基于介电特性获取污染土壤中污染物含量的研究

从污染土壤复介电常数与污染成分的关系模型、污染土壤复介电常数测量技术两个方面综述了目前国内外学者利用介电特性和电磁波信号开展的土壤污染探测研究.最后指出,基于污染土壤的介电特性获取污染土壤中污染物含量是一项非常有前景的技术,其目的是通过获取土壤复介电常数的变化信息,定性和定量的对污染场地做出评价.     

高频电磁波传播速度在水及淤积砂土中影响因素实验研究

水及淤积土中电磁波传播速度是实现水上探地雷达(GPR)探测数据准确时深转换的关键因素.论文基于探地雷达实测结果分析了水温、盐度、浊度对水中电磁波速的影响和粒径组成、含水量变化对砂土介电常数(电磁波速)的影响,建立了淤积砂土介电常数模型并给出了相应速度计算方法.研究表明水中电磁波速主要受水体盐度影响,随盐度增大而指数减小.淤积砂土介电常数符合Looyenga模型,现场探测时可根据土样三相体积比确定土体介电常数,进而确定土体电磁波速,实现GPR数据时深准确转换.     

基于多相流模型和探地雷达正演模拟的LNAPLs探测研究

探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar:GPR)不仅可以用于估计土壤含水量,还可以用于探测和监测轻非水相液体(Light Non Aqueous Phase Liquids:LNAPLs)在土壤中的运移.建立接近实际情况的模型是利用GPR正演模拟开展LANPLs迁移和分布研究的关键问题.以往的地球物理模型大都属于概念模型,存在物性突变的界面.而在LNAPLs污染区域的各种物性参数通常是渐变的,大多数情况下并不存在突变的物性界面.因此,为了建立更符合实际的地球物理模型,本文基于多相流渗流理论模拟了LNAPLs在土壤中的泄漏过程,得到了渗漏后不同时刻土壤含水饱和度、含油饱和度的变化分布.然后利用混合介质的介电模型将流体饱和度分布转换为介电常数分布,获得了地球物理模型,显示了因LNAPLs迁移引起的土壤介电常数的细节变化.随后,基于时域有限差分开展了GPR正演模拟.正演模拟结果显示了雷达波对LNAPLs污染区域、潜水面的响应,与实验室实测数据具有很好的一致性.由以上分析、对比可知,本文提出的地球物理建模的方法和流程与污染场地的实际情况更为符合.基于多相流渗流理论建立的地球物理正演模型把地下LNAPLs迁移的水文模型与GPR探测相结合,为复杂的实际场地地球物理建模提供了思路,也为GPR更有效地探测LNAPLs在土壤中的渗流提供了分析和解释手段.     

探地雷达测定土壤含水量的研究进展

结合国内外关于探地雷达测定土壤含水量的最新研究成果,阐述了探地雷达测定土壤含水量的基本原理和计算方法,总结和评价了土壤含水量与土壤介电常数的不同计算模型,针对在实际应用中存在的不足,提出了相关改进措施,并展望发展方向.     

中尺度模拟土壤油污染区探地雷达探测效果分析

为使物理模拟实验效果与实际探测情形更为接近,在室外自然条件下建立中尺度土壤石油污染实验模型,油污染区扩展深度超过1 m,采用实地探测中常用的500 MHz雷达天线进行长期定时探测.通过实测雷达图像特征、土壤含水量含油量分析,并对比前人开展的小尺度室内模拟试验结果,综合评价探地雷达对油污染区的探测效果.研究表明探地雷达探测图像异常特征与污染区扩散阶段密切相关:包气带内油污染区会引起振幅增强;毛细带的油污染区则表现为水位面反射轴附近清晰可辨的高幅异常区,且水位面反射轴呈下凹状;随扩散过程持续进行,异常区下移与水位面反射轴相交,并产生水平扩张.当污染土含油饱和度大于20%时,可通过雷达图像异常区圈定污染范围;当污染土含油饱和度大于15%时,可通过频谱图出现低频响应的位置圈定污染区水平范围.中尺度实验结果与室内小尺度模拟结果具有一致性,可作为油污染区雷达图像异常的解译依据.     

评价影响地质雷达用于探测地雷可行性的几个因素

地质雷达是探测地雷的有前途的技术方法之一。影响地质雷达探测地雷能力的因素很多,其中有:1)地雷材料(金属的或塑料的)的类型;2)周围土壤的条件(土壤结构和土壤中水分);3)所用的雷达频率。通过对地雷与围岩土壤之间的介电常数以及雷达波衰减的影响的研究调查了影响地质雷达探测地雷能力的几个因素从理论上评价和模拟了每一种因素的影响。发现雷达探测地雷的能力很大程度上与雷达类型、土壤含水量和结构,以及雷达频率有关。在任何土壤条件与雷达频率下,金属雷达比塑料雷达容易探测。不考虑土壤结构, 随着土壤中水分增大,对塑料雷达的探测变得容易,而对金属地雷探测难度增大。土壤中泥土含量比例增大引起与水分增大同样的影响。然而只要土壤中泥土和水分比例较低,较高雷达频率可以得到较好的地雷探测结果。研究结果有助于依据地雷类型和环境条件来选择最佳的雷达天线与数据采集参数。     

探地雷达在LNAPL污染土壤探测中的应用进展研究

轻非水相液体(LNAPL)的不当使用、渗漏及不当处置等会造成严重的土壤和地下水污染,威胁环境和公共卫生安全.探地雷达(GPR)作为一项重要的浅表地球物理观测技术已在LNAPL污染土壤探测中发挥重要作用.本文对近年来国内外学者利用GPR探测LNAPL污染土壤方面的理论和应用研究进行梳理,结合实例主要从以下几个方面开展评述.这些方面包括LNAPL污染土壤电性特征、基于GPR探测的LNAPL污染土壤建模、GPR信号响应、GPR的测量方式等.这些理论与应用研究为如何从场地的地质和水文背景中提取与污染有关的GPR信号做出了指导与成功的示范.现场和实验室的大量的研究工作表明,所有成功的案例都不可能倚赖单一的手段或方法.直接(例如,钻孔)和间接(例如,GPR)调查结合,多手段、多方法的有效配合,才有可能最大程度的减小探测结果的非唯一性,达到全面准确了解污染场地的目的.     

探地雷达方法测量近地表含水量模拟研究

为了充分地验证探地雷达方法用于探测近地表含水量的有效性和可靠程度,着重分析了探地雷达反射波法用于测量含水量的相关理论和技术特点,设计了适用于高频雷达信号的速度分析算法,建立了用于分析该问题的局部含水层模型.利用FDTD方法模拟分析了局部含水层的探地雷达响应,应用速度分析理论及Topp模型,反演得到了研究区域的含水量结果.     

基于探地雷达波速层析的金属矿区勘探仿真

探地雷达技术在金属矿区得到广泛应用.由于金属矿区地质构造复杂,使用于探测层状介质的反射波探地雷达勘探方法在金属矿探查中受到限制.为提高接收信号能量强度以提高探测结果分辨率,实现探测复杂地质构造及隐伏岩体,将层析成像方法用于探地雷达对金属矿区的勘查中.建立了典型的金属矿区速度模型,并选取了代表性的切片,采用LSQR算法反演计算.仿真结果误差都在1‰的数量级,证明了雷达层析成像技术应用于金属矿区勘察的有效性.     

GPR探测地埋管径研究综述

用无损探测技术来获取地下目标物的信息是当前研究的热点,探地雷达作为一种重要的工具及技术,已广泛应用在地埋管道直径的无损探测中,准确快速测定地埋管的直径,在理论研究与实际应用中都具有重要意义.本文在综合分析电磁波在介质中传播的基本特征和目标回波双曲线特征的基础上,讨论了用探地雷达无损探测技术来获取地埋管的直径特征参数的可行性;介绍了国内外目前主流的探地雷达设备,及相关学者在管径探测方面的研究进展;在国内外典型实例剖析的基础上,介绍分析了不同发展时期探地雷达测定地埋管管径的原理及测定方法;接着对地埋管径无损探测研究工作当前存在的问题进行总结.最后指出,地埋管探测的研究工作,应着眼于实现硬件轻便化、软件专业化、数据处理模型的智能化,才能更好的在实践中加以应用.     

Measurement of electrical properties of contaminated soil1

We present the measured dielectric constant and conductivity of soil samples contaminated by diesel oil. Measurements of the electrical properties of contaminated soil were carried out using a guarded-electrode sample holder and a parallel-plate sample holder in the frequency range 2–250 MHz. Two different soil samples were measured. Both the dielectric constant and the conductivity of the contaminated soils and uncontaminated soils are compared. The measurement results show that the change in the dielectric constant of soils before and after diesel oil contamination is small but significant. These results provide a basis for using ground-penetrating radar or other high-frequency electromagnetic sensors in the detection of soil contamination.     

Effect of medium electrophysical parameters and their temperature dependences on wideband electromagnetic pulse propagation

The dielectric permittivity of fiery spoil tips (Shakhty town, Rostov Region) is studied with the use of a GROT 12E remote-controlled ground-penetrating radar (GPR). An anomalous zone in a combustion source is shown to be clearly pronounced in GPR data due to the temperature dependence of the dielectric permittivity of these spoil tips. To substantiate this statement, the GPR data are compared with direct measurements of soil temperatures at depths from 1.5 to 2.5 m. The experimental results are compared with the variable spectral range of a GPR sounding pulse. GPR is shown to be a promising tool for the mapping of temperature-contrast underground objects.     

A strategy for the determination of the dielectric permittivity of a lossy soil exploiting GPR surface measurements and a cooperative target

In this paper we deal with an indirect measure of the dielectric permittivity of the soil starting from GPR surface data collected on a buried “cooperative” target, meant as an object buried on purpose and whose extent is known a-priori. This target is exploited in order to achieve, from its image obtained from a suitable GPR data processing, an indirect measure of the dielectric permittivity of the embedding soil. GPR data processing is based on a linear microwave tomographic approach funded on the Born Approximation. Using this Born approach on two-dimensional inversion tests, we investigate the effect of the soil's electrical conductivity and permittivity on this indirect measure and demonstrate that the electrical field scattered by a spot-like buried object permits an accurate estimation of the soil permittivity even when no information of the soil conductivity is available.     

Soil moisture estimation using tomographic ground penetrating radar in a MCMC–Bayesian framework

In this study, we focus on a hydrogeological inverse problem specifically targeting monitoring soil moisture variations using tomographic ground penetrating radar (GPR) travel time data. Technical challenges exist in the inversion of GPR tomographic data for handling non-uniqueness, nonlinearity and high-dimensionality of unknowns. We have developed a new method for estimating soil moisture fields from crosshole GPR data. It uses a pilot-point method to provide a low-dimensional representation of the relative dielectric permittivity field of the soil, which is the primary object of inference: the field can be converted to soil moisture using a petrophysical model. We integrate a multi-chain Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)–Bayesian inversion framework with the pilot point concept, a curved-ray GPR travel time model, and a sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm, for estimating the dielectric permittivity at pilot point locations distributed within the tomogram, as well as the corresponding geostatistical parameters (i.e., spatial correlation range). We infer the dielectric permittivity as a probability density function, thus capturing the uncertainty in the inference. The multi-chain MCMC enables addressing high-dimensional inverse problems as required in the inversion setup. The method is scalable in terms of number of chains and processors, and is useful for computationally demanding Bayesian model calibration in scientific and engineering problems. The proposed inversion approach can successfully approximate the posterior density distributions of the pilot points, and capture the true values. The computational efficiency, accuracy, and convergence behaviors of the inversion approach were also systematically evaluated, by comparing the inversion results obtained with different levels of noises in the observations, increased observational data, as well as increased number of pilot points.     

A temperature-dependent multi-relaxation spectroscopic dielectric model for thawed and frozen organic soil at 0.05–15 GHz

A dielectric model for thawed and frozen Arctic organic-rich soil (50% organic matter) has been developed. The model is based on soil dielectric measurements that were collected over ranges of gravimetric moisture from 0.03 to 0.55 g/g, dry soil density from 0.72 to 0.87 g/cm³, and temperature from 25 to −30 °C (cooling run) in the frequency range of 0.05–15 GHz. The refractive mixing dielectric model was applied with the Debye multi-relaxation equations to fit the measurements of the soil’s complex dielectric constant as a function of soil moisture and wave frequency. The spectroscopic parameters of the dielectric relaxations for the bound, transient bound, and unbound soil water components were derived and were complimented by the thermodynamic parameters to obtain a complete set of parameters for the proposed temperature-dependent multi-relaxation spectroscopic dielectric model for moist soils. To calculate the complex dielectric constant of the soil, the following input variables must be assigned: (1) density of dry soil, (2) gravimetric moisture, (3) wave frequency, and (4) temperature. The error of the dielectric model was evaluated and yielded RMSE_ε′ values of 0.348 and 0.188 for the soil dielectric constant and the loss factor, respectively. These values are on the order of the dielectric measurement error itself. The proposed dielectric model can be applied in active and passive microwave remote sensing techniques to develop algorithms for retrieving the soil moisture and the freeze/thaw state of organic-rich topsoil in the Arctic regions.     

地球物理方法在含油工业污水管道渗漏探测中的应用

基于含油污水管道渗漏形成土壤污染区的物性改变，利用高密度电阻率法、自然电位法、探地雷达的方法对污染区进行了探测，试图通过污染区的分布特征确定渗漏点的存在.基于异常区布设的钻孔取样分析资料显示，含油污水的侵入会引起地下粘土层的电阻率增高，随着侵入量的增大电阻率越大，相应的探测电剖面异常区表现为高阻特征；相应位置的自然电位曲线显示低电位特征，探地雷达图像则表现为低频，高幅的特征.基于异常区的分布特征可以确定渗漏点的分布位置.研究结果证实了地球物理方法对此类工业污水污染区探测的可行性.     

Dielectric constant determination using ground-penetrating radar reflection coefficients

A method to determine ground-penetrating radar (GPR) velocities, which utilize Brewster angles, is presented. The method determines the relative dielectric constant ratio at interface boundaries where the radar wave is traveling from a low-velocity to a high-velocity medium. Using Brewster angle analysis is currently the only means to determine the velocity of the medium below the deepest detectable reflector. Data are presented for water-saturated clean sand with a known velocity of 0.52 m/ns, which overlays a sandy silt with a known velocity of 0.13 m/ns. Brewster angle analysis of a common midpoint (CMP) survey gives a relative dielectric constant ratio of 33/4.77. The Brewster angle relative dielectric constant ratio is in good agreement with the relative dielectric constant ratio calculated from the known velocities.     

Determination of electromagnetic wave velocity in horizontally layered sedimentary target: A ground-penetrating radar study from Silurian limestones,Estonia

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive geophysical technique to obtain information about shallow subsurface by transmitting electromagnetic waves into the ground and registering signals reflected from objects or layers with different dielectric properties. The present GPR study was conducted in Võhmuta limestone quarry in Estonia in order to describe the relationship between GRP responses to the variations in petrophysical properties. Sub-horizontally oriented cores for petrophysical measurements were drilled from the side wall of the quarry. The GPR profiles were run at the sloped trench floor and on the top of side wall in order to correlate traceable reflections with physical properties. Based on three techniques: (i) hyperbola fitting, (ii) wide angle reflection and refraction (WARR), and (iii) topographic, a mean electromagnetic wave velocity value of 9.25 cm ns^?1 (corresponding to relative dielectric permittivity of 10.5) was found to describe the sequence and was used for time-to-depth conversion. Examination of radar images against petrophysical properties revealed that major reflections appear in levels where the changes in porosity occur.     

TDR measurement of stem and soil water content in two Mediterranean oak species

Abstract

Since 1990s, time domain reflectometry (TDR) has been applied to estimate the stem water content of living trees. Here, new calibration equations relating the apparent dielectric constant (K_a ) to the volumetric water content (θ) were developed for two Mediterranean oak species. Our calibration equations differ from those previously calculated for other species, suggesting that stem water contents could be monitored more accurately using species-specific curves. The stem water content in the trees of these species and the surrounding soil were monitored with TDR to examine the feasibility of this technology for recording changes in trunk water storage. The average stem water contents of the oaks reflect the soil water contents, and the temporal differences observed (17%) point to the importance of trunk water for coping with soil water deficit. Although it would be very useful to obtain a single function to estimate the stem water content of trees, it remains necessary to obtain the results in more species.     

Road evaluation with ground penetrating radar

This paper provides a status report of the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) highway applications based on studies conducted in both Scandinavia and the USA. After several years of research local transportation agencies are now beginning to implement GPR technology for both network and project level surveys. This paper summarizes the principles of operation of both ground-coupled and air-launched GPR systems together with a discussion of both signal processing and data interpretation techniques. In the area of subgrade soil evaluation GPR techniques have been used to nondestructively identify soil type, to estimate the thickness of overburden and to evaluate the compressibility and frost susceptibility of subgrade soil. In road structure surveys, GPR has been used to measure layer thickness, to detect subsurface defects and to evaluate base course quality. In quality control surveys, GPR techniques have been used for thickness measurements, to estimate air void content of asphalt surfaces and to detect mix segregation. Future developments are described where the technique has great potential in assisting pavement engineers with their new pavement designs and in determining the optimal repair strategies for deteriorated roadways.