天津大神堂海洋牧场影响新生牡蛎因素初探

海洋牧场是维持海洋生态平衡、促进海洋可持续发展,以及满足人类对海洋资源需求的一种新兴技术和产业,海域中投放的人工鱼礁可以为牡蛎生物提供理想的繁殖和栖息生境。天津大神堂海洋牧场中已发现大量新生的牡蛎生物体,然而牡蛎的空间分布并不均衡,存在异质性,其影响因素尚未明确,需进一步探索和研究。本文立足于天津大神堂海域国家级海洋牧场示范区,基于线性相关和逐步多元回归分析,量化了礁体与牡蛎分布之间的相关性,明确了牡蛎分布的影响因素并识别了主次关系。结果表明：区域水深、坐底时长、礁体密度、牡蛎礁距离均对牡蛎生物量有重要影响,其中,坐底时长、礁体密度与牡蛎生物量为正相关,区域水深、牡蛎礁距离与牡蛎生物量为负相关,坐底时长、礁体密度及牡蛎礁距离等3 个环境变量对牡蛎生物量影响更为显著。本文研究成果可以为海洋牧场的建设和牡蛎礁的修复提供重要的技术支持。     

天津大神堂牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区生态旅游环境容量研究

在不妨碍海洋保护的前提下,适度开展生态旅游,是增强海洋特别保护区自养能力,实现海洋特别保护区可持续发展的有效途径之一。文章综合旅游生态容量、旅游空间容量和旅游设施容量3个因素,对天津大神堂牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区的生态旅游环境容量进行了测算,结果表明其生态旅游环境容量为37 677~39 589人次/d,并提出重视对保护区营养盐因子的输入、完善旅游服务设施建设、加强旅游旺季客流疏导的建议。     

天津大神堂特别保护区海域水质质量评价

对天津大神堂特别保护区海域进行水质评价,分别于2013年5月和9月对该海域进行水质调查。本文采用熵权模糊数学法对天津大神堂特别保护区进行水质环境质量分析,分析结果表明:2013年天津大神堂特别保护区除了9月2号站位的水质级别为Ⅱ级外,其余站位水质级别均为Ⅰ级,水体相对清洁;2013年5月份水质较9月水质稍好;2013年5月份海水水质主要受无机氮、铜、总石油烃的影响较大,9月份受汞、砷、锌的影响较大。     

坚持环保优先 建设生态海洋

南通海岸线长206千米,海域面积约1万平方千米。近年来,南通市按照科学发展观的要求,将环保优先融入沿海开发的全过程,加大海洋环境保护力度,建设了江苏第一个海洋生态环境预警机制,建设了省内第一个国家级海洋特别保护区——蛎岈山牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区,建成了全省第一个全国沿海地级市海洋环境监测示范站,在全国第一个启动了渔用废旧电池回收工作。南通市的海洋环境保护工作连续3年评为全省先进。南通市在海洋环境保护上主要抓了以下几个方面的工作。     

海洋特别保护区现状及管理对策——以莱州浅滩海洋生态国家级海洋特别保护区为例

海洋特别保护区具有特殊的地理条件、生态系统、生物与非生物资源,需采取有效措施加以保护。莱州浅滩位于莱州湾东部,为山东半岛北岸规模最大的近岸水下堆积地貌体,是海洋动力长期作用下的产物,所在海域为莱州湾内重要经济水生生物的产卵场。为了维护莱州浅滩生物多样性以及自然生态系统的完整性,保护产卵场,经国家海洋局批准建立了莱州浅滩海洋生态国家级海洋特别保护区。文章阐述了该保护区自然环境资源及管理现状,提出了健全管理体制、拓宽融资渠道、完善保护区监测体系、提高周边居民环保意识等管理对策,以期对维护和改善海洋特别保护区的自然环境资源状况的决策提供参考。     

江苏海门蛎蚜山牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区实施远程视频监控方案探讨

文章介绍了南通蛎蚜山牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区实施远程视频监控的目的意义和必要性.提出了在海洋恶劣环境中实施视频监控的技术要求和设计原则,并对系统实现的难点问题进行了剖析,为全面开展工作提供了借鉴.     

中国国家级海洋特别保护区建设现状及其干扰压力分析

为了滨海湿地的资源及环境可持续发展,沿海地区已经建立了众多的海洋特别保护区。本文通过GIS10.0、聚集度指数和景观发展指数等对中国国家级海洋特别保护区的建设、地理分布格局和干扰压力等进行了分析。结果表明, 2005-2017年是中国国家级海洋特别保护区的重要建设期。截止2017年底国家级海洋特别保护区已有67处,形成了以国家级海洋公园为主体的管理体系。国家级海洋特别保护区在中国沿海地区广泛建设布局,但主要分布在山东、浙江和辽宁;并在地理空间上高度聚集分布,聚集度指数为0.43。中国南方沿海省区海洋特别保护区建设数量较少,其对海岸线覆盖率较低。国家级海洋特别保护区及其周边灯光指数(2005—2013年)和景观发展指数(2005—2015年)持续增长,人为干扰压力增强。但海洋特别保护区的设立一定程度上减弱了其内部干扰压力的增强速度,可能加剧了其边缘的人类活动和景观发展压力。     

国家海洋局发布:新建国家级海洋特别保护区暨首批国家级海洋公园名单

5月19日,国家海洋局召开新闻发布会,国家海洋局新闻发言人、局办公室(财务司)主任(司长)李海清发布了新建国家级海洋特别保护区暨首批国家级海洋公园名单。经过国家级海洋特别保护区评审委员会评审和国家海洋局局长办公会审议,此次批准新建立5处国家级海洋特别保护区(即山东省乳山市塔岛湾海洋生态国家级海洋特别保护区、烟台牟平沙质海岸国家级海洋特别保护区、莱阳五龙河     

山东昌邑国家级海洋生态特别保护区生态环境现状及管护对策研究

山东昌邑国家级海洋生态特别保护区是目前国内唯一以柽柳林生态系统为主要管理和保护对象的国家级海洋保护区。为系统、全面地了解保护区内生态环境和保护物种的变化趋势,文章对山东昌邑国家级海洋生态特别保护区生态环境现状进行了监测与评价,并根据评价结果,分析了保护区保护与管理中存在的问题。研究表明,该保护区生态环境一直处于亚健康状态,为促进保护及管护,提出了加强保护区生态建设,改变保护区开发利用模式;加强能力建设,实现保护区动态监控;协调发展与保护的关系,实现资源可持续利用;大力开展柽柳生态修复,恢复柽柳的资源状况的对策建议。     

汉沽浅海生态亟需保护

据有关资料表明：７０年代,天津市汉沽区蔡家堡至大神堂村以南水深５ｍ的海域,面积共约１００ｋｍ２,是牡蛎、扇贝、红螺等贝类的主要栖息场所,不仅是我市唯一的天然扇贝等贝类底栖生物的海洋生态区,而且是渤海湾比较典型的生物多样性生态区。进入９０年代,由于近海...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.