长江中游水网地区城市热岛效应研究——以岳阳为例

以岳阳市城区11个气象站点逐小时气温资料为基础,利用Pearson相关分析、气候倾向率、M-K突变分析、克里格差值法等方法分析了岳阳城市热岛效应的时空分布特征。结果表明:在气候变暖的大背景下,岳阳城区具有中等强度的城市热岛效应,其年平均强度为2.1℃,并呈现自东北部、西南部郊区向中心城区递增的空间分布特征,城区中西部的东茅岭—枫桥湖片区是热岛强度中心。岳阳城市热岛效应具有季节差异和昼夜增暖的对称性,其热岛强度具有冬强夏弱、夜强昼弱的特征,且存在稳定—突变—稳定的周期性日变化,早、晚两个突变时段的热岛强度变幅达0.4℃/h。     

2014-2017年西安市城市热岛、冷岛精细化时空特征分析

选取1971—2017年7个国家级气象站的气温资料,分析年代际气温变化特征及城郊温差、城县温差;选取2014—2017年103个国家考核区域气象站及7个国家级气象站逐时气温资料,利用标准化相对气温法,研究西安市城市热岛、冷岛的年、季平均空间分布特征,以及逐日热岛、冷岛变化规律。结果显示:1971—2017年城区、郊区和郊县气温均呈上升趋势,城区增温速率最大,郊县增温速率最小,进入21世纪后,城市热岛效应较为显著。西安市城市热岛、冷岛现象明显,且均呈"多中心"特征,热岛中心多为老城区及旅游中心,建筑物面积和人口密度占绝对优势;冷岛中心多为地势较高、水域绿被覆盖较大、非人口密集区的秦岭坡脚线附近。城区代表站的年、春季、夏季、秋季基本处于平稳状态,年、春季、夏季06—07时热岛强度最大,秋季、冬季23时热岛强度最大;郊区代表站和郊县代表站的年及四季热岛、冷岛强度均有明显的日变化特征,且变化趋势相反;郊区代表站10时热岛转为冷岛,春、夏季16—17时转为热岛,年及秋、冬两季19—20时转为热岛;郊县代表站年、春季、夏季06—07时冷岛强度最大,秋季、冬季2时冷岛强度最大,08时后冷岛开始减弱,12—13时为最弱后开始增强。     

基于均值—标准差改进的滨州市多时相热岛强度变化分析

为探究山东省滨州市热岛强度的时空分布及其变化特征,通过2001、2009和2018年夏季的3期Landsat数据实现地表温度反演,并基于热岛强度定义对传统的均值—标准差分级法进行改进,能够较好地消除因背景数据不一致而导致不同时期热岛强度数据难于对比的问题.在此基础之上,分析热岛效应及其变化的时空分布特征,并结合土地利用...     

基于多年卫星遥感的江苏省夏季城市热岛特征分析

利用2003—2020年的MODIS土地覆盖类型和地表温度等数据,从地表温度、气温和城市化的角度分析了江苏省夏季城市热岛强度和面积的时空分布和变化趋势。结果表明：近20 a快速的城市化导致了江苏省夏季热岛强度(0.07℃·a^-1)和热岛面积(529 km²·a^-1)整体均呈增加趋势;其中热岛强度前期受城区升温影响,呈明显增强(0.18℃·a^-1),后期受郊区升温影响,呈明显减弱(-0.14℃·a^-1);热岛面积变化主要由弱热岛面积(297 km²·a^-1)和较强热岛面积(192 km²·a^-1)的增长趋势主导,强热岛面积呈前期增长(133 km²·a^-1)和后期减少(185 km²·a^-1)的变化趋势;高温对整个城区的热岛效应影响有限,但对城市核心区的热岛效应影响明显,对应的强热岛面积增加和热岛强度增强。     

上海市城区气温变化及城市热岛

利用上海市城区自动气象站观测资料和郊区气象站资料,对比分析了上海市城乡气温变化并分析了上海市的城市热岛特征。结果表明,上海市城区的气温分布有几个高温中心,分别位于北部的虹口体育馆、中部的静安区和西部的延安西路。夏季7月日平均气温在31.8℃以上,午后超过36℃。这些地方的日夜温差也大,夏季超过8℃,冬季仍在2℃以上,表明这是一种相对稳定的城市化加热分布。上海市城区气温日变化和年变化在各站间的差别不大,但明显不同于郊区,具有城市化的气候特征。上海城市热岛受城区和郊区气温变化的共同影响,由于城区和郊区气温变化不同步,故各有其独特的变化特征。上海城市热岛的日平均强度夏季7月大约为2.6℃,春季4月可达3.7℃,冬季1月在1℃以下。全年平均的热岛强度约为0.7℃。上海城市热岛的日变化为白天低、夜间高的多峰结构,午夜的高峰通常可达一天的最高值。上海城市热岛有明显的长期变化趋势,夏季7月的多年线性上升趋势超过0.05℃/a,但仍有继续增强的趋势。     

北京大气边界层中风和温度廓线的观测研究

为了研究冬季北京城区大气边界层结构的特征,分别在城区和郊区4个观测点利用系留气艇在2001年1月5～13日和2月21～28日进行了大气廓线探测,并分析了温度和风廓线垂直变化的基本特征.初步结果显示城市热岛效应十分明显,热岛强度随高度增加而递减,近地层热岛强度在晴天最大可达到4℃左右.除了近地层郊区的风速大于城区外,城区和郊区风速的垂直分布特征有较大差异.在100～200m高度以下,城区和郊区风速和风向随高度分布都出现了明显的拐点,300 m以上高度风向和风速基本趋于一致,表明城区和郊区的风廓线均受到城市覆盖层的影响.随着北京市区的规模不断扩大,在今后探测中应考虑郊区测点的代表性.     

北京秋季城市热岛效应及其气象影响因子

应用北京地区地面气象观测台1990～2004年10月的气温资料,分析了近15年来北京秋季城市热岛的特征,结果表明,北京秋季夜间城市热岛要强于白天.此外,对比分析了一个强热岛和一个弱热岛的特征及其气象影响因子,结果表明,北京秋季夜间特定条件下存在强热岛,白天城市强热岛会减弱消失,城市强热岛的日变化非常明显.夜间城市强热岛形成和维持是多个因子综合作用的结果.白天日照充足的晴夜,北京城郊地面风场很弱(≤1.0 m·s-1),同时城区垂直方向47 m以下大气风场持续很弱(≤1.0 m·s-1),城区320 m以下大气持续存在强逆温.日落后郊区地面大气降温速率和幅度远大于城区,促使夜间强热岛的形成和维持.白天日出后太阳辐射的加热作用所引起的郊区地面大气升温速率和幅度大于城区,城区大气稳定度的减弱以及城区大气逆温的消失是夜间强热岛减弱并最终消失的重要原因.     

北京城市化发展对温度、相对湿度和降水的影响

利用1961～2000年北京13个台站的气候观测资料及北京统计年鉴资料,分析了过去40年北京城区、郊区的气温、相对湿度和降水等气候因子的年际、季节变化趋势,结合北京城市化进程中人口、基本设施投资额、房屋施工面积和道路面积等城市发展数据的年际变化进行分析.结果表明:在这40年中,北京城区、郊区的年平均温度都呈明显上升趋势,城区比郊区上升幅度快,热岛强度也在不断加强,其中以城区最低温度上升最为明显,并且热岛强度与北京人口等城市发展数据的年际变化有较强的相关性.城区年平均相对湿度总体呈下降趋势,郊区则略有上升;本地年均降水量呈下降趋势,城区下降幅度比郊区明显,并且波动性增强.各气候因子的季节变化趋势总体上与年平均变化趋势一致,个别季节变化趋势受城市化及季节自身因素影响,与年平均变化趋势有所差异.过去40年北京城区、郊区的气候演变趋势及与城市发展数据的关系表明,城市的快速发展和城市化进程的加快已经对北京局地气候变化产生了重要的影响.     

基于多源卫星资料的重庆巴南区城市热岛效应时空变化特征分析

利用夜间灯光、DEM和Landsat NDVI等多源卫星资料提取巴南区郊区背景,结合MODIS地表温度产品,采用城乡二分法和Mann-Kenddall（M-K）检验定量评估2002—2021年巴南区城市热岛时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）巴南区近20 a来城市热岛效应年变化明显,热岛面积占比随时间呈波动上升的趋势,热岛面积在近20 a增加了317%;（2）热岛效应具有明显的季节变化,夏季最强,秋季次之,春季、冬季相对较弱;（3）热岛效应具有明显的空间分布特征,主要影响巴南区西部的龙洲湾、鱼洞、莲花、李家沱街道、界石镇等居民、商业和工业集中区;（4）热岛效应影响范围和强度变化整体相对平稳。该研究结果可为区域城市生态环境、热环境、局地气候等研究和城市气象灾害预报预警提供重要的科学依据。     

北京市朝阳区热岛效应特征分析

利用1961—2014年朝阳、密云、上甸子3个站气温地面观测数据,对朝阳区与郊区温度年际变化、热岛强度年际变化进行了分析,并利用卫星反演数据分析了热岛效应的空间分布特征,得到以下主要结论:1朝阳区在20世纪70年代末城市热岛效应不太明显,之后城市热岛效应开始显现,热岛强度逐年增强,80年代末到90年代初略有减弱,2000年以后热岛强度有明显增强。2朝阳与郊区平均温差达1.5℃左右,为强热岛效应。热岛效应增强使得夏季高温日数增加,冬季低温日数减少。冬季为一年中热岛强度最强的季节。3朝阳区的热岛效应表现为西强东弱,热岛强度逐渐有向东、向南发展的趋势。强热岛区域集中在三环以内的城区。弱热岛区域集中在奥林匹克森林公园等下垫面多为大面积的水体和植被的地区。     

Mitigating the surface urban heat island: Mechanism study and sensitivity analysis

In a surface urban heat island (SUHI), the urban land surface temperature (LST) is usually higher than the temperature of the surrounding rural areas due to human activities and surface characteristics. Because a SUHI has many adverse impacts on urban environment and human health, SUHI mitigation strategies are very important. This paper investigates the mechanism of a SUHI based on the basic physical laws that control the formation of a SUHI; five mitigation strategies are proposed, namely: sprinkling and watering; paving a pervious surface; reducing the anthropogenic heat (AH) release; using a “white roof”; increasing the fractional vegetation cover or leaf area index (LAI). To quantify the effect of these mitigation strategies, 26 sets of experiments are designed and implemented by running the integrated urban land model (IUM). The results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that sprinkling and watering is an effective measure for mitigating a SUHI for an entire day. Decreasing the AH release is also useful for both night- and daytime SUHI mitigation; however, the cooling extent is proportional to the diurnal cycle of AH. Increasing the albedo can reduce the LST in the daytime, especially when the solar radiation is significant; the cooling extent is approximately proportional to the diurnal cycle of the net radiation. Increasing the pervious surface percentage can mitigate the SUHI especially in the daytime. Increasing the fractional vegetation cover can mitigate the SUHI in the daytime but may aggravate the SUHI at night.     

Trends of urban surface temperature and heat island characteristics in the Mediterranean

Urban air temperature studies usually focus on the urban canopy heat island phenomenon, whereby the city center experiences higher near surface air temperatures compared to its surrounding non-urban areas. The Land Surface Temperature (LST) is used instead of urban air temperature to identify the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI). In this study, the nighttime LST and SUHI characteristics and trends in the seventeen largest Mediterranean cities were investigated, by analyzing satellite observations for the period 2001–2012. SUHI averages and trends were based on an innovative approach of comparing urban pixels to randomly selected non-urban pixels, which carries the potential to better standardize satellite-derived SUHI estimations. A positive trend for both LST and SUHI for the majority of the examined cities was documented. Furthermore, a 0.1 °C decade^?1 increase in urban LST corresponded to an increase in SUHI by about 0.04 °C decade^?1. A longitudinal differentiation was found in the urban LST trends, with higher positive values appearing in the eastern Mediterranean. Examination of urban infrastructure and development factors during the same period revealed correlations with SUHI trends, which can be used to explain differences among cities. However, the majority of the cities examined show considerably increased trends in terms of the enhancement of SUHI. These findings are considered important so as to promote sustainable urbanization, as well as to support the development of heat island adaptation and mitigation plans in the Mediterranean.     

Global long-term mapping of surface temperature shows intensified intra-city urban heat island extremes

Surface temperatures are generally higher in cities than in rural surroundings. This phenomenon, known as Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI), increases the risk of heat-related human illnesses and mortality. Past global studies analysed this phenomenon aggregated at city scale or over seasonal and annual time periods, while human impacts strongly depend on shorter term heat stress experienced locally. Here we develop a global long-term high-resolution dataset of daytime SUHI, offering an insight into the space–time variability of the urban–rural temperature differences which is unprecedented at global scale. Our results show that across urban areas worldwide over the period 2003–2020, 3-day SUHI extremes are on average more than twice as high as the warm-season median SUHI, with local exceedances up to 10 K. Over this period, SUHI extremes have increased more rapidly than warm-season medians, and averaged worldwide are now 1.04 K or 31% higher compared to 2003. This can be linked with increasing urbanisation, more frequent heatwaves, and greening of the earth, processes that are all expected to continue in the coming decades. Within many cities there are hotspots where extreme SUHI intensity is 10–15 K higher compared to relatively cooler city parts. Given the limited human adaptability to heat stress, our results advocate for mitigation strategies targeted at reducing SUHI extremes in the most vulnerable and exposed city neighbourhoods.     

Assessment of surface urban heat island across China’s three main urban agglomerations

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - This article proposes a method for estimating the surface urban heat island intensity (SUHI) of urban areas, which addresses prior difficulties in the...     

THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE WINTER FOG IN CHONGQING METROPOLITAN AREA AND ITS FORMATION PROCESS

Chongqing is a very famous foggy metropolitan in China.The Chongqing Fog Experiment Group carried out com-prehensive experiments on a large and extensive scale in the Chongqing urban area from 15 December 1989 to 15 Janua-ry 1990.And several items were further observed from 7 December 1990 to 7 January 1991.Based on the analysis of theobservational data,some important characteristics of the Chongqing winter fog and the boundary layer structure havebeen revealed.It is found that such factors as topography,mountain wind,rivers,the urban heat island and airpollution,all contribute to the formation of the Chongqing fog in addition to the radiation conditions.     

重庆市城市热岛效应变化特征及减缓措施

利用1961～2016年重庆市逐日气温资料,分析讨论了重庆市主城区56年城市热岛效应的变化趋势和年变化特征,并利用2009～2016年的逐时气温资料分析讨论了城市热岛效应的日变化特征。结果表明:56年来重庆市城市热岛效应总体呈上升趋势,各季节中盛夏上升最明显;重庆市城市热岛效应存在明显的年变化特征,盛夏的热岛效应最强,初春次之,仲春至初夏的热岛效应最弱;重庆市城市热岛效应具有较明显的日变化特征,各季节热岛效应均表现为白天弱,夜间强。重庆市城市热岛效应的形成及其变化,既受到地理位置、气象条件等自然因素的影响,更由城市下垫面变化(绿地和水体的面积及分布)、大气污染、人为热排放等城市化进程因素所决定。结合重庆城市特点综合运用多种措施可以减缓重庆城市热岛效应。      

Quantifying the influence of land-use and surface characteristics on spatial variability in the urban heat island

The urban thermal environment varies not only from its rural surroundings but also within the urban area due to intra-urban differences in land-use and surface characteristics. Understanding the causes of this intra-urban variability is a first step in improving urban planning and development. Toward this end, a method for quantifying causes of spatial variability in the urban heat island has been developed. This paper presents the method as applied to a specific test case of Portland, Oregon. Vehicle temperature traverses were used to determine spatial differences in summertime ~2 m air temperature across the metropolitan area in the afternoon. A tree-structured regression model was used to quantify the land-use and surface characteristics that have the greatest influence on daytime UHI intensity. The most important urban characteristic separating warmer from cooler regions of the Portland metropolitan area was canopy cover. Roadway area density was also an important determinant of local UHI magnitudes. Specifically, the air above major arterial roads was found to be warmer on weekdays than weekends, possibly due to increased anthropogenic activity from the vehicle sector on weekdays. In general, warmer regions of the city were associated with industrial and commercial land-use. The downtown core, whilst warmer than the rural surroundings, was not the warmest part of the Portland metropolitan area. This is thought to be due in large part to local shading effects in the urban canyons.     

复杂地形条件下城市热岛及局地环流特征的数值模拟

应用基于多层城市冠层方案BEP(Building Environment Parameterization)增加室内空调系统影响的建筑物能量模式BEM(Building Energy Model)方案的WRF模式,模拟研究重庆热岛的特征、成因以及局地环流对热岛形成的影响。文中共有两个算例,一为重庆真实下垫面算例,称之为URBAN算例,二为将城市下垫面替换为耕地下垫面的对比算例,称之为NOURBAN算例。结果表明:1)WRF方案模拟结果与观测2 m气温的对比吻合较好,误差主要出现在正午温度峰值和凌晨温度谷值处,由城市下垫面特性及城市内建筑分布误差引起。2)BEP+BEM方案较好地模拟出了重庆地区的热岛分布的空间和时间特征。重庆市温度的分布受地形和城市下垫面的双重影响,越靠近城区,温度的分布受城市化影响就越大,在海拔低处,温度就越高。3)城区立体三维表面对辐射的陷阱作用导致城市表面总体反射率小,向上短波辐射小于郊区约20 W/m~2。城市表面以感热排放为主,而郊区则表现为潜热的作用占主导。夜间城市地表储热以及空调废热向大气释放,是城市热岛形成的重要原因。4)模拟区域背景风场主要为东南风,局地环流呈现出越靠近山区风速越大、城市区域风速较小的特性,体现了城市密集的建筑群对低层大气流场的空气动力学效应,以及复杂山谷地形的山谷风环流特性。在市区的西侧和东南侧均有高大山脉阻挡,山脉对城市出流的阻碍作用、气流越山与绕流运动对城市热岛的形成有一定影响。     

城市地表热环境遥感监测指标研究及应用

遥感已成为城市热环境监测的重要手段,但仅依靠城市地表温度（或亮温）仍难以定量分析城市热环境的时空变化。文章提出了城市热环境遥感监测的3个指标：热岛强度、热场强度指数和热岛比例指数,并利用2年的MODIS地表温度产品与FY-3A/MERSI卫星资料对北京地区进行了热环境遥感监测应用与分析。结果表明：上述3个热环境遥感监测指标在城市热岛监测中具有指示意义,能有效监测北京城市热岛的强弱和变化,对开展城市热环境监测气象业务具有积极意义。