基于探地雷达回波信号获取污染土壤中污染物含量的研究进展

从探地雷达GPR(Ground Penetrating Radar)在土壤污染探测中的应用、污染土壤介电常数模型的演化和土壤介电常数求取三方面综述了目前国内外学者利用探地雷达技术开展的土壤污染探测研究.研究认为以土壤介电常数为纽带,采用适宜的方法从雷达回波信号求得介电常数,基于合理的土壤介电常数模型,通过神经网络技术,可驯化建立介电常数和污染土壤多个参数之间联系,从而实现污染土壤中多种污染物含量的监测.     

电磁波的阻抗变换作用对地质雷达探测效果的影响

本文从理论推导电磁波在三层导电介质分界面的反射系数，说明电磁波的阻抗变换作用对地质雷达的探测效果有影响，并且详细分析了电磁波的阻抗变换对地质雷达的影响因素，最后得出结论：在使用地质雷达时，应根据实际情况选取工作中心频率来避开电磁波的带阻影响.     

自适应Chirplet变换及其在探地雷达目标探测中的应用(英文)

探地雷达不仅能够探测金属目标体,而且能够探测非金属目标体,而成为UX0和地雷探测的一种重要的浅部地球物理方法。但是在地雷和UX0探测中,目标体埋藏深度浅,在探地雷达数据信噪比较低情况下,地表和土壤层的反射严重干扰对目标体的拾取。本文采用自适用Chirplet变换来消除地表层和土壤层变化的干扰,并在Radon—Wigner分布的基础上,采用自适用Chirplet变换来拾取目标体的信号。通过对实际探测实验数据应用证明,本方法处理结果比传统的偏移方法具有较高的信噪比,并能清晰地提取目标体信号。     

防步兵地雷地球物理探测技术国内外研究动态

战后遗留的数百万颗地雷在许多国家带来了严重的人道主义问题.其中防布兵地雷因为其体积小金属含量低,一旦被埋在地下将很难被发现,所以目前迫切需要研究和发展新颖的探测技术来消除目前国际社会十分关注的探雷问题.而高敏感度、高可靠度和低花费是对探测技术的基本要求.当前正在使用和发展的探测技术包括地球物理探测技术和非地球物理探测技术两大类.地球物理探测技术中,正在使用和有发展前景的探测技术主要包括:低频电磁感应、红外成像、核四极矩共振和探地雷达等技术.本文将主要介绍以上几种探测技术的原理、现状,并总结它们各自的优缺点.研究表明将几种探测技术有机地结合于一体的复合探雷器是解决地雷探测问题的一个不错的选择和当前发展的一个趋势.     

低频地质雷达深层探测分析

地质雷达在探测地下煤层和采空区的效果往往不是很好.通过对英国Utsi Electronics Ltd公司最新研发的Groundvue 6和Groundvue 7地质雷达在北京门头沟地区探测地下煤层和采空区的实例,验证了地质雷达深层探测的能力和可能性,并分析其能够探测地下60 m左右深度采空区的原理.     

高频电磁法检测地下管线周边地质病害体的应用研究

地下管线是城市生存和发展的基础,近年来随着城市地下空间的开发利用,管线周边形成了各种各样的地质病害体.为了有效预防这些病害体对地下管线安全运行的影响,本文在分析高频电磁波传播机理及影响因素基础上,研究了利用探地雷达检测地下管线周边病害体的技术方法.探地雷达工作参数的配置选择、干扰波的有效处理及雷达图像的精准识别是检测地质病害体的关键,重点从这三个方面进行了分析研究.天线中心频率、采样率、测点点距等工作参数最佳优化组合,确保了检测检测目标体的效果;增益调整、频率滤波、点平均等对干扰波的处理,有助于获得高信噪比,可获得高分辨率的雷达图像;根据雷达剖面图上异常波形特征来判断识别脱空、空洞、疏松体和富水体等地下病害体的位置及大小.这些问题的解决可为探地雷达检测病害体提供可靠技术支撑.最后结合工程实例,与其他方法对异常体的对比分析,验证了高频电磁法在检测地下病害体的的可行有效性,也为开展地下管线周边病害体的治理提供了科学依据.     

探地雷达应用概述

以ASTM标准规范为基础对探地雷达（Ground Penetrating Radar 以下简称GPR）的地下探测方法的应用做了比较系统的概述，主要内容包括：部分专业术语的解释；测试过程中雷达探测深度及其中心频率、垂直分辨率、水平分辨率等的关系，测试过程中常见的天线移动方式，以及雷达波速的预测几种方法，数据显示方式；雷达数据解释和数据处理的一般过程及方法.目前我国尚没有关于GPR的国家规范或行业标准，文章对GPR的使用及规范的编制具有一定的参考意义.     

探地雷达时域多分辨法(MRTD)三维正演模拟

应用小波伽略金方法,对Maxwell方程进行离散化,导出了DB2-MRTD算法的探地雷达3D差分公式、数值稳定性条件.在此基础上,开发了探地雷达MRTD(multi-resolution time domain)法正演模拟程序,该程序极大地提高了运算速度,改善了三维探地雷达正演方法,并利用该自制程序,对三角形金属体模型进行了正演模拟,得到了其相应的正演合成三维剖视图及切片图,通过对这些模拟结果进行分析,可以加深对三维雷达反射特征的认识,提高探地雷达探测的可靠性、准确度,同时也说明时域多分辨率法在探地雷达三维正演模拟中的有效性.     

利用土壤信息检验地质雷达的应用

在美国，自１９７８年以来，地质雷达已经作为一种土壤学工具在使用，国家合作土壤测量大纲曾经使用地质雷在突测土壤的性质，这些性质影响到土壤的利用，管理和分类，地质雷达主要用于估测土壤的变化性和分类的成分组成，图示横向范围，估测土壤层位和地质层的深度与厚度，以及对土壤进行测绘和解释，并非所有土壤同样适合地质雷达技术，土壤测量报告中发表的土壤绘图和分类被用来评价土壤和场对地于地质雷达的适用性，此外，用于定     

一种基于车载探地雷达阵列的地雷实时检测方法

相对金属探雷器和单通道探地雷达,采用车载探地雷达阵列探测系统能对雷场进行快速检测.但是,雷达阵列单位时间内采集的数据量大,且器件间的干扰信号多,使得实时地雷目标检测算法更有难度.本文实现了一套完整的基于车载探地雷达阵列的实时地雷目标检测方法.首先,在车体前进方向上对阵列雷达数据进行预处理,以突显目标响应,压制干扰信号;然后,在阵列排布方向上计算检测窗口内图像的方向梯度直方图(HOG)特征,利用训练好的支持向量机(SVM)预测识别疑似地雷;另外,采用权重判断法和能量分析法剔除部分虚假目标;最后,在车体前进方向上,基于地雷目标尺寸大小压制部分虚警并确定地雷目标,同时对地雷目标进行定位,确定地雷埋深,在深度可调的深度切片上实时显示地雷目标.试验数据表明:该方法能对地雷目标进行实时检测,并明显降低了地雷目标的误检率.采用车载探地雷达阵列探测系统对雷场进行实时地雷目标检测是可行的,但是,仅通过探地雷达技术仍无法同时兼顾高检测率和低虚警率.同时使用多种技术手段,采用多特征融合决策探雷是一种必然趋势.     

地质雷达在桩底岩溶探测中的应用

在石灰岩地区的建筑基础设计为挖孔桩时，需进行桩底岩溶探测。钻探是进行桩底岩溶探测的传统方法，但其效率低下。本文提出了地质雷达探测法，是利用物探方法解决桩底岩溶探测问题的一个新的尝试，使桩底岩溶探测更为有效，方便和快捷。     

人工挖孔桩桩底探测方法与应用

在石灰岩地区的建筑基础设计为挖孔桩时,需进行桩底岩溶探测。本文介绍了3种可行的桩底探测方法,主要对地质雷达法与地震反射波法两种物探方法的基本原理及具体探测技术进行了介绍,通过对物探方法与传统钻探法进行有效组合可以提高人工挖孔桩桩底探测的效率和准确性。     

RIS-K2型探地雷达在广州市管线普查中的应用

探地雷达作为一种新的探测方法,在城市管线探测过程中得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文结合RIS-K2型探地雷达在广州市管线普查中的实际应用,阐明了探地雷达的工作原理和方法,并得到了一些有意义的结论。     

Evaluating some factors that affect feasility of using ground penetrating radar for landmine detection

Ground penetrating radar （GPR） is one of the promising technologies that can be used to detect landmines. Many factors may affect the ability of GPR to detect landmines. Among those factors are： 1） the type of landmine material （metallic or plastic）, 2） conditions of the host soil （soil texture and soil moisture）, and 3） the radar frequency utilized. The impact of these factors on the ability of GPR to detect landmines is investigated by studying their effect on the dielectric permittivity contrast between the landmine and the host soil, as well as on the attenuation of the radar waves. The impact of each factor was theoretically reviewed and modeled using the Matlab and Mathcad software packages. Results of the computer modeling were correlated with GPR data acquired for metallic and plastic landmine types. It was found that the ability of GPR to detect landmines depends to a great extent on the landmine type, water content of the host soil, utilized radar frequency, and soil texture. The landmines are much easier to detect than plastic landmines for any soil conditions and any radar frequency. Increasing the soil＇s moisture content, regardless of soil texture, eases the detection of the plastic landmine and worsens the detection of the metallic mines. Increasing the percentage of clay in the soil causes the same effect as the moisture content. However, higher radar frequency delivers better results for landmine detection as long as the percentage of clay and the moisture content in the soil remains low. The results of this study are expected to help in selecting optimum radar antennae and data acquisition parameters depending on the landmine type and environmental conditions.     

地质雷达在乌拉山山前断裂探测中的应用

地质雷达是利用电磁波对地下不同电性介质进行探测的地球物理仪器，其探测速率快、分辨率高，可弥补探槽和其他地球物理方法存在探测盲区的缺陷，正在越来越多地应用于活动断层探测领域。本文以乌拉山山前断裂为例开展地质雷达探测工作，使用无人机正射影像技术对测线进行地形校正，获得断层浅部地质雷达图像。研究结果表明，本文研究方法能有效反映探槽揭露的地层单元和断层分布。本次探测中，雷达波形图像特征为:浅地表的土壤层反射波总体较弱；粗粒沉积为主的砾石层反射波总体较强，同相轴连续性好；细粒沉积为主的砂层反射波弱于砾石层，波形以中、高频为主，同相轴具有弱连续性；对于洪冲积地区，地质雷达能分辨具有一定特征的地层单元，这为剖面图像的断层识别提供了标志；通过无人机正射影像技术对地质雷达测线进行地形校正，有利于获得更为准确的探测结果。     

铁路路基雷达探测工作参数的设计

介绍了使用路检车装载探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar)对铁路路基检测的原理,结合野外探测过程中对测量深度、精度和行车速度的要求,给出了GPR现场工作测线布置的原则,理论上给出天线中心频率、时窗、采样率、测量点距的计算公式.讨论了连续测量和离散测量的关系,考虑到连续测量时水平精度的要求,给出行车速度必须满足的两个条件,从而确定行车速度的上限.为保证野外检测工作的顺利进行,结合实际情况给出了GPR工作参数的设计原则和流程.     

Investigations regarding Alpine talus slopes using ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) in the Bavarian Alps,Germany

The applicability of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) for the investigation of loose debris was tested at two sites (Viererkar and Zugspitzplatt). A pulseEKKO 100 GPR system equipped with 25 MHz antennae was utilized. The aim of the investigation was to record the base of the debris layer, and thereby acquire an estimation of the backweathering rates of the adjacent rockwalls. The study areas are situated in the Northern Alps near the German–Austrian border. The sites are characterized by steep limestone rockwalls and extensive talus accumulations. A total of six profiles was surveyed. The method is suitable and effective for a quick survey in this dry, high‐ohmic substrate. The GPR system was able to deliver information about the subsurface stratigraphy to c. 70 m depth. The boundary line to the bedrock was discovered – depending upon the profile surveyed ?5 to 25 m below the surface. The base of the debris material sometimes shows no distinct reflection. Buried features (V‐shaped furrows, zones overdeepened by ice action, geological structures) could be detected. Arched structures well below the talus–bedrock interface can be interpreted as drainage systems in the karstic bedrock. A thick scree layer of Late Glacial age was separated from a thinner layer on the talus surface, which was related to the Holocene. The backweathering rates were fixed by a calculation of talus volume to c. 100 mm/10³ a during the Holocene (Viererkar) and 150–300 mm/10³ a (Zugspitzplatt). The detrital formation in north‐exposed sites is twice as intense as in south‐exposed sites. These results match the rates of recent rockfall in the same area of investigation. The calculated backweathering for the late glacial period is 150–730 mm/10³ a. The magnitude of the calculated rockwall retreat lies well within the range of previous measurements. The discrepancy between some weathering rates highlights the fact that recent and past relief formation must be differentiated. Otherwise recent removal rates may be overestimated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inversion of multiple intersecting high-resolution crosshole GPR profiles for hydrological characterization at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site

The integration of geophysical data into the subsurface characterization problem has been shown in many cases to significantly improve hydrological knowledge by providing information at spatial scales and locations that is unattainable using conventional hydrological measurement techniques. In particular, crosshole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) tomography has shown much promise in hydrology because of its ability to provide highly detailed images of subsurface radar wave velocity, which is strongly linked to soil water content. Here, we develop and demonstrate a procedure for inverting together multiple crosshole GPR data sets in order to characterize the spatial distribution of radar wave velocity below the water table at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS) near Boise, Idaho, USA. Specifically, we jointly invert 31 intersecting crosshole GPR profiles to obtain a highly resolved and consistent radar velocity model along the various profile directions. The model is found to be strongly correlated with complementary neutron porosity-log data and is further corroborated by larger-scale structural information at the BHRS. This work is an important prerequisite to using crosshole GPR data together with existing hydrological measurements for improved groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling.     

3D GPR measurements for archaeological application with interpretation aided by numerical modelling

The paper presents the results of georadar investigations carried out in the area of the monastery at Tyniec near Cracow for archaeological purposes. The georadar profiles were designed on the abbey courtyard in a regular grid, which covered the area of the buildings that currently do not exist. The aim of the measurements was to produce a 3D visualization of former buildings’ foundation. The results of the geophysical measurements were correlated with the information obtained from archaeological investigations. The georadar surveys confirmed the location of foundations documented by archeologists and new underground structures were discovered. To aid the interpretation, numerical modelling of the electromagnetic wave field was performed. Computer modelling allowed to determine the kind and condition of underground structures.     

Changes of GPR spectra due to the presence of hydrocarbon contamination in the ground

The location of hydrocarbon contamination in the ground using the GPR method is based mainly on information taken from reflected signals. In the cases investigated in Polish contaminated sites, such signals were very seldom recorded. A long time after spillage, contamination takes the form of plumes with different size and distribution, which depends on geological and hydraulic properties of the ground. In this paper, it is shown that the set of hydrocarbon plumes should be described with a stochastic model, and such plumes may generate the scattered waves which cause changes in the power spectra. It has been observed that the power spectra of GPR signals over contaminated areas are quite different from such spectra over clear ones. These differences were discussed in this paper on the basis of theoretical analysis, numerical modelling and the results of GPR terrain surveys.