重庆巫山县望霞危岩体破坏及变形失稳预测

望霞危岩历史上多次发生山体崩滑变形破坏,最近两次大的危岩变形破坏都发生在雨季过后的10月份。鉴于此从危岩体区域地质背景、降雨、岩体结构等几个方面分别论述了产生崩塌灾害的原因,同时根据危岩体各段的变形特征及监测资料分析。认为,望霞危岩体的产生和发展,主要受控于特殊的地质构造环境和临空的高陡边坡条件,在持续性降雨的诱发下使危岩体多次失稳。结合2010年10月21号灾变后的监测数据,该危岩体总体变形趋势持续增大,还可能再次发生破坏,为此作者采用指数平滑法预测模型,以危岩的变形值和变形速率为判据,对危岩再次失稳时间进行动态跟踪预报,根据危岩的实际情况,对部分监测点位移进行了试验性及验证性的建模和预测,取得了较高的预测精度。对该危岩体的防治施工及确保长江航运安全具有重要的意义。     

西藏易贡滑坡物质运动全过程数值模拟研究

2000年4月9日20时05分，西藏波密县易贡乡发生的大型山体崩滑，造成极大危害。在野外调查基础上，运用离散单元法模拟该崩滑体破坏、运动的全过程，此次灾害为扎木弄沟源头的山体崩塌，振动引起沟内崩坡积物发生沙土液化而随崩塌体一起运动，形成高速碎屑流的破坏运动机制，与实际情况较为吻合。     

震裂山体崩塌形成特征及运动学三维模拟——以汶川县三官庙村崩塌为例

三官庙村震裂山体位于汶川强震区,又于2018年7月20日和2019年8月22日发生了两次震后崩塌灾害,严重威胁坡脚居民生命财产安全.通过对震裂山体危岩现场地质调查、无人机航测和室内三维数值模拟,阐述了震裂山体-崩塌发生的成因机理和动力学过程,并对潜在危岩区的危险性进行了分析评价.研究结果认为,此类崩塌形成过程可划分为3...     

丽水地区两起山体崩塌交通事故的成因分析

随着山区交通事业的发展，对地质环境的破坏加剧，地质灾害发生频率增加，其中突发性的山体崩塌往往造成车毁人亡的恶性事故，作通过对今春发生在“丽浦公路”和“金温铁路”线上的两起山体崩塌实地考察和背景资料分析，初步地质构造复杂，多组断层交汇和刚性的地层岩性，是山体崩塌的地质基础，建设施工破坏边坡和降雨，是山体崩塌的诱发因子，最后提出，在交通设计，施工和验收中必须加强防患地质灾害，进行地质环境质量评价。     

强震作用下山体崩塌破坏有限元分析

基于汶川大地震下,山体边坡发生大规模塌滑等地质灾害的现状,为了深入研究山体在强震动力作用下进入非线性状态并开裂破坏的力学机理,通过理论研究从拉张破裂的角度对山体崩塌机制进行分析,并给出拉张判据。用有限元开发程序对山体边坡在强震动力作用下拉张破坏进行数值模拟,并与振动平台相似材料实验下的监测结果对比分析。表明,强震荷载激励下,岩石第一主（拉）应力极易达到其抗拉强度,则岩体优先发生拉张破裂。在强震动力作用过程中,拉张破裂不断积累,即在松动区的松散程度和松散范围不断增大,形成山体塌滑趋势。揭示了山体边坡从连续介质状态开始崩塌破裂的发生机制,为后续进行复杂的山体破坏力学研究提供依据。     

2017年8月28日贵州纳雍县张家湾镇普洒村崩塌特征与成因机理研究

2017年8月28日10时30分许,贵州省纳雍县张家湾镇普洒村后山约49.1×104 m3的山体发生高位崩塌,高速运动的碎屑物质沿途铲刮坡面原有松散崩滑堆积物,最终形成体积约为82.3×104 m3的堆积体,摧毁坡脚的普洒村大树脚组和桥边组居民区,造成26人遇难,9人失踪。通过对灾害发生现场进行详细的地质调查,本文综合运用无人机航拍、地面合成孔径雷达监测等技术手段,对普洒村崩塌体特征进行了详细描述,初步阐述了崩塌发生的动力学过程和成因机理,并对周边受崩塌体失稳影响而产生的欠稳定区岩体特征的危险性进行了分析评价。初步研究结果认为,崩塌源区岩体在下部巷道采煤的影响下产生拉张裂缝,之后在长期重力作用下,山体开始变形、破碎,最终整体失稳破坏。崩塌体从小规模掉块开始到整体失稳破坏、远程运动,直至最终停积,整个过程用时约7分21秒,其中主崩塌体失稳用时约26 s,远程运动距离约788 m,是一处典型的高位崩塌-碎屑流。深入研究普洒村崩塌的形成过程和成灾机理,对我国西南山区存在的与普洒村崩塌体类似条件的灾害隐患点的减灾防灾工作,具有重要的指导意义。     

重庆南川甑子岩山体崩塌机制研究

本文以重庆南川甑子岩崩塌为例,对近水平厚层状高陡灰岩山体座落滑移式崩塌机制进行研究,通过工程地质分析揭示了甑子岩危岩崩塌的成因机制,利用数值模拟开展了初始变形破坏的研究。研究认为,甑子岩崩塌是自然条件下形成发育、受岩溶风化与人类工程活动影响所产生的大型危岩体崩塌。岩体中多组大型陡倾节理发育,卸荷作用下在陡崖边缘形成张拉裂隙,地下水长期溶蚀使裂隙连通率不断增大,地下采空加速软弱基座破坏、危岩体变形。随着裂隙的贯通,软弱基座内部应力累积,应变逐渐增大,当超过岩体强度时发生圆弧形剪切滑移破坏,导致柱状危岩体座落崩塌。     

地下开采作用下反倾上硬下软型斜坡崩塌形成机制研究以贵州开阳磷矿崩塌为例

以贵州开阳磷矿崩塌为例,通过对地质条件、采矿扰动与变形破坏特点的分析,阐明在地下开采作用下,反倾上硬下软型斜坡变形破坏的发展过程,并总结斜坡失稳破坏的3种模式,指出不同类型的破坏变形均以坡顶拉裂为前兆,而斜坡岩体结构特征是产生不同破坏模式的关键控制因素。进一步运用数值模拟与物理模拟方法,分析该类型崩塌的形成机理,认为反倾上硬下软型崩塌的形成具有特定的地质背景,动力条件与诱发因素,崩塌最终可能以急剧破坏的形式出现,但其发生并不是一蹴而就的,是经历了从发生、发展直至破坏的长期过程。从地下开采后采空区顶底板的变形,发展到地表裂缝的产生,崩塌的形成是地表裂缝沿着陡倾结构面追踪发展的过程,并受岩体结构特征的控制最终发生倾倒、突破锁固段剪出或沿中缓倾结构面滑塌。因此,对此类斜坡地质灾害的监测和防治必须把握前兆现象,加强早期识别与预警。     

贵州开阳磷矿区崩塌及其防治

开阳磷矿区被称为地质灾害的博物馆,区内地质灾害灾种齐全,滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝等地质灾害广泛分布,山体崩塌是区内分布最广的地质灾害之一。文章通过对开阳磷矿区山体崩塌地质灾害的地质背景、采矿活动的调查和分析,得出开阳磷矿区山体崩塌地质灾害形成的基本条件是区内的特殊地形地貌及断裂构造,地下磷矿开采是主要诱因;统计了各矿段崩塌体的分布特征及其危害对象;选取区内典型崩塌体,利用极射赤平投影法定性分析崩塌体的稳定性,分析得出崩塌体是不稳定的;提出了采用井下充填采矿,遏制区内崩塌的进一步发展,并结合生态移民工程、锚固与防护工程、切割爆破清除危岩体等综合治理方法。     

GB-InSAR技术在山体崩塌残余危岩体监测中的应用

介绍了在贵州首次使用GB-InSAR技术进行某山体崩塌应急监测的情况。利用GB-InSAR技术监测贵州某崩塌残余危岩体的稳定性,得到了整个残余危岩体毫米级高精度连续形变结果,并对残余危岩体可能发生的二次崩塌和稳定性进行评估。监测结果表明崩塌残余危岩体形变与降雨密切相关,但整个残余危岩体发生大面积崩塌的可能性较小。     

Does vertical seismic force play an important role for the failure mechanism of rock avalanches? A case study of rock avalanches triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008, Sichuan,China

The Wenchuan earthquake triggered 15,000 rock avalanches, rockfalls and debris flows, causing a large number of causalities and widespread damage. Similar to many rock avalanches, field investigations showed that tensile failure often occurred at the back edge. Some soil and rock masses were moved so violently that material became airborne. The investigation indicates that this phenomenon was due to the effect of a large vertical seismic motion that occurred in the meizoseismal area during the earthquake. This paper analyses the effect of vertical earthquake force on the failure mechanism of a large rock avalanche using the Donghekou rock avalanche as an example. This deadly avalanche, which killed 780 people, initiated at an altitude of 1,300 m and had a total run-out distance of 2,400 m. The slide mass is mainly composed of Sinian limestone and dolomite limestone, together with Cambrian slate and phyllite. Static and dynamic stability analysis on the Donghekou rock avalanche has been performed using FLAC finite difference method software, under the actual seismic wave conditions as recorded on May 12, 2008. The results show that the combined horizontal and vertical peak acceleration caused a higher reduction in slope stability factor than horizontal peak acceleration alone. In addition, a larger area of tensile failure at the back edge of the avalanche was generated when horizontal and vertical peak acceleration were combined than when only horizontal acceleration was considered. The force of the large vertical component of acceleration was the main reason rock and soil masses became airborne during the earthquake.     

黄河源区冻融地质作用及其生态环境地质特征

黄河源区自然地理环境特殊,冻融地质作用强烈,冻融地质现象普遍发育,以山地顶部裸岩、寒冻风化岩屑坡、山地斜坡冻融滑移、山前倾斜平原及河谷平原冻胀—融陷作用为表征,对应于源区不同的地形地貌条件和自然地理单元,呈鲜明的山地垂直分带规律和冻融荒漠化生态景观。     

Characteristics of wet-snow avalanche activity: 20 years of observations from a high alpine valley (Dischma,Switzerland)

The occurrence of wet-snow avalanches is, in general, poorly understood. For 20 years (winters of 1975–1976 to 1994–1995), the avalanche activity has been observed in the Dischma valley near Davos (Eastern Swiss Alps). The study area comprises a large starting zone of north-easterly aspect (2,300 m a.s.l.) with several avalanche paths. We have analyzed the occurrence data in combination with meteorological and snowpack data collected at an elevation of 2,090 m a.s.l. During the 20-year observation period, almost 800 wet-snow avalanches were observed, about 4.5 times more loose snow avalanches than slab avalanches. Considering both types of avalanches jointly, snow depth, precipitation and air temperature showed the highest correlation with avalanche activity. Most loose snow avalanches occurred when air temperature was high and/or after a precipitation period. Slab avalanches occurrence was primarily related to warm air temperatures and snowpack properties such as the isothermal state and the existence of capillary barriers. Radiation did not show up as a significant variable. The results suggest that in a transitional snow climate wet-snow avalanches are, as dry snow avalanches, often related to precipitation events, and that wet slab instability strongly depends on snowpack properties in relation to warming of the snowpack and melt water production.     

黄河上游地区崩塌滑坡泥石流地质灾害风险评价

本文在对黄河上游地区崩塌、滑坡、泥石流进行野外地质调查和资料收集的基础上,确定了灾害风险评价的主要影响要素和指标体系,进行了以县(市、旗)为单元的风险评价。评价单元共116个。研究区地质灾害风险共分为5级,高风险单元3个,较高风险单元8个,中等风险单元24个,较低风险单元54个,低风险单元27个。风险评价结果表明,评价区内不同地区崩滑流灾害风险程度相对差异较大,总体分布特点是中部地区较高,北部和南部较低。从风险指数的结果来看,有些风评价单元的风险指数非常接近临界值,一旦危险性条件和易损性条件发生改变,将会引起地质灾害的风险级别发生变化。因此,在西部大开发的进程中,无论是在开发资源还是进行各种工程活动,都应注意保护环境,避免地质灾害向着严重的方向发展。      

从水井岩大型滑坡表面高温降解喷出物特征到汶川地震天然气体溢出爆炸模型

汶川大地震中XI级烈度区内水井岩滑坡现场等地爆炸声、特大型滑坡现场巨大环形坑和远距离抛射碎石等记录和现象,需给出科学解释。在地震发生后多次现场地质调查和走访、样品采集和多项分析测试及其结果比较等基础上,对主中央断裂F₂控制的下盘陈家坝水井岩大型滑坡体上环形坑周边不同距离范围内散落烧焦残留的硅酸盐和碳酸岩等采样后,开展了物质成分和微观结构分析。结果发现：与原生溶蚀灰岩、薄层煤岩结构和有机质成分不同,这些抛散在滑体表面的样品中富含经强烈高温作用的块石,一些成分以锰碳酸盐岩等为主的暗棕色样品中稠环芳烃是其经历过强烈热作用过程而使有机质发生环化芳构化反应的结果,即样品经过了强烈热降解作用,显示其形成时出现强烈热作用过程和高温裂解现象。结合本区地质构造特征和煤层气分布情况、地震后实施的汶川地震带深钻在穿越主中央断裂带F₂深度处监测到余震过程中甲烷含量异常增高、东河口地震遗址公园发现温泉及天然气溢出等资料和研究结果,讨论了地震诱发的富含甲烷的天然气爆炸,其加剧或伴生着地震次生地质灾害。由此推测：与碳质岩或煤系共存的喀斯特溶洞中封闭煤层气在地震过程中突溢和爆炸燃烧,叠加或放大了地震作用,结果在滑坡堆积体表面残留了多处环形爆炸坑,引发了一些岩块大规模长距离水平抛撒等。研究结果对监测和认识发震断层带在地震过程中天然气爆炸诱发和加剧滑坡灾害有重要意义。     

Snow gliding and glide avalanches: a review

Snow gliding is a downhill motion of snow on the ground; it is able to affect afforestation (uprooting of plants) and to cause soil erosion. Once the glide motion turns into an avalanche movement, the process is called a glide avalanche. Winters with continuing snow gliding and a high activity of glide avalanches might be called ‘glide winters’. The most recent ‘glide winter’ in the European Alps was 2011/2012. Glide avalanches have the ability to cause damage to buildings and infrastructure. This review describes the progress in research, from basic snow glide measurements via the design of sophisticated models through to comprehensive investigations concerning glide avalanche formation. However, despite the great progress made in this field of research, there are still some unsolved problems, such as the influence of soil conditions on snow gliding or the prediction of glide avalanches.     

翠华山山崩地质遗迹景观离散元数值模拟

城市地质遗迹景观调查研究是城市地质工作的一项重要内容,而探索地质遗迹景观的成因则是挖掘其科学价值和实施保护措施的关键问题。以中国山崩奇观的翠华山山崩为研究对象,采用典型天然地震记录作为地震输入条件,借助离散元动力分析模块,对翠华山山崩的动力响应规律进行了数值模拟,再现了地震山崩的启动、加速、解体、堆积的全过程。研究结果表明:地震惯性力作用使山体质点加速度和速度产生放大效应,特别是山体顶部的动力放大效应最为显著,加速度放大系数达2.0; 翠花山山崩具有高速远程的特点,其前缘的崩塌体最大水平速度达44ms-1,崩落水平距离达460m,堵塞沟谷形成堰塞湖; 地震山崩的整个破坏过程包括4个阶段,分别为启动阶段、加速阶段、减速阶段和堆积阶段。     

高速远程冰-岩碎屑流研究进展

冰-岩碎屑流是高寒山区陡峭山体斜坡区冰崩、岩崩或滑坡解体后形成的冰屑、岩块和土颗粒混合体高速流动现象.由于裹挟了冰屑,冰-岩碎屑流具有超强的运动性,屡屡引发震惊世人的灾难性事件,是全球气候变暖大背景下地质灾害研究的热点与前沿问题.通过对近40余年来的研究进展进行梳理和评述,指出了冰-岩碎屑流的概念由来和主流定义方法,阐述了其成因机制的气候敏感性,结合典型实例论述了区域发育特征,重点分析了运动特征、减阻机理和冰屑影响机制.冰-岩碎屑流的超强运动性被认为与低摩擦冰减阻机理、摩擦热融减阻机理、侧限约束减阻机理密切相关.冰屑作为材料组分和融水来源,能够降低界面摩擦、改变冰-水-岩相互作用,进而形成复杂的热-水-力耦合作用.今后应加强研究冰-岩碎屑流事件的成因机制和时空分布规律、运动特性和冰屑影响机制、过程演化观测与预警评估技术,以期揭示冰-岩碎屑流运动机理,为冰-岩碎屑流及链生灾害的科学减灾提供有力支撑.      

The strength and weight of evidence in backcountry avalanche forecasting

In North America and Europe, most fatalities due to snow avalanches occur in the backcountry during recreational pursuits. Of these, more than 90% of the fatal avalanches are triggered by the victims themselves. This pattern suggests that the primary cause of avalanche fatalities for human-triggered avalanches is a failure in human perception. For the latter, people thought that the state of stability or instability of the snow cover was different than it actually was. In this paper, the strength and weight of evidence used to make decisions in backcountry travel are discussed from: (a) the perspective of the favored hypothesis to proceed for good recreational enjoyment based on stability evaluation and (b) the null hypothesis based on an assessment of instability. Based on the facts about snow slab avalanche release, it is argued that instability analysis is the best framework for avalanche forecasting, whereas human action is most closely related to the favored hypothesis (stability evaluation). Using scaling laws derived from: (a) fracture mechanics about the size of imperfections causing avalanches and (b) avalanche dimensions, it is suggested that a snow slab could show stability over more than 99% of the total area. From the concepts of Bayesian probability, it is shown that overconfidence about stability can arise when the weight of the likelihood is high and the weight of prior is low. Similarly, underconfidence (excessive conservatism) often results when the weight of the prior is high with little regard for the likelihood, which may be low. Overconfidence about stability is considered to be a prime source of accidents.     

A giant avalanche on K2 mount,Karakorum

On September 16th, 1986, an ice avalanche from a hanging glacier near the K2 peak at 7800 m asl, Karakorum, triggered a massive avalanche of ice and snow. Ice and snow, impacting on the path, formed a dust cloud at the advancing tip. Grounding on the firn basin surface, ice and snow broke into fine powder and covered the whole basin. Fine powder of the dust cloud rose up to 500–600 m and drifted 4–5 km away. On the basis of field observations and measurements, topography and weather, conditions of the avalanche formation are analyzed. Judging by the data obtained, the avalanche was extremely large, its vertical descend being 2500 m, the maximum motion speed 124 m/s, volume of the avalanche mass 2 × 10⁵ m³ to 10⁷ m³, and impact pressure, as the avalanche grounded, 2.3 × 10⁶ Pa. It could have been one of the largest avalanches ever recorded, causing danger for mountaineering and expedition activities in this area.