳其在新疆短时强降水中的预警阈值。结果表明：（1）新疆K指数总体上呈西高东低分布，西部大气比同纬度其它地区更不稳定；（2）08时和20时的K指数趋势特征基本相同，年平均值波动幅度较大，月平均值4月最小，7月最大；（3）近30a克拉玛依、乌鲁木齐、库车、库尔勒站大气不稳定性呈增大趋势，其余站均趋于稳定；（4）短时强降水前K指数均大于20℃，但月变化差异明显，随着月份的递进K指数呈先增大后逐渐减小的趋势；（5）以25%百分位作为短时强降水预报的预警阈值参考，4月的K指数阈值最小,为23.3 ℃,5、6、9月较为接近,在27 ℃左右，7－8月最大,在29 ℃左右，北疆各站点发生短时强降水的K指数阈值区间为：25.8～30.4 ℃，南疆为28.5～32.0 ℃，东疆哈密为29.5 ℃。     

2016年吉林省“7•26”暴雨天气综合分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、FY-2G卫星云图、多普勒C波段天气雷达以及吉林省区域自动站和加密自动站资料,运用统计分析和天气动力学诊断方法,综合分析2016年7月25—26日吉林省暴雨天气过程,此次暴雨和大暴雨落区位于吉林省四平东部、辽源、吉林和通化北部,此次暴雨过程出现东北冷涡天气背景下,25日14—22时的短时强降水由东北冷涡前部局地对流活动的加强触发中尺度对流系统(MCS)生成。500 hPa为两脊一槽形势,受西太平洋副热带高压阻挡,东北冷涡较为稳定,吉林省位于东北冷涡前沿的西南气流中,850 hPa西太平洋副热带高压西侧的西南急流直达吉林省中南部,在其北端产生西南—东南向暖锋式切变,并与地面黄河气旋暖锋区相对应。在地面中尺度辐合线、地形抬升触发下,造成中尺度对流,形成短时强降水。通过FY-2G卫星相当黑体温度(TBB)产品分析,发现吉林省上空TBB低于-52℃时,就会产生短时强降水,而TBB高于-48℃则MCS趋于消失;此次强降水的新一代C波段天气雷达回波具有较明显的强回波低质心结构特征,降水效率较高,持续时间短,但达到短时强降水标准。卫星TBB产品和雷达监测可为以后吉林省东北冷涡暴雨定时、定点暴雨预警提供依据。     

基于卫星雷达等多源资料的短时暴雨预警

利用2017—2018年葵花卫星(Himawari)TBB亮温资料,计算最低亮温、亮温梯度、红外与水汽亮温差和低亮温区面积及其随时间变化率等特征参量,确定短时暴雨的卫星参数阈值,并融合了雷达参数阈值及过去1 h地面加密降水实况资料,采用指标叠加法判定监测区域内某一云团未来2 h能否产生区域性短时暴雨天气,并采用交叉相关法外推云团的移动,进而对强降水云团进行预警。对2019年几次暴雨过程预报检验结果是:预警命中率(POD)为80.6%~97.1%,平均为91.0%,临界成功指数(CSI)为77.2%~79.2%,平均为77.9%,所预警的云团未来2 h影响区域出现≥30 mm/h短时暴雨站数占全省短时暴雨站数的76.4%~96.2%,平均为85.2%,整体预警效果较好。     

2009年四川夏季强雷电过程的气象卫星资料分析

利用FY2－C、FY2－D云顶亮温资料并结合2009年四川省闪电定位资料,选取了2009年6月19～20日1次典型的强雷电过程,并对该过程的雷电时空分布与强雷暴云团(MCS)的演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)地闪频数与MCS的强度呈正相关。(2)地闪基本出现在小于220K的云区和前方TBB水平梯度最大的区域内,集中发生在小于200K的云区,大于240K的云区几乎没有地闪发生。(3) MCS发生发展期,地闪位于对流云团前方TBB梯度最大的区域内及其东侧,地闪频数极大值发生在强烈发展期。成熟阶段,地闪猛烈下降。消亡期,地闪位于对流云团中心附近,但很快消失。(4)单站强降水时段和TBB低值区有较好的对应关系并且地闪逐时峰值比降水峰值提前约1h,可为单站短时暴雨的预警提供参考。      

一次云南强对流暴雨的中尺度特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及常规观测资料与雷达、卫星等非常规观测资料,综合分析了2014年6月6日云南暴雨过程的天气成因及中尺度对流系统特征。结果表明:500hPa前倾槽、700hPa切变线及地面冷锋是此次暴雨过程的天气尺度影响系统;高能高湿的对流不稳定层结、明显的垂直风向切变是强对流天气形成的有利条件;在Q矢量散度辐合区内多个β中尺度对流系统(MCS)发生发展,短时强降水主要出现在MCS移动方前沿对流活跃的云顶亮温(TBB)等值线密集区,雨强变化与TBB等值线梯度变化密切相关;多普勒雷达及地闪资料显示多个γ中尺度对流系统是强对流暴雨产生的直接影响系统,雷暴易发生于回波强度在35~45dBz、回波顶高超过10km的区域,中尺度辐合线、第二类γ中尺度辐合区附近负地闪密集区与短时强降水、雷暴天气有很好的对应关系。     

东莞一次短时强降水过程的多种资料特征

利用常规、非常规观测资料及灾害天气短时临近预报系统产品,对2015年9月7日上午发生在东莞的一次短时强降水过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)该次短时强降水是高空槽后偏西北气流引导低层弱冷空气南下,在华南强不稳定层结环境下,边界层弱冷空气诱发中尺度切变辐合抬升加强,触发高能高湿区能量释放,产生强降水;水汽来源主要为超低空及地面边界层。(2)Swan系统平台区域自动站网实时风演变能有效分析中、小尺度天气系统的短时发展,对短时临近预警有较好的指示性;1 h预估降水量(QPF1)与实况比较接近,对降水临近定量预报有较好参考作用;垂直液态含水量(VIL)值较低,降水次效率高,以强降水为主的对流天气。(3)垂直风廓线、GPS可降水量(PWV)在强降水产生前4~6 h都有明显的变化,对临近预警有较好的指示性。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on