海底油气渗漏浅表层声学探测技术

海底油气渗漏是海洋环境中广泛存在的自然现象,探测海底油气渗漏信息对海洋油气资源勘探与开发具有重要意义。目前,通过海底浅表层声学探测所获取的声学微地貌与剖面反射特征是油气渗漏研究的主要证据。对海底油气渗漏的形成环境、浅表层声学技术在渗漏探测中的发展与现状、渗漏产生的地貌形态与浅地层反射剖面特征等进行了系统讨论与分析。结合国内外应用实例,对不同海区声学探测方法、参数选择以及渗漏特征进行了归纳总结,指出应综合多种资料进行渗漏异常分析,并发展有针对性的数据处理方法。     

声学探测技术在富钴结壳勘探中的应用及展望

富钴结壳是深海固体矿产之一,其资源潜力巨大,已成为世界各国竞相调查的重要对象。声学探测技术作为一种海洋地球物理探测技术,因其在大面积调查和局部连续精细勘探方面的独特优势,在富钴结壳资源调查中得到了广泛应用。在搜集整理国内外相关文献的基础上,概述了富钴结壳的分布特征,分析传统勘探方法的不足,系统介绍多波束、侧扫声呐、浅地层剖面、原位高频测厚等声学探测技术在富钴结壳勘探中的应用现状。通过比较分析国内外声学探测技术发展现状以及未来富钴结壳勘探需求,提出3点未来发展趋势：开发一体化声学探测技术以实现海底特性的综合性测量;综合利用深海潜水器以实现近底高精度探测;深度融合大数据和人工智能技术以实现海量声学数据的智能化处理。     

水深测量与海底面状况声探测技术的进展

水探测量与海底面状况探测是海洋调查中最基础性项目之一,声学技术为此提供了有效的手段。近二三十年来回声测深与海底面状况声探测技术有了革命性的发展,新方法新设备不断出现。单波束测深仪与传统侧扫声纳技术在精度、分辨率与海底声学图象质量上有了大幅度提高。多波束测深系统和测深/海底成象一体化侧扫声纳系统的开发,使海底条带状探测填图成为现实。合成孔径声纳等技术在理论研究与应用开发有了较大提高。本文在对各项技术发展历史进行简要回顾的基础上,分析国内外发展现状,较全面反映新的进展,并对未来进一步发展作展望。     

声学系统信号的量化与数字化处理

声学系统是探测悬浮颗粒物在海洋中的短期时空分布状态,揭示悬浮颗粒物的沉降、扩散和迁移特性的有效工具。本文阐述了声学系统信号与悬浮颗粒浓度的量化(以美国Datasonics声学系统为例)及信号数字化处理。用处理后的数据可定量分析海洋中悬浮颗粒物时空分布以及不同密度层和水团的分布,可供从事物理海洋学方面的研究。文中阐述的声学信号处理方法对在海洋调查研究、海洋环境保护研究和海洋环境监测中声学技术的应用可提供一个借鉴。     

海洋声学技术在无缆水下机器人中的应用

1 概述 电磁波在水中衰减严重,传播距离较短。声波可以在海洋中传播很远的距离,声波是海洋中的主要信息载体。海洋声学技术在海洋中用于探测、通信、导航和定位,它是海洋遥感技术的重要组成部分,近年来获得迅速发展。 海洋声学技术主要包括三大类声纳,即探测声纳、导航声纳和水声通信机,详见附表Ⅰ。     

海底表层沉积物声速特性研究进展与探讨

海底表层沉积物具有多相、多颗粒、多形态的组成结构，导致其声学特性复杂多样。通过分析压缩波速度和切变波速度特性的研究现状，指出有待于解决的科学问题和关键技术问题。在分析国内外有关海底沉积层声速特性研究基础上，提出采取系统、可控的实验测量手段解决当前测量存在的4点问题。综合分析了压缩波速度和切变波速度存在的统计回归关系和理论分析关系，探讨了当前地声反演、采样样品声学测量、原位声学测量3种方法存在的测量尺度、测量频率、测量状态等的差异，探讨建立不同测量方法和测量技术对测量结果进行统一性解释的方法，从而获得不同类型、不同区域的海底表层沉积物真实的声速特性。最后，从实验室声学测量、物理力学参数测量、流固耦合特性分析、原位测量及海底监测、采样测量与原位测量的误差分析及校正、海底大纵深声学测量6个方面提出技术需求，为提高声学探测海洋和海底的精度服务，推动海洋声学探测和海洋工程发展。     

海洋溢油遥感探测技术现状及预见

海洋溢油作为当今海洋污染最严重的问题之一,早已引起我国政府及各相关职能机构的高度重视。多年来,国内外都在积极探索研究溢油污染精细探测方法,遥感溢油探测技术是其中的研究热点之一。文章从海面油、沉潜油两种溢油类型总结了国内外遥感溢油探测技术的现状及面临的主要问题。海面油的技术发展较全面,但仍受多项技术困难制约;沉潜油的探测已列入重点计划,但离业务化应用仍有较大差距;并就未来在海洋溢油遥感探测技术方面的发展趋势作出了展望。     

中国海洋大学海洋遥感教育部重点实验室

海洋遥感教育部重点实验室1993年正式建立，实验室主要承担国家级科研项目、政府间国际合作项目以及研究生教育和青年学术带头人培养。设有海洋物理博士点（海洋信息探测与处理）、遥感与GIS博士点以及“长江学者奖励计划”海洋遥感学科特聘教授岗位。在海洋遥感领域进行前沿性基础研究并发展海洋高新探测技术。教授10人，副教授3人，讲师4人，工程师5人，国内外客座教授20人，博士研究生25人。     

全面提升海洋综合探测与研究能力——中国科学院海洋先导专项进展

中国科学院海洋先导专项的主要任务是针对国家对海洋的战略需求,瞄准海洋领域国际前沿问题,建立海洋综合探测与研究体系,从海洋系统的角度研究海洋的各种现象、过程和规律、提出应对措施。海洋科学的发展在很大程度上依赖于技术的进步和装备水平的发展,能力建设是实现海洋先导专项科学目标的前提和基础。本文重点介绍海洋专项实施以来在能力建设方面的主要进展,包括近海与深远海观测网建设、深海综合探测与研究平台体系建设、海洋装备研发,以及随着能力建设水平的提高所带来的科学认知上的突破。通过科学目标与技术研发的有机结合、国家海洋战略目标与基础科学发展的有机结合、海洋科学与经济社会发展有机结合的实践,海洋先导专项全面提升了我国海洋综合探测与研究的能力,为深入认知、预测、预警预报、综合管控、开发和保护海洋奠定了基础,推动我国海洋科技向纵深发展,从陆架边缘海走向广袤的深海大洋,从中国近海所面临的资源环境与可持续发展问题到探索全球海洋运作机制与未来海洋发展战略。     

基于海洋渔业发展的海洋科考船建造和应用

为提高我国海洋科考船的建造和应用水平,促进远洋和极地渔业发展,文章根据国内外海洋科考船的发展历史和现状,分析我国海洋科考船在海洋渔业发展中存在的问题以及海洋科考船的发展趋势,并提出相关建议。研究结果表明:国际海洋科考船发展早、数量多且装备先进;我国海洋科考船发展较快,但仍需提升数量和技术,在建和研发船舶具有世界领先水平;在促进海洋渔业发展方面,我国海洋科考船存在远洋和极地调查能力以及集成功能较弱的问题;基于海洋科考船在提高极地作业能力等方面的发展趋势以及海洋渔业发展需求,我国海洋科考船的建造和应用应加强顶层设计、技术应用和数据共享。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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