贝类养殖环境安全评价及其监控体系技术研究的探讨

受陆源排污、渔船作业及海水增养殖自身污染等共同影响所导致的养殖海域污染加剧、生态环境恶化等一系列问题,将严重威胁养殖贝类的质量,并制约着我国海水贝类养殖业的健康持续发展。针对这一问题,文章结合正在开展的我国海洋公益性行业科研专项,对我国重点海域贝类养殖环境安全评价及其监控体系技术研究作一分析和探讨,并简要介绍了该公益项目的立项背景、研究内容和目的,同时指出现阶段我们必须阐明海洋环境对养殖贝类质量的影响,并将环境因素纳入到养殖贝类质量监控过程之中,开发全新的贝类养殖环境安全评价和监控体系技术,才是保证未来海水贝类养殖业持续、健康发展的必然之路。     

双壳贝类同化率研究进展

通过研究双壳贝类同化率和环境因子的关系,探索最适养殖环境,可以为人工控制条件养殖双壳贝类提供理论依据;同时,可判断一个海区对双壳贝类养殖的适宜情况,为选择适宜养殖海区及确定养殖模式提供依据。双壳贝类除了对海区浮游植物和有机碎屑等贝类饵料有影响外,对生物沉积也有重要作用。双壳贝类通过滤水作用摄食海水中浮游植物和有机碎屑,又通过排粪作用(假粪和粪便)和排泄作用把废物排入海中,从而影响海区中营养盐的组成和分布,严重时造成局部海区富营养化,成为引发赤潮的一种诱因。双壳贝类排粪量的多少与同化率高低有关。因此,双壳贝类…     

滤食性贝类摄食生理的研究进展

近年来随着养殖环境的恶化及贝类产量的持续下降 ,人们越来越重视对这些经济贝类的繁殖生物学、生理能量学以及对养殖区水体养殖容量的估算等方面的研究。其中对滤食性贝类摄食生理的研究是上述研究中的一个重要内容 ,它不但可以帮助人们了解贝类在不同环境条件下的摄食生理状况 ,还在育苗、预算个体的生长潜力和产量、估算海区养殖容量中起重要作用。本文介绍了滤食性贝类摄食机制、对食物颗粒的选择性、摄食节律、环境因子对摄食生理的影响及最近用于滤食性贝类摄食生理研究的新技术方法等几方面内容 ,并就描述滤食性贝类摄食生理的几个参…     

贝类养殖对海湾生态系统的影响

本文描述了海水养殖贝类生态的主要特点,重点讨论了高密度贝类生物沉降过程以及对浮游植物的摄食控制等过程的生态效应。通过文献综述和个例分析,论述了贝类养殖对海湾生态系统的影响。本研究对贝类养殖业持续发展及沿海环境的保护均具有重要意义,文中还就今后的研究及方法学提出了建议。     

贝类净化技术研究现状与展望

随着养殖水域环境问题日益凸显,贝类食品安全问题越来越受到重视,贝类在进入流通环节前进行净化将成为不可缺少的处理环节。本文从贝类净化工艺类型、净化用水处理技术,以及贝类净化对风味的影响等方面对当前国内外研究进展进行了总结梳理,并提出下一步贝类净化应重点解决的问题,为深入开展贝类净化相关研究提供参考。     

环境因子对贝类累积溶解态重金属的影响

对溶解态重金属的吸收是贝类累积重金属的重要来源之一,易受到生物因素和非生物因素的影响。综述溶解氧、温度、空气预暴露、化学物质预暴露等环境因子,诱导的机体代谢过程的改变,对溶解态重金属的累积和转运过程的影响。强调了贝类对溶解态重金属的转运除了被动转运之外,还涉及到需要ATP供能的主动转运过程。     

滤食性贝类对养殖海区环境影响的研究进展

贝类是世界海水养殖的重要组成部分,目前已形成产业的养殖种类多达30余种[4]。以牡蛎养殖等为代表的贝类养殖业,在国内外均有悠久的历史。贝类养殖形式主要有3种:潮间带和潮下带的底播养殖、潮间带插桩养殖和浅海筏式养殖。贝类养殖发展规模日趋扩大,但由于忽视长远的生态效益和社会效益,使得某些海区自身污染加重,生态系统失衡,对养殖海区的影响也逐渐引起了人们的重视。有关滤食性贝类自然种群对海区影响的研究始于50年代,主要研究的对象是贻贝(Mytilusedulis,Pernacanaliculus等)、牡蛎(Crassostreavirginica等)和扇贝(Chlamysislandic…     

滩涂贝类养殖环境研究现状与展望

沿海滩涂作为海岸带的重要组成部分,具有重要的生态以及社会、经济价值.滩涂贝类养殖是滩涂开发的主要方式之一,但是伴随其养殖规模的扩大,滩涂底质的老化,以及陆源污染的加剧,滩涂贝类养殖环境日益恶化,贝类病害日趋严重,严重阻碍了滩涂贝类养殖业的进一步发展.为研究滩涂贝类养殖环境的可开发空间,分别从滩涂养殖环境中的微生物、底栖...     

养殖贝类碳汇价格核算研究

养殖贝类是最有效的生物固碳方式之一,其碳汇功能作为海洋生态系统功能的一部分,兼具生态和经济属性,碳汇价格的核算可为海水贝类养殖产业补贴提供数据参考,提高碳汇养殖产业的生产积极性,对海洋GEP核算等提供一定借鉴。目前碳汇价格研究较为缺乏,碳汇价格受限于碳汇计量方法的不完善,因此文章基于碳储量变化原理,对养殖环境中的养殖贝类固碳基础公式进行改进,补充了附着贝类固碳与生物沉积物固碳两个计算参数,以此为切入点选取并改进海洋牧场碳汇定价方法,以东方云溪海洋牧场作为研究区进行案例计算,结果为：海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝与褶牡蛎的碳汇价格分别为165元/t、185元/t和272元/t;使用改进后的碳汇计量方法得到的养殖贝类单位个体固碳量较高,其中生物沉积固碳对提高单位个体固碳量的作用最为突出,约占贝类自身固碳的91%,主要与养殖海域的水文条件有关;较高的固碳量形成了较低的碳汇价格,固碳量与成本收益因素共同影响养殖贝类的碳汇价格;长远来看,碳汇价格会随着固碳计量的愈加完善而降低。     

贝类养殖风险控制体系建设的基本构想

随着贝类养殖技术的提高,贝类养殖种类与养殖方式日趋多元化,养殖规模逐步扩大,养殖产量不断增加,现已成为中国水产养殖的重要组成部分。基于对中国贝类养殖发展现状的分析,将贝类养殖风险归纳为自然、生态、经济社会与技术风险等四类,并对四大风险的来源进行了深入分析,提出了建立贝类养殖"一体两翼"风险控制体系的基本构想。最后,从政府扶持、团队建设、科技攻关、融资等方面提出了保障措施与建议。     

南方典型富营养化海区生态修复技术与策略

陆源排污和海水养殖等经常造成近海富营养化。选用大型海藻或大型海藻与贝类组成的复合生态系统开展富营养化海区生态修复,在介绍富营养化海区特征及治理方法的基础上,分析不同修复生物及其组合对不同富营养化海区的适宜性。结果表明,贝类不宜单独作为修复生物;大型海藻可以有效吸收水中的溶解无机氮(DIN)、溶解无机磷(DIP),提高溶解氧(DO)浓度,是良好的富营养化海区修复生物。贝藻复合生态系统适宜在营养盐和颗粒物含量较高的海区开展生态修复。针对两种典型的富营养化海区(网箱养殖区、污水排放区),制定不同的生态修复技术和策略,介绍不同修复技术的修复生物品种选择、修复时间、养殖筏架、密度控制、操作方法与实施效果等,具有较好的应用前景,可为富营养化海区的生态修复研究与实践提供参考。     

A multibiomarker approach in the clam Ruditapes decussatus to assess the impact of pollution in the Ria Formosa lagoon,South Coast of Portugal

The Ria Formosa lagoon is an ecosystem whose water quality reflects the anthropogenic influence upon the surrounding areas. In this lagoon, the clam Ruditapes decussatus has a great economical importance and has been widely used as a biomonitor. A multibiomarker approach (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, metallothionein, lipid peroxidation, acetylcholinesterase, alkali-labile phosphates, DNA damage) was applied to assess the environmental quality of this ecosystem and the accumulation of contaminants and their potential adverse effects on clams. Clams were sampled in different shellfish beds in the period between July 2007 and December 2008 and abiotic parameters (temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen of seawater and organic matter in the sediment), condition index, metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb), TBTs and PAHs concentrations were measured in clam tissues. Data was integrated using Principal Component Analyses and biomarker indices: IBR (Integrated Biomarker Response) and HSI (Health Status Index). This multibiomarker approach enabled discrimination of a time and space trend between sites with different degrees of anthropogenic contamination, identifying one of them (site 2) as the most stressful and summer months as the most critical period for clams due to an increase of environmental stress (anthropogenic pressure along with extreme environmental conditions, e.g. temperature, dissolved oxygen, organic matter in the sediments, etc). The selected biomarkers provided an integrated response to assess the environmental quality of the system, proving to be a useful approach when complex mixtures of contaminants occur.     

厦门沿岸海域贝类适养面积和可养量的估算

分析了厦门沿岸海域贝类养殖的发展与现状及其目前面临的主要问题。通过统计分析估计了贝类的适养面积,应用能流分析法和营养动态模式估算了贝类的可养量。估算结果贝类的适养面积约５５００ｈｍ＾２,可养殖量为１００２２５ｔ。     

Benthic response to shellfish farming in Thau lagoon: Pore water signature

Vertical distributions of dissolved species across the sediment–water interface (SWI), including major cations (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium), minor cations (lithium, strontium, barium), redox sensitive species (dissolved manganese, iron, sulfate, sulfide, ammonium) and other chemical parameters (pH, alkalinity, soluble reactive phosphorous, dissolved silica) were studied in a Mediterranean lagoon used for intensive shellfish farming. In order to quantify the impact of this activity on diagenetic processes and the influence of seasonal changes, two stations contrasted with respect to organic carbon fluxes were sampled in Thau lagoon from March 2001 to August 2002 during four field campaigns in winter, spring, summer and fall. Well-defined layers enriched with redox sensitive species were observed following the conventional sequence of early diagenetic reactions. However, differences were observed between both stations in depths and thickness layers. Concentration gradients extended down to more than 92 cm depth at the central position of the lagoon (station C4 – 8 m depth) and down to 40 cm depth inside shellfish farming zones (station C5 – 9 m depth). Station C4 showed an unusual diagenetic signature: sharp dissolved oxygen, iron, nitrate and manganese gradients existed at the SWI but gradients of dissolved sulfide and alkalinity as well as other parameters (dissolved silica, Ba, etc.) were recorded only from 25 to 30 cm depth downward. Seasonal changes were observed in pore water composition as deep as 30–50 cm in station C4 (only 15 cm in station C5). The center of the lagoon is not directly subjected to biodeposits deriving from shellfish activity. Isotopic and bioturbation data allowed to rule out a reworking of the sediment deeper than a few centimeters. In addition to organic content of the sediment, physical parameters were likely to induce the 10–20 cm gap between dissolved iron and sulfide profile as well as the higher vertical extent of diagenetic sequence observed at station C4. Conversely to station C5, station C4 underwent stronger currents and wave effect probably generating advective transport of water through the sediment, but no permeability data were available to confirm this hypothesis. During summer, climatic conditions generated vertical stratification of the water column and transient suboxic conditions at the bottom. Such conditions drove the upward shift of redox fronts, compacting the diagenetic sequence. These effects were reinforced at station C5 by shellfish and its farm structures (mainly attenuation of current and increased heat absorption).     

厦门海域贝类养殖环境中的大肠菌群和异养细菌

2005年和2006年春季(4月)和秋季(10月)研究了厦门海域贝类养殖环境(海水、底质)和养殖贝类中大肠菌群(TC)和异养细菌(HB)数量分布及其在不同介质中数量之间的相关性,并对贝类养殖环境卫生质量进行了评价。结果表明:潮间带贝类养殖区TC数量较高,虾池和浅海贝类养殖区的较低;虾池贝类养殖区HB数量较高,潮间带和浅海贝类养殖区的较低。总体上,厦门海域贝类养殖环境中TC和HB数量分布呈同安湾湾内和西海域高,同安湾湾口和大嶝海域低的格局。大多数站位海水中TC和HB数量春季稍高于秋季,养殖贝类体中TC和HB数量秋季高于春季,底质中HB数量春、秋季无明显差异,TC数量则秋季稍高于春季。浅海和虾池贝类养殖区海水与贝类、底质与贝类中TC和HB的数量之间均成显著正相关。贝类养殖区底质中HB和TC数量,软泥>粉砂质软泥>粉砂,贝类体内器官组织中HB和TC数量,僧帽牡蛎:外套膜>外套腔液>内脏团;缢蛏和菲律宾蛤仔:外套腔液>外套膜>内脏团。厦门海域贝类养殖环境受到TC和HB不同程度的污染,潮间带贝类养殖区和虾池贝类养殖区分别受到TC和HB的较重污染。     

胶州湾扇贝养殖对海域环境影响的初步研究

在2004年11月17日对胶州湾西部扇贝养殖区及周围海区进行的综合海洋环境调查的基础上,分析了胶州湾秋季扇贝养殖区与非养殖区的海洋环境状况,初步探讨了扇贝养殖在收获期对养殖区环境的影响。胶州湾养殖区表层水中COD和无机营养盐含量,除了NO2 -N的变化不明显外,均高于非养殖区的值。养殖区底层水中溶解氧含量和表层沉积物中硫化物的含量均明显超标。因此,肢州湾的扇贝养殖在收获期对环境的影响也是综合性的,且养殖海域的环境同时受陆源、水动力状况及养殖活动的综合影响。     

大鹏澳养殖区柱状沉积物中氮、磷的分布特征及污染状况研究

为研究海水养殖对海湾沉积物的累积影响, 对大亚湾的大鹏澳养殖区沉积物柱状样中总氮、总磷和有机碳的含量及剖面分布特征进行了研究, 并探讨了海水养殖区沉积物中氮、磷的污染状况。结果表明, 网箱养殖区、贝类养殖区和对照区等3个区域柱状样中总氮的含量范围分别为638.2—3803.9mg.kg-1、740.9—2152.1mg.kg-1和343.2—471.9mg.kg-1, 总磷的含量范围分别为344.7—3233.9mg.kg-1、297.9—497.5mg.kg-1和650.2—1327.2 mg.kg-1, 有机碳的含量范围分别为0.96%—2.22%、0.87%—1.13%和0.69%—0.95%。该三个因子的含量均从底层至表层呈增加趋势, 但网箱养殖区上层增加幅度最为剧烈, 贝类区次之, 对照区变化幅度最小。所有柱状样中, 总氮含量均超标, 但网箱养殖区总氮污染最为严重, 贝类养殖区次之, 对照区最轻; 网箱养殖区的总磷在上层的不同深度超标, 而贝类养殖区及对照区柱状样的总磷含量均未超标。     

基于浮标监测的连云港近海紫菜养殖区水环境特征

为促进海洋渔业经济的健康可持续发展，文章以连云港高公岛附近的紫菜养殖区为研究区域，利用海洋环境综合监测浮标实时监测水环境和气象数据，采用定性和定量相结合的方法，分析紫菜养殖区海域的水温、电导率、水压、溶解氧浓度、pH值、盐度、叶绿素浓度和浊度等水环境因子的统计和变化特征及其相关性，在此基础上分析气象条件对水环境因子的影响。研究结果表明：研究区域的水温和盐度适宜紫菜养殖，浊度属于强变异性；水温和电导率整体呈逐渐升高的趋势，溶解氧浓度和pH值呈逐渐降低的趋势，其他水环境因子呈波动状态；水压的变化与气压具有一致性，水体未受到溶解氧和酸碱污染；水温与电导率之间存在较强的正相关性，水温与溶解氧浓度和pH值之间存在较强的负相关性，pH值与叶绿素浓度和盐度之间存在较强的正相关性；气象条件对水环境因子存在一定的影响，海上大风导致水体浊度陡增。     

不同池塘养殖模式的环境氮磷负荷及其水质特征

2008年3月至2009年1月研究了广东海丰县东关联安围湿地两种投饵养殖模式——对虾主养(半集约化养殖)和虾蟹混养(半集约化养殖)海水池塘的环境氮磷负荷和养殖水体氮磷含量的周年变化情况,并以不投饵的塭围虾贝混养(粗放式养殖)模式为对照。3种模式中,池塘单位面积环境氮、磷负荷以对虾主养模式最高,分别为36.52 kg/hm2和7.39 kg/hm2;虾蟹混养模式次之,分别为1.49 kg/hm2和0.52kg/hm2;而塭围虾贝混养模式最低,分别为–2.47 kg/hm2和–0.34 kg/hm2。每月1次对3种模式养殖过程中水体的总氮、硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮、氨氮和总磷及磷酸盐含量进行监测,结果表明,与养殖环境氮磷负荷大小相对应,塭围虾贝混养池塘水质最好,虾蟹混养池塘次之,而对虾主养池塘水质最差,这种现象尤其在养殖后期更为明显。     

Changes of seawater quality in Ofunto Bay,Iwate, after the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake

Ofunato Bay was a semi-closed area because of the breakwater effect at the entrance; however, the breakwater was destroyed by a massive tsunami generated by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Consequently, the physical environment of Ofunato Bay has been changed significantly, i.e., the modification of the stratified structure of seawater inside the bay and the intermittent intrusion of seawater outside the bay. These alterations of physical environment are considered to have an influence on the chemical and biological environment in Ofunato Bay. To elucidate the influence of the tsunami on the aquatic environment, we measured dissolved nutrients, chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen concentrations, and heterotrophic bacteria abundance inside and outside of Ofunato Bay from 2012 to 2014, and compared these data with those obtained before the earthquake. As compared with before the earthquake, significant changes after the earthquake were (1) decrease of ammonium and phosphate concentrations, (2) increase of chlorophyll a concentration, (3) increase of dissolved oxygen concentration in the bottom, and (4) decrease of heterotrophic bacteria abundance. The collapse of the breakwater and consequential enhanced water exchange were considered to have brought the decrease of nutrient concentration inside the bay. Furthermore, washout of shellfish mariculture rafts by the tsunami decreased the shellfish biodeposits along with the elution of nutrients by heterotrophic bacteria. Decrease of cultivated shellfish further caused a decline in feeding pressure on phytoplankton and, subsequently, increased the phytoplankton biomass that contributed to the decrease of nutrients inside the bay.