低空急流发生、发展的数值试验(Ⅱ)——动力学分析

本文对一次低空急流过程的数值模拟结果作了动力学分析,着重讨论了急流区的环流结构及积云对流对其发生、发展的影响。主要结果为:低空急流区有一对横向非地转二级环流,它是低空急流发展的一个重要条件;强频散的低空急流与积云对流造成的静力不稳定场耦合,诱发出不稳定的中尺度重力惯性波,通过Wave—CISK机制引导到低空急流与二级环流的发展;低空急流发展过程中的非地转特征和二级环流都是重力惯性波发展的产物。     

低空急流的不稳定性及其对暴雨的触发作用

本文分析了1972年7月2—3日一次长江流域低空急流的过程,这次低空急流发生在江淮气旋的暖区之中。在低空急流左侧有雷暴和暴雨发生。发现这支低空急流有独特的三维流场结构。指出它是一支极不稳定的气流:在急流轴的左前方有一个Ri数负值区,这正是低层最不稳定的地区。低空急流具有很强的超地转特性,非地转最强时,暴雨发生。这时急流中出现很强的风速脉动,这种脉动的传播对于中尺度低涡及雨团的发生起着触发的作用。以后气压场向流场调整,重新达到地转平衡,这时暴雨也就仃止。     

一次暴雨过程数值模拟与诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR分辨率为1°×1°再分析资料和气象台实测降水资料及TRMM 3 h降水资料,采用WRF中尺度数值模式,对2010年7月22日发生在黄河流域中游南部的一次暴雨过程进行了数值模拟及诊断分析。结果表明：WRF模式能较为成功的模拟出本次暴雨过程。此次暴雨在大尺度环流形势上,是由于西太平洋副热带高压与河套低压槽的共同影响产生的;来自印度洋、中国南海的大量水汽输送为暴雨提供了充足的水汽来源。处于200 hPa的高空急流,由于地转调整激发出了中尺度重力波,使用散度场、云水分布,能够确定中尺度重力波的存在和移动方向。在利用模拟资料分析重力波对甘肃省东部地区暴雨产生的原因时得出：高空急流中产生的中尺度重力波与低层大气对中尺度重力波的吸收作用,共同导致了该地暴雨的发生。由高空急流风向和非线性平衡方程的数值分布情况,可以提前判断中尺度重力波发生的区域和移动方向,从而能够提前对暴雨可能发生的区域和时间作出预报。     

不同雨强台风的诊断对比与数值试验研究

通过对不同雨强台风的诊断对比及数值试验得出一些结论。台风暴雨与锋区、高低空急流有关。强锋区可导致２００ｈｐａ西南风高空急流与右后房非地转辐散的加强，并在其作用下，激发重力惯性波。其调整过程，即为暴雨的突然增幅过程。调整时间约３￣６小时。调整过程使低空急流加强，加大向暴雨区的水汽动量输送，有利于降水加强。调整过程结束后，雨量变化平稳。     

冀中南一次强对流暴雨的数值模拟

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和常规资料对2009年5月发生在河北中南部的强对流暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟。低空700 hPa流场的中尺度扰动和涡度场的加强说明：发生在河北中南部的短时强对流暴雨与东北回流密切相关 ,低空东北风的辐合,使地转平衡遭到破坏,从而引发水平辐合和辐散及铅直运动,在地转适应过程中,700 hPa中尺度环流偶在河北中南部形成并加强,对应的正负涡度对也出现并增大,使辐合上升运动增强,强对流暴雨出现在辐合场和辐散场之间区域。高空急流中心右前侧辐合导致气流下沉,向南的一支引起低空北风加大。加强的东北回流与低空较强偏南气流在河北南部相遇,耦合上升。可见,垂直环流的形成及东北回流的加强是此次强对流暴雨产生的重要原因。     

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程的中尺度特征分析

利用中尺度非静力平衡模式WRF-V2.1对2007年7月7-8日江淮地区一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟,分析其中的中尺度重力波(MGW)特征,并运用拉格朗日Rossby数(Ro)来诊断非平衡流特征.研究表明:这次暴雨过程中的中尺度重力波波长约为56～75 km,相速约12～19 m·s~(-1);在有利的大尺度环流形势下,地转调整机制是MGW产生的首要机制,Wave-CISK和地转调整为波动传播提供了充足的能量,使MGW在具有波导结构的大气中维持了相当长的时间;满足舶指标的不平衡运动区与重力波活动区十分接近,它对波动产生的时间和区域方面有一定的指示作用.     

一次南海高空晴空颠簸事件的形成机制研究

采用WRF模式及其三维变分同化系统,对一次发生于南海高空越洋航线上的晴空颠簸(CAT)事件开展同化AMDAR资料的高分辨率数值模拟研究,探讨副热带高空急流与本次CAT的发生关系。通过对飞机航线上CAT发生时刻附近水平和垂直风场、气压场、温度场的模拟与分析,得出以下结论:(1)此次南海高空越洋航线上的CAT位置及周边区域存在明显的大气重力波活动;(2)影响此次CAT的大气重力波主要来源于副热带高空急流及非地转平衡;(3)急流区以及非地转平衡激发的大气重力波经过水平传播或垂直传播,通过扰动局地大气环境达到Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定和急流南侧反气旋气流的惯性不稳定的两种机制使波形破碎,从而形成CAT。     

低空急流形成发展的一种可能机制——重力波的惯性不稳定

当斜压大气在高空急流轴附近满足条件f(f-/y)＜0时,非地转运动激发出的重力惯性波将得到进一步的发展.此时,斜压大气的地转适应过程无法实现,非热成风和垂直环流之间将发生正反馈作用, 负的非热成风将激发并加强南部上升北部下沉的垂直环流,垂直上升流的加强将导致低层低压系统的发展和低层流场的辐合,使得低层低压系统南侧的气压梯度力增大,结果在辐合区南侧形成低空急流.此外,非热成风的分布对垂直环流和低空急流的形成发展也具有非常重要的作用.     

高低空急流与台风环流耦合下的中尺度暴雨系统

对9216号台风登陆后进入200 hPa西南风急流入口区右侧, 引起远距离台风中尺度暴雨系统突然发生发展的过程进行了分析.利用二维模式研究了高、低空急流与台风环流耦合和中尺度暴雨增幅的相互促进正反馈机制, 认为Wave-CISK过程和斜压基流的对称不稳定可能是低空急流发展和倒槽形成的更切合实际的动力机制.对流不稳定与斜压大气的结合有利于北传的重力惯性波不稳定发展.     

9608号台风低压外围暴雨中尺度云团的发生发展

１９９６年８月３～５日发生在河北省西南部的特大暴雨是在没有西风槽直接作用下出台风外围的３个中尺度对流云团造成的。云团发生在高能不稳定的弱斜压环境条件下，由台风外围的低空东南急流非地转重力波不稳定触发发展。暴雨区上空与东北地区西风槽之间有一水平尺度近１０００ｋｍ的垂直环流圈。Ｑ矢量锋生函数计算分析表明，该环流圈形成了暴雨与东北远距离的西风带系统之间的能量转换机制。水汽图分析表明，东北部的高纬小槽东南     

DYNAMIC STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF INERTIAL GRAVITY WAVES INDUCED BY UNBALANCED FLOW ON MEIYU FRONT HEAVY RAIN*

The Meiyu front heavy rain process in 1-3 June 2000 is numerically simulated in this paper, and results are then analyzed to show the effects of geostrophic balance collapse,unbalanced flow occurrence,low level jet (LLJ) development,and gravity waves genesis and propagation on the rainstorm.Analyses indicate that the sudden northwest movement of subtropical high may destruct the local geostrophic balance,leading to an increase in the local pressure gradient and the occurrence of ageostrophic flow,and meanwhile the adjustment of circulation starts to build a new balance.During the process,an LLJ and gravity waves appear correspondingly.The dispersion of unbalanced energy through the divergence/convergence of the geostrophic departure winds, promotes the propagation of strong wind cores along the LLJ,and the dispersion direction is influenced by the steering flow and the moisture concentration area.The development of LLJ is one of important conditions,which induces the heavy rain especially in the left front part of the jet where the convergence and shear of winds occur.It is also found that the genesis of disturbance, meso-vortex,and meso-convective system provides a favorable condition for the rainstorm.The above results are clearly illustrated by the high spatial and temporal resolution simulation data from a mesoscale numerical model.     

Impact of the Nocturnal Low-Level Jet and Orographic Waves on Turbulent Motions and Energy Fluxes in the Lower Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ) and orographic (gravity) waves play an important role in the generation of turbulence and pollutant dispersion and can affect the energy production by wind turbines. Additionally, gravity waves have an influence on the local mixing and turbulence within the surface layer and the vertical flux of mass into the lower atmosphere. On 25 September 2017, during a field campaign, a persistent easterly LLJ and gravity waves were observed simultaneously in a coastal area in the north of France. We explore the variability of the wind speed, turbulent eddies, and turbulence kinetic energy in the time–frequency and space domain using an ultrasonic anemometer and a scanning wind lidar. The results reveal a significant enhancement of the turbulence-kinetic-energy dissipation (by?50%) due to gravity waves in the LLJ shear layer (below the jet core) during the period of wave propagation. Large magnitudes of zonal and vertical components of the shear stress (approximately 0.4 and 1.5 m² s^?2, respectively) are found during that period. Large eddies (scales of 110 to 280 m) matching the high-wind-speed regime are found to propagate the momentum downwards, which enhances the mass transport from the LLJ shear layer to the roughness layer. Furthermore, these large-scale eddies are associated with the crests while comparatively small-scale eddies are associated with the troughs of the gravity wave.

     

2018年北京“7.16”暖区特大暴雨特征及形成机制研究

利用京津冀区域加密自动气象站、SA多普勒天气雷达、L波段风廓线雷达、NCEP 0.25° 再分析资料及0.03° 高分辨率地形资料研究了北京2018年7月15—16日暖区特大暴雨特征和形成机制。结果表明:（1）这次暖区特大暴雨发生在副热带高压边缘的暖气团（θ_se高能区）中,无明显冷空气强迫,斜压性弱,有丰沛的水汽,850 hPa以下出现强水汽辐合。（2）暴雨的中尺度对流系统发展有3个过程:带状对流建立和局地强雨团影响、北京北部“列车效应”南部雷暴冷池出流造成对流加强和移动、平原地区线状对流重建。（3）暴雨发生前,低层西南风出现风速脉动,低空急流建立。首先在2500—3500 m高度形成低空急流,2 h后2500 m以下风速显著增大,5 h后急流厚度由边界层伸展到700 hPa。急流出口区降压,低层出现气旋性风场或切变,有利于垂直上升运动发展,触发和加强对流。（4）西南低空急流暖湿输送导致高温、高湿、高能的对流不稳定层结反复重建,这是对流发展加强的重要原因。（5）地面辐合线是对流触发并逐渐组织成带状对流系统的关键影响因素。地面辐合线方向、低空急流轴、回波移动方向三者几乎重叠是造成对流后向传播和“列车效应”的有利条件。（6）太行山和燕山地形对对流触发和暴雨增幅有重要影响。北京最大雨强≥40 mm/h站点中的77.4%位于西南部和东北部200—600 m海拔高度处。偏东风在华北西部太行山局地迎风坡触发对流,西南低空急流在北京北部迎风坡和喇叭口地形处辐合和抬升更为显著,造成局地特大暴雨。      

长江流域一次大暴雨过程的低空急流形成和影响机制分析

利用WRF模式对2016年6月30日—7月6日长江流域的一次大暴雨天气过程中的低空急流进行数值模拟,在成功模拟低空急流基础上,分析此次急流过程中可能的影响机制;同时对地形高度进行敏感性试验,分析地形因素对此次低空急流可能的影响。(1)此次低空急流发生时,东侧为西太平洋副热带高压,西侧则为西南涡。这种“东高西低”的高低压配置为低空急流的形成与发展提供了有利的背景场。(2)高空急流和低空急流的耦合作用是低空急流发展的一个重要背景条件。(3)垂直方向高空动量不断下传为低空系统的发展提供了动力支持,是低空急流发生的一个重要条件。(4)逆温和垂直风切变之间的正反馈机制是低空急流形成与加强的因素之一。(5)山体在急流生成及发展过程中对气流有摩擦和阻挡作用,这种阻挡作用随着山体地形高度的增加而有所加强,同时山脉的走向会改变原始的风向,使得急流前端超前或滞后。青藏高原有强背风波效应,它的绕流和挤压作用会使得低空气流表现为狭长的带状,使动量更加聚集从而风速增加形成低空急流。      

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY WAVE PROPAGATION AND ENERGY CONVERSION IN A SUDDEN HEAVY RAINFALL EVENT

In this paper, a sudden heavy rainfall event is analyzed, which occurred over the Yellow River midstream during 5–6 August 2014. We used observational, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, high-resolution satellite, and numerical simulation data. The main results are as follows. Under an unfavorable environmental circulation, inadequate water vapor and unfavorable dynamic conditions but sufficient energy, a local sudden heavy rainfall was caused by the release of strong unstable energy that was triggered by cold air transport into middle and lower layers and the propagation of gravity waves. The distributions of rain area, rain clusters, and 10-minute rainfall showed typical mesoscale and microscale fluctuation characteristics. In the mesoscale rain area or upstream, there was a quasi-stationary wave of mesoscale gravity waves with their propagation downstream. In the course of propagation from southwest to northeast, the wavelength became longer and the amplitude attenuated. In the various phases of gravity wave development, there were evident differences in the direction of the wave front. Wave energy was mainly in the lower layers. Unstable vertical wind shear at heights of 1–6 km provided fluctuation energy for the gravity waves. The mechanisms of heavy rainfall formation were different at Linyou and Hancheng stations. Diabatic heating was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Linyou. The explosive short-period strong precipitation was caused by the release of strong effective potential energy triggered by the gravity waves, and its development and propagation after that energy maximized. In contrast, the latent heat release of upstream precipitation was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Hancheng. This formed a positive feedback mechanism that produced continuous precipitation. In the studied event, the development of westerly belt systems had disturbed the wind field. The contribution of kinetic energy generated by this disturbance could not be ignored. The Froude number, mountain shape parameter, and ratio between mountain height and temperature inversion layer thickness had various effects of atmosphere and terrain on mesoscale and microscale mountain waves. In upper and lower layers, there were five airflows that were strengthened by the terrain. All these had important influences on local heavy rainfall at Linyou and Hancheng stations.     

Climatic features of the south-westerly low-level jet over southeast china and its association with precipitation over east China

The major features of the south-westerly low-level jet (LLJ) in the lower troposphere over Southeast China and its climatic impacts are investigated by using FNL reanalysis data and observational precipitation data. Results show that LLJ mainly occurs in spring and summer and the occurrence frequency of LLJ over southeast China has significant diurnal cycle, most LLJ occur in the nighttime (0200 LST and 0800 LST). The high nocturnal occurrence frequency of LLJ is mainly resulting from increased nocturnal ageostrophic wind. Research on the climatic impacts of large-scale conditions depicts that, the occurrence of LLJ in April mainly results from the northward shifting of western pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and the occurrence of LLJ in July results from the strengthening of detouring flow around Tibetan Plateau. Analysis of the climatic effects of LLJ on precipitation distribution in 3 rainy seasons over Southeast China indicates that the rainfall events with strong intensity correspond to strong LLJs. The LLJ affects the precipitation over Southeast China by transporting water vapor and triggering upward motion. Rainfall regions well corresponds to the regions of the moisture convergence and strong upward motion triggered by LLJ. Negative wind divergence anomalies at 850 hPa and positive wind divergence anomalies at 200 hPa over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley strengthen the upward motion over this region, which are conductive to produce more precipitation over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley.     

云南冬季一次强降水天气过程的模拟与分析

利用MM5中尺度非静力模式对2003年1月5~6日发生在云南省的强降水天气过程进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:(1)偏南低空急流是造成冬季暴雨的主要影响系统,低空急流上的扰动导致一个相对大的风速核从急流主体分裂东移,风速显著加大,风向呈气旋性弯曲,引起低层涡度增加,产生强的辐合上升运动。(2)低空急流的形成和移动与中层南支槽的关系较为密切,南支槽前的辐散为低空急流的形成提供了启动机制。(3)强降水天气出现在冷暖空气交汇的区域,锋生强迫作为暖湿气流上升的强迫机制之一,对强降水的形成起着不可忽视的作用。(4)水汽条件的分析表明,暴雨区的水汽主要由低层水汽辐合来提供。     

复杂地形与锋面系统共同作用对台湾岛暴雨影响的数值分析

应用MM5V2数值模式输出的高分辨率资料对在复杂地形和锋面系统共同作用下台湾暴雨发生的水汽、垂直速度、低空急流等物理量场的中尺度特征进行了分析。表明地形是使锋面降水加强．最终形成暴雨的主要原因。在地形作用下，速度场、湿度场都具有比较稳定的局地特征，台湾岛迎风区保持着比背风区大的湿度场，流场表现为一个地形性中尺度环流。随着锋面系统的不断靠近，局地特征表现为加强和减弱两个阶段。发现迎风坡的低空急流主要是由地形引起的，它的南北向分布不均使空气发生了辐合上升运动，与地形和锋面引起的上升运动叠加，在地形迎风坡形成了一个垂直速度的大值区。有地形比无地形的降水明显加强。