海带配子体无性繁殖(克隆)技术研究与应用进展

海带具有异型世代交替,其配子体在单独分离培养时可进行营养生长,形成无性繁殖系(克隆)。本文简要回顾了海带配子体克隆技术研究与应用的历程,综述海带配子体克隆在海带种质资源保存、海带生理和遗传学研究及海带育种和苗种繁育中的应用现状。     

海带配子体克隆的培养及应用

克隆技术在当前是生命科学前沿领域之一,对遗传育种、生物工程研究及 应用具有重要的意义。综述了有关海带配子体克隆研究进展以及在种质资源和苗种生产中的 应用情况。     

海带杂种优势苗种繁育技术研究

用生物反应技术进行海带配子体克隆的连续培养,将丝状体克隆细胞粉碎后,用两系法培育杂种优势苗种.实验结果表明,雌、雄海带配子体克隆细胞的日增重速率可达14.03%和13.87%,经42d培养增重6.9倍和6.8倍;雌、雄配子体克隆细胞杂交16d,排卵率为100%;培养40d后幼孢子体长度为2~3cm,经海上养殖实验,初步筛选出了一个较好的杂交组合.     

海水比重对海带幼苗生长发育的影响

本文提出不同比重海水对海带游孢子的放散、附着,胚孢子的萌发,配子体的生长发育和幼孢子体生长的影响 实验结果表明:(1)海带配子体的生长发育对比重的适应能力较强,在高比重和低比重的海水中虽然死亡率很高、生长发育缓慢,但总有一部分个体能生活下来。配子体对比重的适应范围是1.01010-1.03510;(2)海带的幼孢子体对比重的适应能力较小。其适应范围是1.02000-1.03510.尤其是低比重海水能引起泡烂。本实验结果对指导海带苗种生产有一定意义。     

我国引种海带(Laminaria japonica)和长海带(L.longissima)配子体克隆的随机扩增多态性DNA分析

运用RAPD技术,对引种我国的海带(Laminaria japonica)和长海带(L.longissima)的22个配子体克隆进行分析。筛选的19条随机引物共获得252个位点.扩增片段大小在200～2000bp之间,多态性位点228个,占90.5%。配子体克隆遗传变异分析表明,长海带和海带的遗传多样性都比较高,两者之间的遗传分化较为明显,且种间变异大于种内变异。长海带和海带雄配子体克隆的遗传变异程度均低于雌配子体克隆。另外,两个种的雌、雄配子体之间均存在一定程度的分化,且长海带雌、雄配子体之间的遗传分化大于海带配子体。     

超声波对海带配子体克隆的作用

研究了超声波对海带配子体克隆粉碎效果、存活率及生长发育的作用。实验表明：在４００Ｗ处理３０ｓ后再用２００Ｗ处理６０ｓ,海带配子体克隆簇状体的粉碎效果较好：培养７天时细胞日生长速率为０．１５７;大量扩增７天雌、雄配子体克隆的鲜重增重最大为３．４７０ｇ：培养１４天雌性配子体克隆发育率为５２．１％。可作为一种快速、高速、简便的粉碎海带配子体克隆簇状体,制备单细胞悬液的方法。     

海带雄配子体单性生殖叶状体的特性

海带雄配子体经单个分离培养,长成丝状体细胞,这些细胞体积逐渐增大,由单性生殖直接发育成叶状体.这种叶状体的畸形率达93 3%,将叶状体养殖在海上,能长成大海带,但它们都不能成熟.这些叶状体在同一克隆遗传特性十分一致,不同克隆则存在明显差异.     

节能型海带育苗新技术——黑暗流水储存配子体

目前采用的海带苗培育方法已经有50多年的历史,它将21~28℃的自然海水降温至6~8℃用于育苗。缺点是海水降温成本高、管理需要人工多。而本技术在育苗过程中的一定时期,将苗帘集中堆放,在流水黑暗条件下储存配子体14 d,储存期间无需人工管理。以此配子体储存技术,可以将海带育苗平均水温从目前的7℃左右提高到10℃左右。     

弱光保存海带配子体的初步实验

本文报道弱光保存海带配子体的一些实验结果。本实验发现不同遗传性的配子体对弱光有不同的反应。采用弱光培养,可以较长期地保存海带配子体。经弱光保存的配子体,大部分具有正常的生活力,在恢复正常光照后,仍能正常地发育并产生孢子体。弱光保存海带配子体的成功,为海带的科学实验提供了方便,为进一步改革海带的育苗方法提供了实验依据。     

基于MSAP技术的海带DNA甲基化初步研究

DNA甲基化在调节基因表达和控制细胞分化过程中扮演着重要的角色,其作为表观遗传修饰形式之一,已成为后基因组时代的研究热点。本文采用检测基因组CpG位点甲基化水平的MSAP技术(Methylation-Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism),对海带配子体与孢子体世代进行研究,研究发现:孢子体世代甲基化水平(25.64%)显著高于配子体世代(♂5.50%和♀4.48%);低温处理能引起DNA甲基化位点及比率的变化,直接反映在配子体克隆同步发育率的显著提高;对于海带孢子体世代不同组织部位甲基化程度的检测表明,同一株海带不同组织部位的甲基化程度不同(21.79%~29.49%),其中以Ⅳ型为主,同一组织部位在不同个体中甲基化程度也存在差异。研究为进一步从表观遗传学角度探讨海带不同倍型的发育机制和配子体对低温的应答机制奠定基础。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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