广东云浮含T1硫酸冶炼堆渣场土壤T1污染的元素-Pb同位素示踪研究

利用元素总量和Pb同位素示踪技术对广东云浮硫酸厂含T1黄铁矿冶炼堆渣场周围土壤中T1的污染程度和迁移行为进行了研究.研究发现堆渣场周围土壤中T1污染物丰要集中于表层土壤约16.5 cm深度内,并且表现出沿垂直方向向下迅速下降的特点.堆渣场周围土壤中T1与Pb呈显著线性相关,表明自然条件下T1与Pb在土壤中的迁移相似性,并且都以横向迁移为主.堆渣场固结层周围土壤至少44 cm范围已经受到废渣中T1释放的影响,T1污染物平均下渗速率达到2.75 cm/a.酸性雨水的淋滤作用及废渣自身不断酸化的特性是废渣中T1迁移释放入土壤的主要因素,土壤铁氧化物胶体及有机质是土壤对T1产生吸附的主要载体.     

广东某硫酸冶炼工业区土壤铊污染及评价

运用地累积指数法（Igeo）及富集指数法（EF）对广东某硫酸厂含铊黄铁矿冶炼废渣堆渣场周围土壤铊污染状况进行了调查和评价。结果表明,废渣周围土壤已受到了明显的土壤铊污染,铊污染物主要集中在土壤0～16．5cm范围,并且表现出沿垂直方向向下迅速降低的特点;土壤表层的铊吸附量未达到饱和状态,铊污染物将继续在土壤表层发生累积作用。Igeo与EF法对铊污染评价结果相似：废渣下伏土壤0～6cm范围铊污染达到中度污染水平,而在土壤约8．5～15cm以下为无至轻度污染水平;15cm以下没有受到土壤铊的污染;相对于下伏土壤剖面,废渣外围土壤污染更为严重,其中表层土壤0～1cm铊已经达到显著污染,土壤2～10．5cm范围内铊为中度污染,而在土壤约15cm以下铊为无至轻度污染。两种方法应用于工业区土壤铊污染水平分析是可行的,但是不能表明铊在土壤中存在状态、迁移能力以及生物有效性。     

广东某硫酸冶炼工业区土壤铊污染及评价

运用地累积指数法(Igeo)及富集指数法(EF)对广东某硫酸厂含铊黄铁矿冶炼废渣堆渣场周围土壤铊污染状况进行了调查和评价。结果表明,废渣周围土壤已受到了明显的土壤铊污染,铊污染物主要集中在土壤0~165cm范围,并且表现出沿垂直方向向下迅速降低的特点;土壤表层的铊吸附量未达到饱和状态,铊污染物将继续在土壤表层发生累积作用。Igeo与EF法对铊污染评价结果相似：废渣下伏土壤0~6cm范围铊污染达到中度污染水平,而在土壤约85~15cm以下为无至轻度污染水平;15cm以下没有受到土壤铊的污染;相对于下伏土壤剖面,废渣外围土壤污染更为严重,其中表层土壤0~1cm铊已经达到显著污染,土壤2~105cm范围内铊为中度污染,而在土壤约15cm以下铊为无至轻度污染。两种方法应用于工业区土壤铊污染水平分析是可行的,但是不能表明铊在土壤中存在状态、迁移能力以及生物有效性。     

粤西云浮含铊硫化物矿产利用对环境的影响:元素-铅同位素示踪研究

通过对粤西云浮含铊硫化物矿渣堆放场及周边土壤剖面的铊、铅元素含量和铅同位素组成特征的研究,试图示踪土壤中原存的铊和人为影响的铊的分布状况.土壤样品采于露天的含铊硫化物工业堆渣场和一个邻近的背景土壤剖面.结果表明来自于废渣的土壤铊污染是有限的,废渣的铊主要聚集在0～16.5 cm的土壤上部且不同采样点数据变化较大,随着深度增加铊污染程度降低.由于铊和铅具有相似的地球化学行为,可以采用铅同位素示踪方法研究铊在土壤中的迁移过程.     

北京某金矿区土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

使用网格布点法采集144个浅层土壤样品,分析测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn共8种重金属元素的含量.通过多元统计方法、土壤重金属含量空间分布及极值点分析,揭示了金矿地区土壤污染特征及污染风险.结果显示,区内浅层土壤重金属含量超过该地区背景值较高的元素为Pb、As、Cd,与背景值接近的元素为Cr与Ni.重金属污染风险较高的区域集中分布在金矿开采区、尾矿库、选矿厂及其下游约1.5 km范围内,主要污染元素为As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn,基本不存在Cr、Ni、Hg污染.相关性与主成分分析结果显示,矿山开采及冶炼是土壤重金属污染的主要来源.污染物的主要迁移途径为金矿开采区、尾矿库及选矿厂的废渣和尾矿析出的重金属通过废渣及尾矿堆的孔隙下渗进入底垫土壤,通过地表径流进入下游土壤中.     

北京某金矿区土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

使用网格布点法采集144个浅层土壤样品,分析测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn共8种重金属元素的含量.通过多元统计方法、土壤重金属含量空间分布及极值点分析,揭示了金矿地区土壤污染特征及污染风险.结果显示,区内浅层土壤重金属含量超过该地区背景值较高的元素为Pb、As、Cd,与背景值接近的元素为Cr与Ni.重金属污染风险较高的区域集中分布在金矿开采区、尾矿库、选矿厂及其下游约1.5 km范围内,主要污染元素为As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn,基本不存在Cr、Ni、Hg污染.相关性与主成分分析结果显示,矿山开采及冶炼是土壤重金属污染的主要来源.污染物的主要迁移途径为金矿开采区、尾矿库及选矿厂的废渣和尾矿析出的重金属通过废渣及尾矿堆的孔隙下渗进入底垫土壤,通过地表径流进入下游土壤中.     

元素-铅同位素示踪在云浮硫铁矿区 土壤铊污染研究中的应用

不同源区铅同位素的组成不同,因此可以利用铅同位素的这种"指纹"特征来示踪铅的不同源区。近年来铅同位素示踪在研究土壤中相关重金属来源及其运移途径起到独特的作用。由于铊和铅具有相似的地球化学性质,并且在云浮硫铁矿区污染土壤中其分布与铅有很好的相关性,笔者利用铅同位素作为示踪工具探讨了土壤中铊的污染特征,初步研究表明铊污染物主要累积在土壤深度0~16.5cm范围内,深度为16.5cm以下土壤受到废渣中铊污染的影响较小,但废渣周围土壤深度约44cm范围已经受到来自废渣中铊的影响。     

湘中桃江锰矿废矿堆环境地球化学分析

对湘中桃江锰矿废矿堆的废石进行了主量元素、稀土元素、微量元素和重金属元素的地球化学分析。野外观察及分析结果表明:组成废矿堆的岩石主要是赋矿围岩中奥陶统黑色页岩和原生碳酸锰矿石。这些废石富含Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Tl、Sb、U等重金属元素。废石暴露地表而遭受风化分解,导致Sc、V、Cr、U、Cd、Th等重金属元素淋滤释出,在废石样品中均表现出不同程度的迁移特征,且以V、Cd、U的迁移性最为强烈。此外,黑色页岩中Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Tl、Sb也明显发生淋失。这些重金属元素如Cd、Tl等毒性极强,进入矿区周围不断积聚,便可能对环境造成严重的影响。故对区内分布的废矿堆作为重金属污染源应高度重视。     

含重金属的尾矿渣场复垦还田种植农作物的安全技术

含有毒重金属的尾矿渣场复垦还田的安全经济技术方法是目前国内外的难点。为了探索尾矿渣场复垦还田后,种植农作物的安全性和经济性,笔者开展了小秦岭金矿区尾矿渣场不同覆土厚度农作物种植试验研究。结果表明:尾矿渣为土壤、农作物重金属提供了丰富的物源,尾矿渣、土壤和农作物中重金属排序为Pb>Cd>Hg;成熟中后期的农作物内重金属超过国家标准的风险高于成熟早期,叶菜类、果实类蔬菜及粮食类作物的风险主要来自Hg、Pb、Cd;块根类蔬菜是比较安全经济的种植作物,其中萝卜、土豆、青菜的经济安全种植厚度应大于40cm、50cm、70cm,在最大覆土厚度90cm上种植其他农作物也是不安全的;种植农作物后,土壤中Pb、Cd减少量与尾矿渣上覆土厚度有一定相关性,而Hg元素还与自身的挥发性有关;农作物对重金属的选择与重金属在黄土中的迁移能力是影响农作物吸收重金属的重要影响因素。试验结果可为研究金矿尾矿渣复垦还田的安全技术方法提供借鉴作用。     

贵州万山汞矿尾矿堆及地表水的环境地球化学特征

对贵州万山汞矿区尾渣堆(主要为炉渣组成)、地表水及河流沉淀物的汞迁移进行了研究。由于赋矿岩石为白云岩，高温煅烧的炉渣中含CaO等碱性物质，炉渣的风化作用释放出汞以及碱性水．流经尾渣堆的地表水碱性强(pH10．6-11．8)、电导率高，且具有明显不同的主要离子组成．万山汞矿矿石单一，主要为辰砂，其他矿石极少，因此炉渣及其渗滤水中除汞外的重金属含量很低．尾渣堆中的汞及碱性物质是对周围环境的主要威胁．在尾渣堆下游汞含量很快降低，约300n，范围内水中的溶解汞从300—1900，ng/L降至72ng／L，而且水的碱性也被中和．但是，由于尾渣堆中的汞及碱性物质含量高，尾渣堆的长时间风化及水流的溶解会将大量汞搬运到周围的土壤及水体并对生物产生不利影响．     

Geochemical investigations of slags from the historical smelting in Freiberg, Erzgebirge (Germany)

The Freiberg area in the Saxon Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains) represents one of the oldest mining districts in Germany. Argentiferous ore mineralizations with lead, zinc and copper are dominating in this region. Various waste products of mining can be found around Freiberg. In particular, the slags from ore smelting were and are regarded as unusable waste products. However, they preserve information on the smelting and weathering behaviour of slag, which makes them very useful sources of information for our purposes. To reconstruct the chemical processes during ore smelting, historical slag represents a most valuable archive. Therefore, the historical slag dump in Halsbach (Germany) was examined exemplarily for the Freiberg deposit. The slag was dumped approx. 400 years ago and is rich in lead. An interrelation between the slag and the metallurgical process applied can be made on the basis of chemical composition, appearance and microscopic results. The slags of the heap in Halsbach contain high concentrations of heavy metals (average contents in mg kg⁻¹: Zn 40,000; Pb 10,000; Cu 1500; U 1000). Enrichments of heavy metals in the organic-rich soil horizons within the range of the dump foot (maximum contents in the A-horizon in mg kg⁻¹: Zn 3719; Pb 9198; As 3017; Cu 963) imply a faint discharge of metals from the dump.     

Buffering from secondary minerals as a migration limiting factor in lead polluted soils at historical smelting sites

Examination of calcareous slags from several historical smelting sites has indicated that the specific soil environment, in particular the soil pH, may have a very significant effect on the rate of weathering and metal release. A series of acid titration experiments were used to investigate whether the weathering of the calcareous slags could be increasing the buffering effect of the soils through accumulating CaCO₃ in the slag-rich horizons. Such a buffering mechanism would maintain high pH levels and so limit the migration of Pb through the soil profile. Three sites were chosen; one with high levels of Ca in the soil, one with relatively low Ca levels and one with intermediate Ca levels. Analysis of metal concentrations was determined using ICP-AES. The results support the hypothesis that, while the soil pH remains between 8 and 5, the CaCO₃ provides an effective buffer against the mobilisation of Pb. Between soil pH 5 and 4 it is suggested that both CaCO₃ and PbCO₃ participate in the buffering reaction, which slows down with a further drop in pH. However, this reaction ultimately releases Pb into the soil solution, although at a much slower rate than would be the case in an unbuffered soil. An important implication of these findings is that migration rates of metals in soils cannot be assumed to be constant over time, if such buffering mechanisms are operational.     

生物质炭和钢渣对江西丰城典型富硒区土壤硒有效性的调控效果与机理研究

江西丰城富硒土壤中总硒含量较高,但能被植物直接吸收利用的有效态硒含量偏低。土壤中硒的生物有效性是影响作物富硒的关键因素,寻找安全有效的改良剂对提高富硒土壤中硒的有效性至关重要。本文以生物质炭和钢渣为改良剂,共设置了8个不同处理,通过室内土培试验和盆栽实验,原子荧光光谱法测定有效态硒的含量,探究了两种改良剂在不同处理水平下对丰城富硒土壤中有效硒的调控效果。土培试验结果表明,施加不同量的生物质炭和钢渣均能提高研究区土壤pH,提升幅度为0.1～3.79个单位。元素形态分析结果表明,改良剂主要通过影响有机结合态硒来调控土壤有效态硒,施加生物质炭的土壤中有机质含量显著增加,且有机质对硒表现为固定作用,导致有效态硒含量降幅为8.4%～15.1%,使土壤有效硒含量总体偏低;而钢渣对土壤pH的显著影响有利于活化土壤中的硒元素,土壤有效态硒含量可提高1.4～2.0倍。盆栽实验结果表明,土壤经钢渣处理后小白菜硒含量提高30%以上,而经生物质炭处理后小白菜硒含量降幅在7.14%～42.8%之间。本研究认为,生物质炭不适用于调控研究区土壤中硒的有效性,钢渣可作为研究区土壤硒有效性的调控材料,既实现了固废再利用,也提高了土壤中硒的有效度。     

Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag in the production of a hydraulic cement binder

Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag is a major waste product generated during the steelmaking process. In India and in most industrial countries, the use of BOF slag as a road ballast and land filler has had a very long history. This being a low end use, a study was conducted to examine the possibility of converting the slag into a hydraulic binder. This paper describes the effect of cooling rate on mineralogy and cementing characteristics of normal BOF slag as well as iron oxide-devoid BOF slag. Specifically, the mineralogy and compressive strengths of heat-treated slags were compared with a conventional ordinary Portland cement. It was found that the slowly cooled slags did not show any cementing properties. The iron oxide-devoid slag, on slow cooling, disintegrated into fine powder. The water-cured cubic specimens of quenched slag products were tested for their compressive strengths. The cementing properties of the quenched slag products were improved by formation of hydraulic phases and showed considerable strength after 28 days of water curing.     

黄铁矿利用过程中铊的迁移特征

以静态浸泡、动态模拟淋滤和逐级提取作基础,结合工艺过程,研究了黄铁矿利用过程中铊的迁移特征.结果表明,铊在焙烧时主要随飞灰和炉渣迁移,少量以 TlF的气态形式迁移;铊从飞灰、炉渣和沉灰渣中的释放率与浸泡时间成正比,与 Ph值和粒径成反比 (沉灰渣新样除外 ),且新样铊的释放率大于陈样,浸泡样品铊的释放率大于淋滤样品.当样品中可提取态铊含量较高,或飞灰中不可提取态铊含量较高,且飞灰含有 HF、 SO2和 SO3时,铊容易迁移.当赋存在碳酸盐矿物中的铊含量较高时,铊在酸性条件下也容易迁移,而保持炉渣和沉灰渣的 Ph值中性或接近中性,可有效防止废渣中的铊淋滤进入环境.     

Chromium and nickel distribution in soils, active river, overbank sediments and dust around the Burrel chromium smelter (Albania)

Chromium ore was treated to produce ferrochromium from 1979 until 2000 in a smelter in Burrel, 35 km NE of Tirana (Albania). As a consequence, large amounts of solid waste, i.e. slags (about 9.10⁶ m³) have been disposed next to the smelter, disfiguring the landscape. In an attempt to define contaminated sites, heavy metal content of the different sampling media have been compared with respective background samples.In the study area, the determination of background values in soil samples is complicated due to the different geological substrates. Cr and Ni background concentrations in serpentinite-derived soils, west of the smelting plant, are markedly higher than in the Pliocene gravel/sandy soils, where the smelter is situated (Cr 2147 and 193 mg/kg, respectively; Ni 2356 and 264 mg/kg). These values are clearly lower than those encountered around the smelter. Average total Cr and Ni concentrations in soils around the smelter are 3117 and 1243 mg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations of Cr (up to 2.3 wt.%), were recorded in samples taken near the smelting compartment within the industrial plant and next to the slags clearly indicating that the smelter forms a point source of Cr contamination. The Cr / Fe ratio is the best indicator to differentiate non-polluted (Cr / Fe Serpentinite soil: 130–390; Pliocene soils: < 130) from polluted areas (> 390 smelting nearby of the slags).Cr and Ni values for local backgrounds in stream and overbank sediments were taken in the Mat river 6 km upstream and to the east of the smelter (268 and 430 mg/kg for Cr, and 306 and 604 mg/kg for Ni, respectively). Equivalent sediments taken from the Zalli i Germanit river, which drains the smelter area are respectively 816 and 1126 mg/kg for Cr and 1115 and 1185 mg/kg for Ni.Dust samples, taken from the lofts of houses up to 2 km from the smelter, display high concentrations of Cr, Ni and Zn (average contents of 2899, 436 and 902 mg/kg, respectively). The later concentrations in the dust samples have been confirmed by mineralogical analysis where Cr-bearing mineral phases such as ferrochromium and chromium oxides, clearly relate to the activity of the smelter. Consequently, atmospheric deposition of dust particles forms a serious problem and can also be responsible for the elevated contents encountered in soil samples around the smelter.All these data show that the degree of contamination caused by industrial activity of the Burrel Cr-smelter is severe, although no Cr(VI) was detected in soil water extractions nor in the surface or groundwater where concentrations were < 0.01 mg/kg.     

Carbon steel slag and stainless steel slag for removal of arsenic from stimulant and real groundwater

Arsenic in groundwater is a serious environmental problem. The contamination of groundwater with arsenic has been of utmost concern worldwide. Steel slag is a solid waste generated from steel production. Although steel slags have been used for arsenic removal from water, this process has not been systematically or integratively researched. In this study, the arsenic removal capacity and mechanism were investigated for carbon steel slag, stainless steel slag and Fe-modified stainless steel slag based on an in-depth study. The study also evaluated the potential utilization of different steel slag for regeneration. The maximum adsorption of arsenic on carbon steel slag, stainless steel slag and Fe-modified stainless steel slag was 12.20, 3.17 and 12.82 mg g^?1 at 25 °C, respectively. The modification of stainless steel slag by FeC1₃ can generate more pore structures and larger surface areas, and 300 °C treatment produces the best regeneration efficiency. The ΔG values were negative for all of the steel slags, indicating the spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. The solution pH was a critical parameter for the removal of arsenic for steel slags. Under highly alkaline solution conditions, the mechanism of arsenic removal by carbon steel slag and stainless steel slag can be attributed to chemisorption, including chemical precipitation and coordination reactions, and under weakly alkaline solution conditions, electrostatic interaction and specific adsorption are the arsenic removal mechanisms by Fe-modified stainless steel slag. Regeneration of the Fe-modified stainless steel slag was better achieved than that of the other steel slags in the application of high-temperature treatment.     

Research on soil multi-media environmental pollution around a Pb-Zn mining and smelting plant in the karst area of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Southwest China

The method of principal component analysis was applied to systematical research on the soil multi-media environment, including soil, surface water, ground water, waterbody sediment and agricultural crops, as well as pollution-inducing wastewater, mullock (or waste ore) and slag in the periphery of a large-sized Pb-Zn mining and smelting plant in a karst area of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The results revealed that soils in the area studied have been heavily polluted by Cd, Zn, Pb and Hg, and the levels of these metals in the samples of agricultural crop greatly exceed the standards. The above-mentioned pollutants exist in all soil-multi-media environments. The mullock, slag, wastewater, surface water, ground water, soil, and agricultural crops constitute a composite ecological chain. Therefore, the improper disposal of mullock and slag, and the use of polluted wastewater for agricultural irrigation are the main causes of soil pollution. Heavy metals in the soil have three transition progresses: point (improved soil with slag, ground water inflow plot), linear (river transition) and non-point transition (regional pollution by slag) patterns, and the tailing yard is the most important locus for heavy metals to release into the environment.     

桂西北典型岩溶区水稻田成土剖面砷的垂向分布特征及其影响因素

调查分析桂西北典型岩溶矿区及其周边水稻田成土剖面砷含量及相关土壤参数垂向分布特征,研究了岩溶区土壤砷的含量垂向分布及迁移规律,并探讨了岩溶区土壤砷垂向迁移的主要影响因素。结果表明:研究区三个典型土壤剖面的主要土壤类型为石灰岩土,化学风化程度较高,土壤砷自然来源主要为土壤母质;土壤剖面砷含量的垂向分布均为表层相对富集、深层相对稳定,而土壤有机碳是制约岩溶区水稻田土壤砷垂向迁移的关键因素;矿区外围的两个土壤剖面砷含量主要富集在10～20 cm层,而在0～10 cm层砷含量相对较低,土壤砷含量平均值分别为5.5 mg·kg-1 和5.0 mg·kg-1 ;而临近矿区的土壤剖面具有土壤砷高背景值的特点,土壤砷含量平均值为46.2 mg·kg-1 ,且砷主要富集在20～40 cm的次表层,而在10~20 cm层砷含量则相对较低,但在0～10 cm层土壤砷含量又显著高于10～20 cm层,这表明外来源对该剖面表层土壤也具有显著影响。