棉铃虫种群消长及影响因子

耕作制度的改变,为棉铃虫种群数量上升提供了良好的食物源和生态环境;大面积使用化学农药, 不仅削弱了天敌的控害作用,也提高了棉铃虫的抗药性;气候变暖,适宜于棉铃虫数量上升.因此,棉铃虫种群增加,棉花、玉米、小麦、豆类、瓜菜等受害也明显加重.要控制棉铃虫的发生程度,首先要防治棉田外一代幼虫和卵,减少一代种群数量;对二代棉铃虫,宜有选择地使用化学农药和生物农药进行防治,并充分发挥天敌的自然控制力,以减少种群数量;三代、四代棉铃虫主要危害作物繁殖器官,直接影响作物的产量和品质,以物理诱杀和玉米诱集带集中诱杀为主,既可控制其危害,又对其天敌无负面影响;五代棉铃虫虽对当年作物产量影响不大,但其种群数量直接影响下一年一代发生量,因此应及时喷施病毒类等生物性药剂,降低其越冬种群,同时也保护自然天敌安全越冬.     

关于1992年棉铃虫灾害的思考

1992年棉铃虫四代严重发生,棉花严重受害。本文分析了棉铃虫大发生的主要原因是越冬基数高,生育期提前,套种田多,重复发生,天敌减少,抗药性增强、较适宜的天气条件等,提出联合防治、综合、化学、生物防治措施。     

鲁北地区玉米螟发生特点及气象因子影响分析

对博兴县1974-2006年的玉米螟观测资料和气象观测资料的分析结果表明:春玉米种植面积减少,使一代玉米螟危害减轻,二代玉米螟发生面积逐年减少,虫株率稳定在20%左右;秸杆还田技术的推广使玉米螟越冬虫源基数明显下降;5-7月温雨条件与一代、二代玉米螟发生危害关系密切,不同时段其影响规律和影响机制各不相同.     

二代棉铃虫药剂防治效果的模糊综合评判

1 引言 棉铃虫是棉花主要害虫之一,历年均有所发生,1992年二代棉铃虫全国特大发生,损失严重。由于预测发生程度及防治时间掌握不准,加之施药期与雨季相吻合,故防治效果不佳。棉铃虫防治已成为全国性的一大难题,导致农民不愿意种棉花。实践证明,使用化学农药防治仍是不可缺少的重要手段。在充分利用天敌的基     

焦作市棉铃虫发生危害特点及原因

利用焦作市植保部门10多年来的棉铃虫发生危害调查资料,分析了1992～1995年棉铃虫发生危害的新特点,从气象条件、种植结构、品种布局、生态环境、天敌数量、人为因素等方面揭示了影响棉铃虫发生危害变化的原因,并提出了防治措施。     

棉铃虫发生发展与气候条件的关系研究进展

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera 属鳞翅目夜蛾科，是一种世界性的重大害虫，在世界各地均有分布。因其具有远距离迁飞，繁殖力强等特点，条件适宜时常大面积暴发成灾，给农业生产带来较大损失。摸清棉铃虫生活习性、种群变化规律是棉铃虫防治的前提条件。由于棉铃虫是变温昆虫，气候条件对其生长发育、成灾机制等产生极大影响。因此，本文系统综述了气候变暖对棉铃虫影响的研究进展，包括棉铃虫生长发育、体色变化、繁殖、滞育、飞行、越冬、与作物的互作关系等方面，并对未来研究重点进行了展望。以期对棉铃虫的综合治理提供理论依据。     

阜康棉铃虫发生程度气象条件分析及预报

根据阜康植保站2001—2011年逐年棉铃虫各主要危害代发生程度和同期气象资料,对棉铃虫发生程度和气象要素的关系进行了研究。结果表明:阜康棉铃虫一年发生3代,危害较重的是2、3代;2月地面极端最高温度是影响棉铃虫发生长期趋势的主要因子;影响阜康2、3代棉铃虫发生发展的中短期主要因子为5月中旬、7月中旬、8月中旬平均气温和7月中旬降水量等。建立了2、3代棉铃虫发生等级的长期和中短期气象预测模型,经拟合检验和应用检验,2、3代棉铃虫发生长期趋势预测拟合率为77%和62%,中短期发生趋势拟合率为85%和92%。     

松毛虫越冬死亡率与气象条件关系试验统计研究

松毛虫是我省森林重大害虫之一,繁殖力强,蔓延速度快,对我省林业的发展危害极大。松毛虫越冬幼虫是跨年关键虫态,它既是前一年种群数量变动的“暂时结束”,又是下一年种群数量变动的开始,在种群数量变动的时间序列过程中,它起着“承上启下”的作用。因此,研究其越冬死亡率同外界环境的关系,可为发生程度的预测奠定理论基础。1资料来源及调查方法虫情资料来源于阜新县森林病虫害防治检疫站,气象资料来源于辽宁省气候中心,并于1991～1993年进行虫情与气象资料的平行观测。1991～1992、1992～1993年冬季在阜新县周家店林场塔山苗圃…     

松毛虫越冬死亡率与气象条件关系试验统计研究

松毛虫是我省森林重大害虫之一,繁殖力强,蔓延速度快,对我省林业的发展危害极大。松毛虫越冬幼虫是跨年关键虫态,它既是前一年种群数量变动的“暂时结束”,又是下一年种群数量变动的开始,在种群数量变动的时间序列过程中,它起着“承上启下”的作用。因此,研究其越冬死亡率同外界环境的关系,可为发生程度的预测奠定理论基础,     

濮阳棉铃虫气象预报模式的建立与应用

根据濮阳市气象条件的变化对棉铃虫特别是对棉铃虫虫源影响的特点,按照棉铃虫繁育规律,将棉铃虫周年活动期划分为秋季预蛹期、越冬期、春季羽化期、夏季危害期4个阶段;分阶段选取有昆虫学、统计学意义的气象因子,通过归一化处理和加权组合,组成棉铃虫气象指数,建立多时效、归一化棉铃虫气象预报模式和分析、评价指标.     

麦棉套作主要虫害发生与气象条件的关系

根据危害棉花最重的棉蚜、棉红蜘蛛、棉铃虫和棉盲蝽象4大害虫的生物学特性、发生时段的气候条件和麦棉套种棉田生态因素,分析了4大害虫大发生的原因及预测预报,并提出了防治措施。     

Models for medium- and long-range forecasting of the amount of migration of first-generation moths into the outbreaking area of the second-generation armyworm

With the aim to establish an “optimum” regression, as attempt is made through stepwise regression analysis to construct medium- and long-range models for forecasting the amount of migrants of the first-generation adults of armyworm into the outbreaking area of the second-generation armyworm in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia by applying precedent data of meteorological elements, general circulation features and insect pest situation. The formulas established are found to be rather satisfactory, which add a new approach to the simulation prediction of the armyworm.     

An Investigation of the Relationship between Pesticide Usage and Climate Change

One concern of agriculturalists when regarding climate change involves the effects on pest populations. Climate change may allow pest migration or population expansions which may adversely affect agricultural productivity, profitability and possibly even viability. We examine the effect of current climate variations on the average and variability of U.S. per acre pesticide costs across the U.S. as a proxy for investigating the consequence for pest populations. Empirically, we find that increases in rainfall increases average per acre pesticide usage costs for corn, cotton, potatoes, soybeans, and wheat while hotter weather increases pesticide costs for corn, cotton, potatoes, and soybeans but decreases the cost for wheat. We also investigated the influence of climate on the variability of pesticide costs. There we find that hotter temperatures increase pesticide cost variance for corn, potatoes, and wheat while decreasing it for soybeans. Rainfall increases cause an increase in cost variability for cotton while decreasing it for corn, potatoes, soybeans, and wheat.     

Adaptation to climate change through the choice of cropping system and sowing date in sub-Saharan Africa

Multiple cropping systems provide more harvest security for farmers, allow for crop intensification and furthermore influence ground cover, soil erosion, albedo, soil chemical properties, pest infestation and the carbon sequestration potential. We identify the traditional sequential cropping systems in ten sub-Saharan African countries from a survey dataset of more than 8600 households. We find that at least one sequential cropping system is traditionally used in 35% of all administrative units in the dataset, mainly including maize or groundnuts. We compare six different management scenarios and test their susceptibility as adaptation measure to climate change using the dynamic global vegetation model for managed land LPJmL. Aggregated mean crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa decrease by 6–24% due to climate change depending on the climate scenario and the management strategy. As an exception, some traditional sequential cropping systems in Kenya and South Africa gain by at least 25%. The crop yield decrease is typically weakest in sequential cropping systems and if farmers adapt the sowing date to changing climatic conditions. Crop calorific yields in single cropping systems only reach 40–55% of crop calorific yields obtained in sequential cropping systems at the end of the 21st century. The farmers’ choice of adequate crops, cropping systems and sowing dates can be an important adaptation strategy to climate change and these management options should be considered in climate change impact studies on agriculture.     

US agricultural sector analysis on pesticide externalities – the impact of climate change and a Pigovian tax

Residuals from agricultural pesticides threaten the environment and human health. Climate change alters these externalities because it affects pest pressure and pesticide application rates. This study examines damages from pesticide externalities in US agriculture under different climate projections and the effects of alternative regulations. We find divergent impacts of externality regulation and climate change on agricultural production in the US. A Pigovian tax on pesticide externalities generally increases crop production cost, but farm revenue improves because of increased commodity prices. Climate change generally decreases US farm revenue because production increases and prices fall. Results also show a heterogeneous effect of climate change on pest management intensities across major crops.     

中国单季稻种植北界的初步研究

确定单季稻种植北界可为调整单季稻生产布局和科学应对气候变化提供依据.基于中国单季稻种植区地理分布及其主导气候因子,结合最大熵模型,研究了雨养(水热共同作用)与灌溉(热量限制)条件下中国单季稻种植区的北界,并与已有方法确定的中国单季稻北界进行了对比验证.结果表明:雨养条件下,中国单季稻种植北界可达黑龙江漠河县北部,沿漠河—塔河—呼玛中部以西的大兴安岭地区及龙江—泰来—杜尔伯特—大庆—肇州—肇源以西的地区不适合种植水稻;灌溉条件下中国单季稻种植的北界则不存在,即在中国最北部的漠河地区仍可种植单季稻,沿漠河—塔河—呼玛中部的水稻种植界限往西略有偏移.本研究确定的中国单季稻种植北界与当前单季稻种植北界更为接近,明显优于已有方法确定的单季稻种植北界.     

新疆的棉花生产与生态环境

分析了新疆棉花生产的快速发展与生态环境之间的相互制约关系。指出解决好水土矛盾，土地沙漠化、气候灾害的防治问题，农药、化肥和地膜的环境污染和由此引发的盐碱化、次生盐碱化、地力下降、以及病虫害等问题是影响新疆棉花可持续发展的关键所在。     

气候对新疆棉花产量的影响分析

新疆是我国近年发展起来的重要产棉区,在中国棉花生产中占有重要地位,尽管目前新疆棉花单产已达到了较高的水平,但生产仍存在潜在的风险。本文即在前人工作的基础上,根据产量统计资料和历年气象数据,划分气候丰歉年型,用相关分析法分析月平均温度、月总日照时数、月总降水量3个气候因子对棉花产量的影响,从而找出影响棉花产量丰歉的气象指标因子,为新疆棉区棉花产量丰歉年预测提供依据。     

棉花年景评价方法

文章介绍两种棉花年景评价方法：综合气象要素评价法和相似分析评价法。前者是将ＡＢ报收到的旬平均气温、旬降水量和旬日照时数按照一定的原则组合成为综合气象要素，分析历史综合气象要素和棉花产量丰歉，得出其评价指标，依据指标，进行实时棉花年景评价；后者是根据历史资料，确定丰歉年型，利用相似分析原理，得出相似分析评价指标，根据指标，判断棉花产量的丰歉。结果表明，这两种评价方法在棉花产量丰歉评价中，准确率都在９０％以上。     

National leverage points to reduce global pesticide pollution

There is an urgent need to reduce the environmental risk of pesticide pollution worldwide. We here explore national leverage points, using a novel dataset of 21.4 million georeferenced grid cells and a spatial regression discontinuity design. Our analysis lets us separate how much cross-country differences in the risk of pesticide pollution are caused by differences in countries’ agricultural systems and policies and how much is explained by other factors, such as environmental differences between the countries for example (e.g. pest pressures). We estimate that a third of the global cross-country differences in the pesticide pollution risk are caused by differences in countries’ agricultural systems and policies. The main explanations, and thus leverage points for policies, are differences in countries’ pesticide regulations, their share of organic farming, and type of crops that are grown. We find a trade-off between pesticide pollution risk and soil erosion only in the Americas and in Asia, but not elsewhere, and we do not find a trade-off between pesticide pollution risk and crop yield gaps.