改进的Sage—Husa自适应滤波在GPS动态导航定位中的应用

本文利用Kalman滤波方法对动态测量进行数据处理,由于高动态的GPS测量,不易确定系统动态噪声和观测噪声.同时标准的Kalman滤波在应用过程中由于状态模型确定的误差存在,滤波效果不佳.因此本文结合动态导航的实时性和高动态性,建立了动态导航系统中滤波状态方程和观测方程,采用改进的Sage-Husa自适应滤波对来进行实时定位数据处理,利用已有测量数据进行了实例分析.改进的Sage-Husa自适应滤波在计算过程中计算量小,结果稳定,有较强的自适应性.     

箭载GPS实时定位滤波算法研究

针对最小二乘在箭载GPS实时弹道参数解算中随机误差较大的不足,将卡尔曼最优估计理论应用于高动态的运载火箭GPS实时定位,设计了一种基于卡尔曼最优估计理论的定位算法,以提高弹道精度和实时定位性能;对算法进行试验,结果表明：与最小二乘法相比,本算法能得到更好的滤波效果,可以有效抑制和减小弹道的随机误差,定位精度有了明显提高,实时性和可靠性进一步增强。为提高火箭GPS数据处理精度提供了一种新的技术途径。     

The confidence evaluation for airborne GPS data

l lntroductionIn the winter Of l989 Wuhan Technical Universi-ty of Surveying and Mapping COntracted withTrimble Navigation Ltd. to purchase fOur TrimbIe4000SST receivers. They were required tO suit theaeriaI phWetric work without intreducing avelocity limitation. In February, l993 twO of thereceivers were uPgraded to provide two eventrnarker plugfords and one pulse Per second(lPPS) output axkets. The uPgradd receivers canincormrate external event markers, e. g. the shutter.oPening …     

GPS单点测速的误差分析及精度评价

首先从理论和实测数据模拟两方面分析了SA取消后各类误差源对GPS测速的影响,推导并计算了GPS单点测速可能达到的精度水平。然后用静态数据模拟动态测速试验和实测动态数据测速与同步高精度惯导测速的动态试验进行验证。结果表明,采用载波相位导出的多普勒观测值使用静态数据模拟动态测速,其精度可以达到mm/s级;用接收机输出的多普勒观测值进行测速时,其精度为cm/s级。在动态测速试验中,GPS单点测速方法（即多普勒观测值测速与导出多普勒观测值测速）间的符合精度达到cm/s级,与高精度的惯导测速结果的符合精度为dm/s级,而且和运动载体的动态条件（如加速度和加速度变化率的大小）具有很强的相关性。     

Accurate absolute GPS positioning through satellite clock error estimation

 An algorithm for very accurate absolute positioning through Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite clock estimation has been developed. Using International GPS Service (IGS) precise orbits and measurements, GPS clock errors were estimated at 30-s intervals. Compared to values determined by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the agreement was at the level of about 0.1 ns (3 cm). The clock error estimates were then applied to an absolute positioning algorithm in both static and kinematic modes. For the static case, an IGS station was selected and the coordinates were estimated every 30 s. The estimated absolute position coordinates and the known values had a mean difference of up to 18 cm with standard deviation less than 2 cm. For the kinematic case, data obtained every second from a GPS buoy were tested and the result from the absolute positioning was compared to a differential GPS (DGPS) solution. The mean differences between the coordinates estimated by the two methods are less than 40 cm and the standard deviations are less than 25 cm. It was verified that this poorer standard deviation on 1-s position results is due to the clock error interpolation from 30-s estimates with Selective Availability (SA). After SA was turned off, higher-rate clock error estimates (such as 1 s) could be obtained by a simple interpolation with negligible corruption. Therefore, the proposed absolute positioning technique can be used to within a few centimeters' precision at any rate by estimating 30-s satellite clock errors and interpolating them. Received: 16 May 2000 / Accepted: 23 October 2000     

考虑随机模型精化的精密GPS动态定位新方法

GPS动态定位要求建立函数模型和随机模型。函数模型描述的是观测值和待估参数之间的物理和几何关系，随机模型描述了GPS观测值的统计特征，并通过观测值的方差协方差给定了每个观测值对最后的定位结果的贡献。正确给定函数模型和随机模型对于GPS定位结果的估计和观测值的粗差探测均至关重要。由于有各种误差存在于伪距和载波相位观测值中，一般GPS动态定位模型均采用双差观测值来构建函数模型。有时候，仔细地使用单差观测值，较之双差观测值有更多的优点，给出了选用单差观测值的理由。但是单差观测值给函数模型带来了接收机钟差，如果直接使用单差观测方程，设计矩阵是奇异的。为了解决这个问题，将伪距观测值中接收机钟差项和接收机延迟项合并为一个新的未知参数。至于载波相位观测值，首先选定一个参考卫星，然后在观测方程的右端同时增加一正一负的参考卫星单差整周模糊度，将正项与接收机钟差项和接收机延迟项合并为一个新的未知参数，将负项和原观测方程中的单差整周模糊度项合并为双差整周模糊度，而参考卫星观测方程的模糊度项则为零，这样无须组建双差观测值，软件实现较容易，也可以直接使用LAMBDA法求整周模糊度，最终也解决了观测方程奇异的问题。准确理解观测值的统计特征是建立GPS随机模型的基础，长期以来GPS商业软件均采用简化模型。关于GPS随机模型的研究远没有函数模型那样受到广泛关注，静态GPS定位可以采用方差协方差分量估计等严密的方法，而动态定位无法承担方差协方差分量估计的计算负担。GPS观测值的信噪比(SNR)是GPS接收机观测过程中的副产品，影响SNR值的因素，如大气层、多路径、接收机内部电路等，也正好是GPS观测值的误差源，因此GPS观测值的方差与SNR存在一定的对应关系。利用这个对应关系来精化GPS随机模型。为了验证本文采用的函数模型的正确性和随机模型的有效性，我们对1999年的一次实测数据(包括零基线和短基线)进行了试算。与零基线的真值和GPSurvey 2．35处理的短基线静态结果比较，表明使用的函数模型是正确的。简化随机模型和精化随机模型处理的结果比较说明精化模型提高了基线处理的精度，同时说明了研究GPS随机模型精化的必要性。     

改进的高动态GPS定位自适应卡尔曼滤波方法

本文针对高动态ＧＰＳ不易确定动态噪声和观测噪声的特点,提出了一种适用于高动态ＧＰＳ定位的改进的自适应卡尔曼滤波方法。该方法具有数值稳定性好,存储量小的优点,克服了发散的缺点,具有较强的自适应性。     

关于GPS高程测量精度的分析比较*

通过对联测了25个四等水准的GPS点,分别用平面拟合模型和曲面拟合模型解算各点的正常高与四等水准结果比较,得出一些有益的结论,对GPS的实际生产具有一定的指导意义.     

Improved GRACE kinematic orbit determination using GPS receiver clock modeling

Kinematic positions of Low Earth Orbiters based on GPS tracking are frequently used as pseudo-observations for single satellite gravity field determination. Unfortunately, the accuracy of the satellite trajectory is partly limited because the receiver synchronization error has to be estimated along with the kinematic coordinates at every observation epoch. We review the requirements for GPS receiver clock modeling in Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and analyze its impact on kinematic orbit determination for the two satellites of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission using both simulated and real data. We demonstrate that a piecewise linear parameterization can be used to model the ultra-stable oscillators that drive the GPS receivers on board of the GRACE satellites. Using such a continuous clock model allows position estimation even if the number of usable GPS satellites drops to three and improves the robustness of the solution with respect to outliers. Furthermore, simulations indicate a potential accuracy improvement of the satellite trajectory of at least 40 % in the radial direction and up to 7 % in the along-track and cross-track directions when a 60-s piecewise linear clock model is estimated instead of epoch-wise independent receiver clock offsets. For PPP with real GRACE data, the accuracy evaluation is hampered by the lack of a reference orbit of significantly higher accuracy. However, comparisons with a smooth reduced-dynamic orbit indicate a significant reduction of the high-frequency noise in the radial component of the kinematic orbit.     

基于GPS RTK的过江隧道测图研究与应用

过江隧道测图包括1∶500陆上地形测量和隧道穿越的水下地形测量。陆上地形测量采用GPS RTK或全站仪全野外数据采集,水下地形测量采用GPS RTK配合测深仪进行全野外数据采集。本文以珠海市十字门过江隧道工程为背景,介绍了过江隧道1∶500地形图成图方法,特别是水下地形测量的方法和应用,建立了完整的技术流程,得到符合精度要求的十字门过江隧道测绘成果数据,可为GPS RTK配合测深仪的无人船在水下地形地貌测绘、航道测量、水下地质勘探等领域应用提供理论和实践参考。     

北斗/GPS实时精密卫星钟差融合解算模型及精度分析

实时GNSS精密单点定位(PPP)技术必须使用实时的高精度卫星精密轨道和钟差。本文研究了精密卫星钟差融合解算模型及策略,并利用滤波算法实现了北斗/GPS实时精密卫星钟差融合估计算法。仿真实时试验结果显示:获得的北斗/GPS实时钟差与GFZ事后多GNSS精密钟差(GBM)的标准差在0.15 ns左右;使用该钟差进行GPS动态PPP试验,收敛后水平精度优于5 cm,高程精度优于10 cm;使用仿真实时钟差进行的北斗动态PPP与使用GFZ事后多GNSS精密钟差开展的试验相比精度相当,可实现分米级定位。     

将GPS广播星历算法作为低轨卫星动力学模型的综合定轨方法

根据GPS广播星历算法的预报特性和自适应抗差滤波原理,提出了一种将GPS广播星历算法作为低轨卫星动力学模型的自适应抗差滤波综合定轨方法。计算结果表明,所提出的自适应抗差滤波综合定轨方法不仅充分利用了几何观测信息,而且通过自适应因子合理地控制了不可靠的广播星历预报信息对滤波解的贡献,有效地保证了定轨的精度和可靠性。     

GPS水准高程在大比例尺地形测量中的精度分析

主要介绍了GPS工程的拟合的原理与方法,结合具体说明了GPS水准高程在大比例地形测量中的可行性,并对其方法的精度进行分析讨论,为以后GPS在地形测量中的运用提供了理论依据,为在地形测量中提高GPS的精度提出了相关政策.     

Modelling local GPS/levelling geoid undulations using artificial neural networks

The use of GPS for establishing height control in an area where levelling data are available can involve the so-called GPS/levelling technique. Modelling of the GPS/levelling geoid undulations has usually been carried out using polynomial surface fitting, least-squares collocation (LSC) and finite-element methods. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have recently been used for many investigations, and proven to be effective in solving complex problems represented by noisy and missing data. In this study, a feed-forward ANN structure, learning the characteristics of the training data through the back-propagation algorithm, is employed to model the local GPS/levelling geoid surface. The GPS/levelling geoid undulations for Istanbul, Turkey, were estimated from GPS and precise levelling measurements obtained during a field study in the period 1998–99. The results are compared to those produced by two well-known conventional methods, namely polynomial fitting and LSC, in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) that ranged from 3.97 to 5.73 cm. The results show that ANNs can produce results that are comparable to polynomial fitting and LSC. The main advantage of the ANN-based surfaces seems to be the low deviations from the GPS/levelling data surface, which is particularly important for distorted levelling networks.     

利用浮动车GPS轨迹识别与提取城市道路交叉口

道路交叉口作为道路交汇的枢纽,是路网的重要组成部分,也是最重要的基础地理信息数据之一。浮动车GPS数据具有易获取、低成本和数据量大等优点,但工作同时伴随不少噪点。为了降低噪点对交叉口提取过程的影响,提高计算效率,本文运用KNN算法建立空间索引;计算向量夹角,判定道路出入口,粗筛取交叉口附近点;分别采用K-means算法、DBSCAN算法和层次算法进行聚类分析,进一步确定交叉口位置。最后以成都某区域浮动车GPS数据为例,提取道路交叉口并进行了对比分析,进一步表明本文方法可以服务于智能交通研究与应用。     

基于卡尔曼滤波的GPS静态定位精度分析

GPS静态定位精度是实现精密测量的关键。简要介绍了GPS静态定位原理和卡尔曼滤波技术,针对GPS信号噪声特点,建立GPS静态定位数据处理的数学模型,设计卡尔曼滤波算法,通过对三种定位方式的实测数据进行比较分析,得出相关结论,为工程应用提供有益的参考。     

GNSS联合全站仪在新农村建设中实现地面数字测图

介绍了在新农村建设测图中采用GPS静态模式进行首级控制测量,采用GPS RTK模式进行图根控制测量,以及采用GPS RTK模式联合全站仪进行地形数据采集,利用计算机成图软件快速、高效地实现新农村测图的一种全新的测图方法.     

一种基于Bancroft算法的GPS动态抗差自适应滤波

基于抗差自适应滤波的思想，结合非线性Bancroft算法的特点，提出了一种基于Bancroft算法的GPS动态抗差自适应滤波。计算表明，该算法不仅在一定程度上减弱了由于线性化忽略高次项对导航解的影响，而且再次证实抗差自适应滤波在控制扰动异常的有效性和合理性。     

GPS RTK与区域大地水准面精化技术代替数字测图中的控制测量的应用探讨

通过GPS RTK与区域大地水准面精化技术和导线测量技术在大比例尺地形测量控制中得到的成果的对比试验,表明GPS RTK技术在精化大地水准面基础上可以代替数字测图中的控制测量,并提出注意的问题。     

用BP网络预测GPS最佳外业观测时间

本文在简述影响GPS外业观测时间的因素和BP网络误差反向传播算法后,着重讲述了如何建立预测GPS外业观测时间的BP网络模型。实际数据表明该网络在实践中具有一定的可行性,能提高工作效率。