海相钾盐矿床溶滤卤水找钾指标体系: 以川东北天星桥构造寒武系深部地下卤水为例

长期工作成果显示我国现阶段常用的找钾指标Br×103/Cl值偏低.创新性地应用"以古验古"的溶滤实验与地质统计法厘清了海相蒸发盐盆地找钾指标体系,充分考虑了不同地质年代海水成分的变化,也可克服"将今论古"应用于现代海水在等温等压条件下实验数据的不足.通过对世界上典型钾盐矿床的石盐、含钾石盐及钾盐(含光卤石)进行溶滤实验...     

An evaporated seawater origin for the ore-forming brines in unconformity-related uranium deposits (Athabasca Basin, Canada): Cl/Br and δCl analysis of fluid inclusions

Analyses of halogen concentration and stable chlorine isotope composition of fluid inclusions from hydrothermal quartz and carbonate veins spatially and temporally associated with giant unconformity-related uranium deposits from the Paleoproterozoic Athabasca Basin (Canada) were performed in order to determine the origin of chloride in the ore-forming brines. Microthermometric analyses show that samples contain variable amounts of a NaCl-rich brine (Cl concentration between 120,000 and 180,000 ppm) and a CaCl₂-rich brine (Cl concentration between 160,000 and 220,000 ppm). Molar Cl/Br ratios of fluid inclusion leachates range from ∼100 to ∼900, with most values between 150 and 350. Cl/Br ratios below 650 (seawater value) indicate that the high salinities were acquired by evaporation of seawater. Most δ³⁷Cl values are between −0.6‰ and 0‰ (seawater value) which is also compatible with a common evaporated seawater origin for both NaCl- and CaCl₂-rich brines.Slight discrepancies between the Cl concentration, Cl/Br, δ³⁷Cl data and seawater evaporation trends, indicate that the evaporated seawater underwent secondary minor modification of its composition by: (i) mixing with a minor amount of halite-dissolution brine or re-equilibration with halite during burial; (ii) dilution in a maximum of 30% of connate and/or formation waters during its migration towards the base of the Athabasca sandstones; (iii) leaching of chloride from biotites within basement rocks and (iv) water loss by hydration reactions in alteration haloes linked to uranium deposition.The chloride in uranium ore-forming brines of the Athabasca Basin has an unambiguous dominantly marine origin and has required large-scale seawater evaporation and evaporite deposition. Although the direct evidence for evaporative environments in the Athabasca Basin are lacking due to the erosion of ∼80% of the sedimentary pile, Cl/Br ratios and δ³⁷Cl values of brines have behaved conservatively at the basin scale and throughout basin history.     

Halogens and noble gases in sedimentary formation waters and Zn–Pb deposits: A case study from the Lennard Shelf,Australia

Halogen ratios (Br/Cl and I/Cl) and concentrations provide important information about how sedimentary formation waters acquire their salinity, but the possible influence of organic Br derived from sedimentary wall-rocks is rarely quantified. Here, it is demonstrated that Br/Cl versus I/Cl mixing diagrams can be used to deconvolve organic Br contributions; that organic matter has a limited range of Br/I ratios; and that organic Br is a more significant component in Zn–Pb deposit ore fluids than previously recognised. The significance of these findings is illustrated for the Lennard Shelf Zn–Pb deposits of Western Australia.Fluid inclusions related to Lennard Shelf Zn–Pb mineralisation have variable salinity and hydrocarbon contents. The halogen data from these fluid inclusions require mixing of three fluid end-members: (1) an evaporated seawater bittern brine (30 wt.% NaCl equiv.) with greater than seawater Br/Cl ratio; (2) a lower salinity pore fluid (?5 wt.% NaCl equiv.) with moderately elevated Br/Cl and I/Cl; and (3) fluids with Br/Cl ratios of ～5 times seawater and extremely elevated I/Cl ratios of ～11,500 times seawater. The first two fluids have ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar of 300–400 and greater than air saturated water ³⁶Ar concentrations that are typical of fluid inclusions related to Zn–Pb mineralisation. The third ‘organic-rich’ fluid has the highest ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratio of up to 1500 and a depleted ³⁶Ar concentration.Mineralisation is interpreted to have resulted from mixing of Zn-rich evaporitic brines and H₂S present in hydrocarbons. It is suggested that aqueous fluids acquired organic Br and I from hydrocarbons, and that hydrocarbons exsolving from the aqueous fluid removed noble gases from solution. Interaction of variably saline brines and hydrocarbons could account for the variable Br/Cl and I/Cl composition, and ³⁶Ar concentrations, recorded by Lennard Shelf fluid inclusions. The distinct ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar signature of the fluid with the highest I/Cl ratio suggests the hydrocarbons and brines were sourced independently from different parts of the sedimentary basin. These data indicate the complementary nature of halogen and noble gas analysis and provide new constraints on important mixing processes during sediment-hosted Zn–Pb mineralisation.     

湖北潜江凹陷古近系深层富钾卤水成因及演化

地下深层富钾卤水是非常重要的钾盐资源,目前很少从区域尺度系统研究沉积盆地中富钾卤水水化学特征及成因.对潜江凹陷深层富钾卤水进行了主、微量元素分析.研究区卤水矿化度为125.70～347.00 g/L,K含量为0.32～6.83 g/L;富集Li、B、I、Na、Cl,亏损Mg、Br,Ca、SO4有富集也有亏损.储层岩石矿...     

Chemical evolution of saline waters in the Jordan-Dead Sea transform and in adjoining areas

The Ca–Mg relationship in groundwaters strongly points to the overall dolomitization and local albitization. The Mg/Ca ratios reveal two trends by which saline waters develop: increase of Mg/Ca ratio by evaporation and decreasing Mg/Ca ratios due to dolomitization and albitization. Br/Cl vs. Na/Cl ratios demonstrate that albitization does not play a major role which leaves dolomitization to be the main source for decreasing Mg/Ca ratios in saline waters. In the eastern and southern Region of Lake Kinneret, salinization occurs by mixing with a Ca/Mg molar ratio <1 brine (Ha’On type). Along the western shoreline of the Lake, a Ca/Mg > 1 dominates, which developed by the albitization of plagioclase in abundant mafic volcanics and the dolomitization of limestones. The most saline groundwater of the Tabgha-, Fuliya-, and Tiberias clusters could be regional derivatives of at least two mother brines: in diluted form one is represented by Ha’On water, the other is a Na-rich brine of the Zemah type. Additionally, a deep-seated Ca-dominant brine may ascend along the fractures on the western side of Lake Kinneret, which is absent on the eastern side. Groundwaters of the Lower Jordan Valley are chemically different on both sides of the Jordan River, indicating that the exchange of water is insignificant. All saline waters from the Dead Sea and its surroundings represent a complex mixture of brines, and precipitation and local dissolution of halite and gypsum. Many wells of the Arava/Araba Valley pump groundwater from the Upper Cretaceous limestone aquifer, the origin of the water is actually from the Lower Cretaceous Kurnub Group sandstones. Groundwater drawn from the Quaternary alluvial fill either originates from Kurnub Group sandstones (Eilat 108, Yaalon 117) or from altered limestones of the Judea Group. The origin of these waters is from floods flowing through wadis incised into calcareous formations of the Judea Group. On the other hand, as a result of step-faulting, hydraulic contact is locally established between the Kurnub- and the Judea Groups aquifers facilitating the inter-aquifer flow of the confined Kurnub paleowater into the karstic formations of the Judea Group. Two periods of Neogene brine formation are considered: the post-Messinan inland lagoon resulting in drying up of the Sdom Sea and the evaporation of the Pleistocene Samra Lake, which went further through the stage of Lake Lisan to the present Dead Sea. For the first period, major element hydrochemistry suggests that the saline waters and brines in the Jordan-Dead Sea–Arava Valley transform evolved from the gradual evaporation of an accumulating mixture of sea-, ground-, and surface water. Due to the precipitation of carbonates, gypsum, and halite, such an evaporating primary water body was strongly enriched in Mg, Br, and B and shows high molar ratios of Br/Cl, B/Cl, and Mg/Ca but low Na/Cl ratios. The development of the Br/Cl ratio is chemically modelled, showing that indeed brine development is explicable that way. Along with the evaporation brine, evaporites formed which are leached by infiltrating fresh water yielding secondary brines with Na/Cl ratios of 1. When primary brines infiltrated the sub-surface, they were subjected to Mg–Ca exchange in limestones (dolomitization) and to chloritization and albitization in basic igneous rocks turning them into Ca-Cl brines. These tertiary brines are omnipresent in the Rift. The brines of the late Lisan and Dead Sea were generated by evaporating drainage waters, which leached halite, gypsum, and carbonates from the soil and from the sub-surface. All these brines are still being flushed out by meteoric water, resulting in saline groundwaters. This flushing is regionally enhanced by intensive groundwater exploitation. In variable proportions, the Neogene and late Lisan Lake and Recent Dead Sea brines have to be considered as the most serious sources of salinization of groundwaters in the Rift. Deep-seated pre-Sdom brines cannot strictly be excluded, but if active they play a negligible role only. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Origin of Ore-Forming Fluids of Mississippi Valley-Type （MVT） Pb-Zn Deposits in Kangdian Area, China

Analyses of fluid-inclusion leachates from ore deposits show that Na/Br ratios are within the range of 75 - 358 and Cl/Br 67 - 394, respectively, and this variation trend coincides with the seawater evaporation trajectory on the basis of the Na/Br and Cl/Br ratios. The average Cl/Br and Na/Br ratios of mineralizing fluids are 185 and 173 respectively, which are very close to the ratios ( 120 and 233 ) of the residual evaporated seawater past the point of halite precipitation. It is suggested that the original mineralizing brine was derived from highly evapo-rated seawater with a high salinity. However, the inclusion fluids have absolute Na values of 69.9—2606.2 mmol kg^-1 and Cl values of 106.7 — 1995.5 mmol kg^-1. Most of the values are much less than those of seawater: Na, 485 mmol kg^-1 and Cl, 566 mmol kg^-1 , respectively; the salinity measured from fluid inclusions of the deposits ranges from 2.47 wt% to 15.78 wt% NaCl equiv. The mineralizing brine has been diluted. The δ ^18O and δD values of ore-forming fluids vary from -8.21‰ to 9.51‰ and from -40.3‰ to -94.3‰, respectively. The δD values of meteoric water in this region varied from - 80‰ to - 100‰ during the Jurassic. This evidenced that the ore-forming fluids are the mixture of seawater and meteoric water. Highly evaporated seawater was responsible for leaching and extracting Pb, Zn and Fe, and mixed with and diluted by descending meteoric water, which resulted in the formation of ores.     

Halogen contents of eclogite facies fluid inclusions and minerals: Caledonides,western Norway

Primary multiphase brine fluid inclusions in omphacite and garnet from low‐ to medium‐temperature eclogites have been analysed for Cl, Br, I, F, Li and SO₄. Halogen contents and ratios provide information about trapped lower crustal fluids, even though the major element (Na, K, Ca) contents of inclusion fluids have been modified by fluid–mineral interactions and (step‐) daughter‐crystal formation after trapping. Halogens in the inclusion fluids were analysed with crush–leach techniques. Cl/Br and Cl/I mass ratios of eclogite fluids are in the range 31–395 and 5000–33 000, respectively. Most fluids have a Cl/Br ratio lower than modern seawater and a Cl/I ratio one order of magnitude lower than modern seawater. Fluids with the lowest Cl/Br and highest Cl/I ratios come from an eclogite that formed by hydration of granulite facies rocks, and may indicate that Br and I are fractionated into hydrous minerals. Reconstructions indicate that the inclusion fluids originally contained 500–4000 ppm Br, 1–14 ppm I and 33–438 ppm Li. Electron microprobe analyses of eclogite facies amphibole, biotite, phengite and apatite indicate that F and Cl fractionate most strongly between phengite (F/Cl mass ratio of 1469 ± 1048) and fluid (F/Cl mass ratio of 0.008), and the least between amphibole and fluid. The chemical evolution of Cl and Br in pore fluids during hydration reactions is in many ways analogous to Cl and Br in seawater during evaporation: the Cl/Br ratio remains constant until the a_H2O value is sufficiently lowered for Cl to be removed from solution by incorporation into hydrous minerals.     

Source of salinity in the groundwater of Lenjanat Plain,Isfahan, Iran

The present study aimed at identifying the salinity source in the groundwater of Lenjanat Plain. To do so, non-isotopic geochemical methods were employed: groundwater samples were collected seasonally from 33 wells widespread in the area, and physicochemical parameters as well as major and minor elements were measured in the 132 samples. The data collected from the field and laboratory measurements were interpreted through statistical and hydrogeochemical graphs, mass ratios and saturation indexes obtained from modeling. The results revealed that hydrogeochemical properties of the study aquifer were controlled by rock/water interactions including ion exchange, dissolution of evaporation deposits (halite and gypsum) and precipitation/dissolution of carbonates. Based on the values of Cl/Br ratio in Lenjanat groundwater (329–4,492), dissolution of evaporation deposits in aquifer was the main cause for groundwater salinity. Considering the Lenjanat groundwater geochemical properties, the data confirm the reported Cl/Br ratios for groundwater affected by the dissolution of evaporation deposits (Cl/Br > 300) and overlaps with the range of Cl/Br ratios for domestic sewage effluent groundwater. Selecting the best chemical components and their ratios in non-isotopic geochemical methods provides an accurate distinction between sources of groundwater salinity.     

Holocene stromatolites and microbial laminites associated with lenticular gypsum in a marine-dominated environment, Ras El Shetan area, Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt

Field and petrographic investigations of Holocene evaporites in the Ras El Shetan area, Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt, indicate the presence of microbial mats either in the form of laminites or stromatolites. The morphology of microbial mats and gypsum crystal size characterize the following lithofacies: (1) slump-stromatolitic gypsarenite, (2) random gypsrudite, (3) stromatolitic gypsarenite, and (4) microbially laminated gypsrudite. These evaporite lithofacies are formed above pre-evaporitic mudstones rich in disrupted cyanobacterial filaments, burrows and cerithid gastropods. The morphology of the gypsum crystals is mainly lenticular, indicating enrichment of dissolved organic compounds in the depositional environment. The difference in size of the lenticular gypsum crystals is related to minor changes in salinity and temperature of the parent brine. Fluid inclusions in gypsum crystals indicate their formation at low temperature (<50°C) in a seawater sourced brine that evaporated to gypsum saturation or higher. The brine salinities range from 10·62 to 12·99 equivalent wt% NaCl, and the brine densities range from 1·08 to 1·11 g/cm³. The change in morphology of the microbial mats (stromatolites and laminites) is related mainly to changes in water depth, from a very shallow salina to a coastal sabkha. Lenticular gypsum nucleated displacively in the microbial mats from saline, oxygenated groundwater that seeped from the sea through a barrier.     

Composition and origin of fluids associated with lode gold deposits in a Mesoarchean greenstone belt (Warrawoona Syncline, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia) using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence

Microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy techniques are routinely use to constrain ore-fluids δ¹⁸O and molar proportions of anhydrous gas species (CO₂, CH₄, N₂). However, these methods remain imprecise concerning the ore-fluids composition and source. Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence allows access to major and trace element concentrations (Cl, Br and K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr) of single fluid inclusion. In this paper, we present the results of the combination of these routine and newly developed techniques in order to document the fluids composition and source associated with a Mesoarchaean lode gold deposit (Warrawoona Syncline, Western Australia). Fluid inclusion analyses show that quartz veins preserved records of three fluid inclusion populations. Early fluids inclusions, related to quartz veins precipitation, are characterized by a moderate to high Br/Cl ratio relative to modern seawater, CO₂ ± CH₄ ± N₂, low to moderate salinities and significant base metal (Fe, Cu, Zn) and metalloid (As) concentrations. Late fluid inclusions trapped in secondary aqueous fluid inclusions are divided into two populations with distinct compositions. The first population consists of moderately saline aqueous brines, with a Br/Cl ratio close to modern seawater and a low concentration of base metals and metalloids. The second population is a fluid of low to moderate salinity, with a low Br/Cl ratio relative to modern seawater and significant enrichment in Fe, Zn, Sr and Rb. These three fluid inclusion populations point to three contrasting sources: (1) a carbonic fluid of mixed metamorphic and magmatic origin associated with the gold-bearing quartz precipitation; (2) a secondary aqueous fluid with seawater affinity; and (3) a surface-derived secondary aqueous fluid modified through interaction with felsic lithologies, before being flushed into the syncline. Primary carbonic fluids present similar characteristics than those ascribed to Mesoarchaean lode gold deposits. This suggests similar mineralization processes for mid- and Mesoarchaean lode gold deposits despite contrasting fluid–rock interaction histories. However, in regard to the protracted history documented in the Warrawoona Syncline, we question the robustness of the epigenetic crustal continuum model, as ore-fluid characteristics equally support an epigenetic or a polyphased mineralization process.     

老挝万象盆地钾盐矿床微量元素地球化学特征 及矿床的成因

老挝万象盆地钾镁盐矿主要富集在塔贡组下段膏盐中,主要由石盐岩、光卤石、钾石盐、含光卤石钾石盐及少量溢晶石等组成,属单层结构类型。钾镁盐矿中的微量元素Br、Rb和氯化物有直接的关系,是在万象盆地内找钾的直接标志,可在不同程度上反映原始盐溶液的浓缩发展过程。而Sr、B地球化学性质稳定,随卤水浓度的增高而富集在卤液中,可间接指示含钾的层位。证实了万象盆地的卤水来源于南部呵叻盆地,并有地表水体及深部卤水补给的可能性。研究万象盆地元素的地球化学特征,对丰富古代固体钾盐成矿理论、指导兰坪-思茅盆地蒸发岩研究及找钾工作具有重要的指示意义。     

Identification of the origin of salinization in groundwater using multivariate statistical analysis and geochemical modeling: a case study of Kaohsiung,Southwest Taiwan

The study of brine aquifers in southern Taiwan is highly complicated by hybrid geochemical reactions, which obscure important geochemical information. Using multivariate analysis on major and minor ion compositions normalized by Cl⁻ content, chemical constituents were combined into two principal components representing brine mixing and mineral precipitation. Comparing to multivariate analysis on the original data, this procedure reveals more geochemical information. It demonstrates that the brine groundwater of the region is primarily composed of highly evaporated seawater. The evaporation ratio is >70%; a point at which calcite, dolomite and gypsum precipitate. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions confirm this inference; and further, geochemical modeling quantitatively determined the evaporation ratio to be about 85%. Natural boron contamination is a consequence of brine groundwater. Two evolutionary trends in the plotting of the Cl/B ratio versus Cl⁻ can be identified: (1) Cl/B ratio decreases with boron being released from clay minerals when brine aquifers are flushed with freshwater; and (2) Cl/B ratio increases when seawater of a high Cl/B ratio infiltrates coastal aquifers.     

Interpretation of Na–Cl–Br Systematics in Sedimentary Basin Brines: Comparison of Concentration, Element Ratio, and Isometric Log-ratio Approaches

Mathematicians and geochemists have long realized that compositional data intrinsically exhibit a structure prone to spurious and induced correlations. This paper demonstrates, using the Na–Cl–Br system, that these mathematical problems are exacerbated in the study of sedimentary basin brines by such processes as the evaporation or dissolution of salts owing to their high salinities. Using two published datasets of Na–Cl–Br data for fluids from the Appalachian Basin, it is shown that log concentration and Na/Br versus Cl/Br methods for displaying solute chemistry may lead to misinterpretation of mixing trends between meteoric waters (for example shallow drinking water aquifers) and basinal brines, partially due to spurious mathematical relationships. An alternative approach, based on the isometric log-ratio transformation of molar concentration data, is developed and presented as an alternative method, free from potential numerical problems of the traditional methods. The utility, intuitiveness, and potential for mathematical problems of the three methods are compared and contrasted. Because the Na–Cl–Br system is a useful tool for sourcing solutes and investigating the evolution of basinal brines, results from this research may impact such critical topics as evaluating sources of brine contamination in the environment (possibly related to oil and gas production), evaluating the behavior of fluids in the reservoir during hydraulic fracturing, and tracking movement of fluids as a result of geologic CO₂ sequestration.     

柴达木盆地西部中更新世气候转型期的古水温:来自SG-1钻孔石盐流体包裹体的证据

中更新世气候转型事件(MPT)是全球性冷气候事件,在柴达木盆地也有记录,但关于该事件形成时的古温度数据较少。石盐原生流体包裹体形成于浅水环境,其均一温度可直接反映晶体形成时的卤水温度,是恢复古温度常用的指标之一。本文选择柴达木盆地西部钻孔SG-1中1.22~0.88 Ma期间的石盐晶体进行流体包裹体均一温度测试,共获得390个石盐流体包裹体数据。其均一温度最高为50 ℃,最低为6.8 ℃,90%以上温差值在10 ℃以内,且石盐流体包裹体大小与温度没有明显线性相关关系,这说明SG-1钻孔石盐流体包裹体被捕获后没有受到后期热液的改造。均一温度数据反映了石盐沉积时的古水温特征。石盐晶体主要在暖季析出,原生流体包裹体恢复的古水温可能是暖季节的温度。均一温度的最高值可能受到热液和气候的共同作用。MPT时期,石盐流体包裹体均一温度(中位值T_h,med)接近于现代盆地7月份大气温度的平均值,高于盆地的全年温度及MPT时期的全球气温,与MPT时期地中海的海水表面温度相当,均一温度的平均值(T_h,avg)高于以上温度。SG-1钻孔记录的柴达木盆地MPT事件最冷期出现在约1.165~1.0 Ma。     

The use of bromide and chloride mass ratios to differentiate salt-dissolution and formation brines in shallow groundwaters of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

In the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, the petroleum industry handles two geochemically distinctive brines that are traceable in the environment: formation brines extracted along with hydrocarbons from the basin, and salt-dissolution brines, produced by dissolving deep halite formations to create caverns for petroleum product storage. The concentrations of the conservative ions chloride (Cl) and bromide (Br) in many formation brines plot closely to the seawater evaporation trajectory of previous studies. These brines contain Cl/Br mass ratios of around 300, while salt-dissolution brines are relatively Br depleted, having Cl/Br mass ratios in excess of 20,000. An oilfield site in central Alberta had experienced nearby releases of both salt-dissolution and formation brines. Geochemical mixing trends were defined by theoretically mixing samples of local salt-dissolution and formation brine sources with background shallow groundwater. Most site monitoring wells and local surface water samples plotted directly on a salt-dissolution brine dilution trend, while results from four monitoring wells, all located directly downgradient of formation brine spills, suggested the mixing of formation brines into shallow groundwater. This work indicates that there is a large-scale salt-dissolution brine plume beneath the site and reinforces the use of Cl and Br concentrations and mass ratios as environmental tracers.     

Atacamite formation by deep saline waters in copper deposits from the Atacama Desert,Chile: evidence from fluid inclusions,groundwater geochemistry,TEM, and <Superscript>36</Superscript>Cl data

The presence of large amounts of atacamite in oxide zones from ore deposits in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile requires saline solutions for its formation and hyperarid climate conditions for its preservation. We investigated the nature and origin of atacamite-forming solutions by means of coupling groundwater geochemical analyses with fluid inclusion data, high-resolution mineralogical observations, and chlorine-36 (³⁶Cl) data in atacamite from the Mantos Blancos and Spence Cu deposits. In both deposits, the salinities of fluid inclusions in atacamite are comparable to those measured in saline groundwaters sampled from drill holes. The average salinity of fluid inclusions in atacamite for the Mantos Blancos and Spence deposits (~7–9 and 2–3 wt.% NaCl_eq, respectively) are strongly correlated to the salinities at which gypsum supersaturates from groundwaters in both deposits (total dissolved solids ~5–9 and 1–3 wt.% NaCl_eq, respectively). This correlation is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy observations of atacamite-bearing samples, revealing an intimate association between atacamite and gypsum that can be traced down to the nanometer scale. ³⁶Cl data in atacamite provide new lines of evidence concerning the origin and age of the saline waters that formed atacamite in various stratabound and porphyry Cu deposits from the Atacama Desert. All atacamite samples show very low ³⁶Cl-to-Cl ratios (11 × 10⁻¹⁵ to 28 × 10⁻¹⁵ at at⁻¹), comparable to previously reported ³⁶Cl-to-Cl ratios of deep formation waters and old groundwaters. In addition, ³⁶Cl-to-Cl ratios in atacamite correlate with U and Th concentration in the host rocks but are independent from distance to the ocean. This trend supports an interpretation of the low ³⁶Cl-to-Cl ratios in atacamite as representing subsurface production of fissiogenic ³⁶Cl in secular equilibrium with the solutions involved in atacamite formation. Therefore, ³⁶Cl in atacamite strongly suggest that the chlorine in saline waters related to atacamite formation is old (>1.5 Ma) but that atacamite formation occurred more recently (<1.5 Ma) than suggested in previous interpretations. Our data provide new constraints on the origin of atacamite in Cu deposits from the Atacama Desert and support the recent notion that the formation of atacamite in hyperarid climates such as the Atacama Desert is an ongoing process that has occurred intermittently since the onset of hyperaridity.     

滇西北兰坪盆地金满脉状铜矿床成矿流体特征及其成矿意义

滇西北兰坪盆地西缘发育大量沉积岩容矿脉状铜多金属矿床,矿体的分布受逆冲推覆系统控制,金满是其中储量最大、品位最高的铜矿床。成矿过程可分为3个阶段:成矿前(不含矿化石英-铁白云石脉)、主成矿阶段(含铜硫化物石英脉)、晚成矿阶段(少硫化物方解石+石英脉)。流体包裹体岩相学和显微测温结果表明:成矿前和主成矿期石英中流体包裹体特征变化不大,成矿前和主成矿期石英中均存在3种类型的包裹体,以水溶液包裹体为主,含CO_2水溶液包裹体次之,富CO_2包裹体较少出现。含CO_2水溶液包裹体测温结果也差别不大,均一温度都集中在240320℃,盐度(w(NaCl))集中在1%4%。水溶液包裹体均一温度变化也不大,集中在160 230℃,明显低于含CO_2水溶液包裹体;盐度却存在较大的变化,主成矿期盐度变化范围明显较大,且峰值高于成矿前。晚成矿阶段则仅出现水溶液包裹体,均一温度和盐度都明显降低,均一温度集中在120185℃,盐度集中在1.4%9.3%。结合其他证据,笔者认为金满铜矿床包含两种不同性质的流体:深源流体,以中高温、中低盐度、富含CO_2为特征;盆地卤水,以中低温、中高盐度、贫CO_2为特征。成矿过程中未发生明显的沸腾和相分离作用,深源流体和盆地卤水的混合可能是导致Cu等成矿元素沉淀的重要机制。     

The behavior of lithium and its isotopes in oilfield brines: evidence from the Heletz-Kokhav field, Israel

Twenty-four brine samples from the Heletz-Kokhav oilfield, Israel, have been analyzed for chemical composition and Li isotope ratios. The chemical composition of the brines, together with geological evidence, suggests derivation from (Messinian) seawater by evaporation that proceeded well into the gypsum stability field but failed to reach the stage of halite crystallization. The present salinity of the samples (18-47 g Cl/L) was achieved by dilution of the original evaporitic brine by local fresh waters. Like brines from other sedimentary basins, the Li/Cl ratios in the Heletz-Kokhav samples show a prominent Li enrichment (five-fold to eight-fold) relative to modern seawater. The isotopic ratios of Li, expressed in the δ ⁶Li notation, vary from −26.3 to −17.9‰, all values being significantly higher than that of modern seawater (−32‰) irrespective of their corresponding Li concentration (1.0-2.3 mg/L). The isotopic composition of Li and the Li/Cl ratio in the oilfield brines were acquired in two stages: (a) The original evaporated seawater gained isotopically light Li during the diagenetic interaction between the interstitial Messinian brine and the basin sediments. A parent brine with an elevated Li/Cl ratio was formed. The brine was later diluted in the oilfields. (b) The δ ⁶Li values of the final brines were determined during epigenetic interaction with the Heletz-Kokhav aquifer rocks. At the same time, the Li/Cl ratio inherited from stage (a) remained largely unchanged. This work represents the first use of lithium isotopic composition to elucidate the origin and evolution of formation waters in sedimentary basins.     

利用天然气包裹体方法划分天然气成藏期次--以鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界储层为例

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界天然气储层主要为太原组、山西组、下石盒子组和上石盒子组,岩性以石英砂岩为主。储层的主要成岩作用有压实和压溶作用、胶结和交代作用、裂隙和溶蚀作用等,依据显微镜下岩相学研究,在研究区可以识别出四个大的成岩阶段,分别对应早成岩阶段的早期和晚期、晚成岩阶段的早期和晚期。识别出两期天然气包裹体,第一期天然气包裹体形成于早成岩阶段的晚期,分布在早期裂隙及与其相关的溶蚀孔隙中,形态不规则,气/液比较高,偶尔可见包裹体发荧光。第二期天然气包裹体形成于晚成岩阶段晚期,分布在晚期裂隙中和晚期亮晶方解石和石英胶结物中,包裹体气/液比小,大部分为有机气态和盐水组成的气液两相有机包裹体,包裹体壁薄色浅。研究认为第一期代表了早期天然气初次运移和注入储层事件,而第二期代表了天然气大规模二次运移聚集成藏事件。     

大兴安岭岔路口斑岩钼矿床流体成分及成矿意义

岔路口超大型斑岩型钼矿床位于大兴安岭北段,以网脉状和角砾岩型矿化为主.该矿床经历了4个成矿阶段:Ⅰ.石英-钾长石;Ⅱ.石英-辉钼矿;Ⅲ.石英-多金属硫化物;Ⅳ.石英-萤石-方解石.包裹体的岩相学及激光拉曼研究揭示,石英斑晶内的熔体-流体包裹体中熔体成分有更长石和钠长石,为岩浆出溶作用形成;子矿物多相包裹体(S型)中含有钾盐、石盐、赤铁矿和石膏等子矿物,显示出成矿流体为高氧逸度.第Ⅰ成矿阶段包裹体有气液两相(L+V型)、富CO₂三相(C型)和含石盐、钾盐、赤铁矿及硬石膏等子矿物的多相(S型)等类型,第Ⅱ成矿阶段除了有L+V型、C型以及含钾盐、石盐、黄铜矿和辉钼矿等子矿物多相(S型)外,还可以见到S型包裹体与气相包裹体(V型)共存;第Ⅲ成矿阶段以L+V型和含方解石的S型包裹体为主;第Ⅳ成矿阶段除见到L+V型包裹体外,还可以见到液相包裹体(L型).显微测温结果显示从早到晚,流体包裹体均一温度从530 ℃变为120 ℃、盐度从66.7% NaCl equiv变为1.2% NaCl equiv,呈现逐渐降低的趋势.群体包裹体成分显示各阶段均含有气相CO₂,液相成分中Na+,K+,Ca2+,SO₄2-,Cl-含量很高,而F-含量极少.成矿流体总体属于富含CO₂的高盐度、高氧逸度的NaCl-H₂O-CO₂体系,在流体演化过程中温度、氧逸度、盐度和CO₂含量逐渐降低.温度、盐度、CO₂含量逐渐降低及绢云母化影响了矿石沉淀.