1999年严重霜冻、冰冻天气对广西农业的影响

通过分析1999年12月下旬广西大范围严重霜冻、冰冻天气对广西农业生产造成的灾害影响,得出受害作物的受害特征与受害程度,为有关部门评价这次灾害和制定防灾抗灾对策提供资料参考。     

广西气象灾害特点及对农业生产的影响

本文通过对近二十年来广西气象灾害资料分析,研究了广西气象灾害特点,并用调和权重和灰色关联度分析方法,客观定量分析广西气象灾害对农业生产影响的程度,找出影响全区和各地区种植业和主要作物产值(量)的主要灾害的排序,为各级领导部门制定防御各种气象灾害决策提供了依据。     

干旱与农业发展

引言干旱是陆地上反复出现的一种现象,它对人类的影响程度取决于其强度和持续性.多数情况下,一个年度的农业干旱仅对当地的居住者产生中等程度的影响.连续两年的作物失收会使问题变得严重起来.三年或以上的连续干旱将对种植者和放牧者带来严重的灾害,并对社会其它很多方面产生影响.     

东北地区农业气象灾害定量评估

利用1971—2008年东北地区农业生产资料及主要农业气象灾害资料,计算了干旱、洪涝、风雹和低温冷害的影响权重、成灾率及其变异值。在此基础上,分析了4类灾害对农业生产的影响程度,并进行了综合评估。结果表明：东北地区干旱影响权重最大,并呈增加趋势;黑龙江省各种灾害权重均大于吉林省、辽宁省;东北地区气象灾害以小灾和轻灾为主,但气象灾害对农业生产危害程度越来越严重,特别是2000年以来,重大灾害的发生频率明显升高。     

2004年春旱对册亨县水稻等农作物危害的统计分析

春旱是册亨县主要气象灾害之一，出现频率高，每年都有不同程度的发生。统计分析册亨县1970～2003年34年的春旱发生频率、开始期、持续时间、满足水稻作物插秧用水的时段及2004年春旱对水稻、玉米作物的危害情况，以期对该县的农业生产有一定借鉴作用。     

黑龙江省2002年农业气象灾害综述

详细阐述了2002年黑龙江省发生的各种农业气象灾害及受灾情况，在分析低温冷害对作物生长发育造成不利影响的基础上，阐述了气象灾害对作物品质和产量所造成的危害及减产的原因，从而为作物品种布局及防灾抗灾提供气象依据。     

2013年吉林省农业气象条件及其对农业生产的影响概述

2013年吉林省作物生长季农业气象条件总的特点是：气温略高,积温偏多,降水偏多,日照正常稍少。粮食主产区农业气象灾害发生种类比常年少、发生程度轻,农业病虫害影响也较轻,初霜期正常稍晚,主要粮食作物在霜冻前正常成熟。但局地农业气象灾害仍然存在,如春季遭遇低温春涝,造成作物播种期延迟,作物灌浆期出现明显低温时段,中南部、东部地区汛期出现局地暴雨洪涝等灾害。总体上看,气象条件对农业生产的影响利多弊少,且利远大于弊。积温多、农田墒情好、农业气象灾害程度轻,病虫害影响较小是今年吉林省粮豆总产量创历史新高的首要因素。     

利用专家评估法作未来10年（2000～2010年）广州市气象灾害影响趋势展望

将气象灾害（主要是风灾、涝灾和旱灾）对广州市的影响程度分成轻微、偏轻、中等、偏重和严重五个级别，在时间上将未来10年分成三个时期：近期（2000～2002年）、中期（2003～2006年）、远期（2007～2010年），通过对广州市57名长期从事灾害研究的专家的调查，再运用专家评估法，结果表明：在三种灾害中，对广州市影响最大的是风灾，未来10年几乎每年都有热带气旋影响广州，造成较大程度的损失，其损失程度约比中等年份偏多10～15%;涝灾对广州市的影响在近期比台风小，中期与台风的影响接近，至远期的影响超过台风，整个预测期内比中等年份偏多10%左右。对广州市影响最小的是旱灾（特别在近期和远期），比中等年份偏少5%左右。     

河西走廊东部一次霜冻天气过程成因及其对农业的影响

2016年5月15日清晨河西走廊东部发生区域性强霜冻天气,对农林业生产造成了2004年以来最为严重的灾害。本文利用实时MICAPS常规观测资料、物理量场和河西走廊东部区域内6个国家自动气象观测站和93个区域气象站观测资料,对这次冻害天气过程的天气学成因进行分析,在此基础上分析了霜冻对农业的影响。结果表明强冷空气爆发是造成冻害的直接原因;0 cm地面温度和气温≤0 ℃持续时间长,导致农林作物深度冻伤;前期气温偏高使得农林作物发育期提前,加之霜冻出现时间偏迟,农林作物抵抗冻害的能力明显下降,冻害影响加重;冻害发生后,温度急剧上升、湿度迅速减小,作物水分强烈蒸腾,作物细胞失去受损,导致受灾程度加重。     

近百年来中国的严重气候灾害

根据１８８０～１９９７年的各种气候序列,研究了１１８年中的严重气候灾害．这里严重有两重意义,首先是影响面广,其次是强度大．因此只研究了冷冬、冷夏、多台风、全国多雨、干旱及长江与黄河多雨、干旱等９种气候灾害．以大约１０年一遇为严重灾害,以３０～４０年一遇为异常灾害．给出各种灾害出现的年份,扼要地分析了各种灾害出现的规律及可能的形成原因．     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

接地降阻剂的PH值的探讨

1引言我国执行接地降阻剂测试的技术标准是全国电力系统起草的:“接地降阻剂暂行技术条件修改稿”。在技术要求中要求接地降阻剂的酸碱值应在7￣12范围内。在实际使用中发现该技术要求对接地降阻剂的酸碱值要求范围并不合理,需要分析和讨论。2接地降阻剂的PH值接地降阻剂的酸碱性对地网的使用寿命至关重要,为了不让接地降阻剂腐蚀接地体或者减弱接地降阻剂对接地体的腐蚀,在接地降阻剂测试的技术要求中,对接地降阻剂的酸碱度有一定的限制。国内各厂家用于生产接地降阻剂的偏弱酸的盐类进行了对镀锌钢材腐蚀的试验,结果是这些镀锌钢材均受到…     

On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer

The heighth of the Ekman turbulent boundary layer determined by the momentum flux profile is estimated with the aid of considerations of similarity and an analysis of the dynamic equations. Asymptotic formulae have been obtained showing that, with increasing instability,h increases as ¦¦^1/2 (where is the non-dimensional stratification parameter); with increasing stability, on the other hand,h decreases as ^–1/2. For comparison, a simple estimate of the boundary-layer heighth _u determined by the velocity profile is given. As is shown, in unstable stratification,h _u behaves asymptotically as ¦¦^–1, i.e., in a manner entirely different from that ofh .     

阴山山脉对内蒙古中部地区气象要素影响初探

文章选用阴山山脉山北乌拉特后旗、白云、达茂旗、苏尼特左旗、化德,山南杭后旗、包头、呼和浩特、察右前旗、兴和1971—2000年气温、降水量、天气现象等资料进行对比分析,得到阴山山脉对内蒙古自治区中部地区气象要素影响初步结论。     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.