中国人文地理综合区划的生成过程与方案（英文）

The comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography is based on the rules governing regional differentiation of Chinese physical geographic factors. Based on regional differences and similarities in human factors, this study divides the whole country into two levels of relatively independent, complete and organically linked human geographic units. As a fundamental, comprehensive, cutting-edge, practical and important task, the comprehensive regionalization of human geography highlights the characteristics, regional and sub-regional features, complexity and variety of spatial differences between factors of Chinese human geography. It is capable of promoting the development of human geography based on local conditions, providing basic scientific support to national and local development strategies, such as the Belt and Road Strategy, new urbanization and environmental awareness, and creating a sound geopolitical environment in key areas. Using results from existing physical and human geographic zoning studies, and in accordance with the principles of synthesis, dominant factors, the relative consistency of the natural environment, the relative consistency of social and economic development, the consistency of the regional cultural landscape, the continuity of spatial distribution and the integrity of county-level administrative divisions, and taking as its basis the division of human geography into 10 major factors(nature, economy, population, culture, ethnicity, agriculture, transportation, urbanization, the settlement landscape and administrative divisions), this paper constructs an index system for the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography through a combination of top-down and bottom-up zoning and spatial clustering analysis. In this study, Chinese human geography is divided into eight regions and 66 sub-regions. The eight human geography regions are(Ⅰ) Northeast China,(Ⅱ) North China,(Ⅲ) East China,(Ⅳ) Central China,(Ⅴ) South China,(Ⅵ) Northwest China,(Ⅶ) Southwest China, and(Ⅷ) Qinghai and Tibet. This zoning proposal fills gaps in studies involving the non-comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography. Each human geography region and sub-region has different topographical, climatic, ecological, population, urbanization, economic development, settlement landscape, regional cultural and ethno-religious attributes. This proposal on the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography dovetails closely with previous studies on comprehensive regionalization in Chinese physical geography, Chinese economic zoning, and Chinese agricultural zoning. It shows that, under the dual roles of nature and humans, there are certain rules of regional differentiation that govern the comprehensive regionalization of Chinese human geography.     

Storm-scale ensemble forecast based on breeding of growth modes

How to obtain fast-growth errors, which is comparable to the actual forecast growth error, is a crucial problem in ensemble forecast (EF). The method, Breeding of Growth Modes (BGM), which has been used to generate perturbations for medium-range EF at NCEP, simulates the development of fast-growth errors in the analysis cycle, and is a reasonable choice in capturing growing errors modes, especially for extreme weather by BGM. An ideal supercell storm, simulated by Weather Research Forecast model (WRF), occurred in central Oklahoma on 20 May 1977. This simulation was used to study the application of BGM methods in the meso-scale strong convective Ensemble Prediction System (EPS). We compared the forecasting skills of EPS by different pertubation methods, like Monte-Carlo and BGM. The results show that the ensemble average forecast based on Monte-Carlo with statistics meaning is superior to the single-deterministic prediction, but a less dynamic process of the method leads to a smaller spread than expected. The fast-growth errors of BGM are comparable to the actual short-range forecast error and a more appropriate ensemble spread. Considering evaluation indexes and scores, the forecast skills of EPS by BGM is higher than Monte-Carlo’s. Furthermore, various breeding cycles have different effects on precipitation and non-precipitation fields, confirmation of reasonable cycles need consider balance between variables.     

从对地观测到对人观测——浅析社会地理计算

It is possible to obtain vast amounts of spatiotemporal data related to human activities to support the study of human behavior and social evolution.In this context,geography,with the human-nature relationship as its core,is undergoing a transition from strictly earth observations to the observation of human activities.Geocomputation for social science is one manifestation thereof.Geocomputation for social science is an interdisciplinary approach combining remote sensing techniques,social science,and big data computation.Driven by the availability of spatially and temporally expansive big data,geocomputation for social science uses spatiotemporal statistical analyses to detect and analyze the interactions between human behavior,the natural environment,and social activities;Remote sensing(RS)observations are used as primary data.Geocomputation for social science can be used to investigate major social issues and to assess the impact of major natural and societal events,and will surely be an area of focused development in geography in the near future.We briefly review the background of geocomputation in the social sciences,discuss its definition and disciplinary characteristics,and highlight the main research foci.Several key technologies and applications are also illustrated with relevant case studies of the Syrian Civil War,typhoon transits,and traffic patterns.     

长沙市人居环境与经济协调发展的不确定性评价(英文)

The coordinated development of human settlement environment and economy is of vital significance to urban sustainable development and urban ecosystem health. Urban human settlement and economic systems exist in urban ecosystems, which are a structural complexity. Therefore the research is being challenged by some uncertain factors between human settlements and economic systems. However most of the researches were focused on its determinate objective aspects and qualitative analyses while less concern on the quantitative evaluation of coordinated development of urban human settlement environment and economy, especially little on its uncertain aspect. At present, the urgent task is to study the coordinated development of urban settlement environment and economy in terms of the effect of uncertainty. This study analyzed the uncertain characteristics, which would be confronted at different stages, such as confirming the index categories, their bound values, and their construction rate, etc. According to the actual urban conditions, many construction principles based on uncertainties are put forward and an indicating system for human settlement and economic evaluation is established. Moreover, the application of fuzzy mathematics presents a new method and a calculation model for the comprehensive assessment of the coordinated development of urban human settlement environment and economy. The application of the method and model in Changsha city of China showed that the assessment results can reflect not only the overall coordination degree of the city, but also the mode of interactive mechanism between urban economic system and human settlement environment.     

塔里木河流域绿洲城镇发展与水土资源效益分析(英文)

This paper examines the spatial pattern of land and water resources as well as urbanization and their interactions in the Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, China. In order to do so, we extract the data associated with efficiency of land and water resources and urbanization for the years of 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008. Specifically the paper investigates the extent to which agglomeration of population and economic activities varies geographically and interplays with spatial pattern of resources efficiency through computation of Global Moran’s I index, Getis-Ord Gi* index and a coordinated development model. The method used provides clear evidence that urbanization, land and water resources efficiency have shown uneven spatial pattern due to oasis distribution, climate, and initial phase of urban development. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) Agglomeration and dispersion of urbanization are not consistent with those of land and water resources efficiency.(2) Evolution of the hot and cold spots of urbanization, and land and water resources efficiency, in different trajectories, indicate that there are no significant interactions between them.(3) The evidence that numbers of hot and cold spots of the three factors present varying structures reveals the dominance of unequal urban development in the study area.(4) Significant differences are also found between sub-river basins in terms of the three factors, which is a reflection of the complex physical geography of the area.(5) The degree of coordinated development of cities in the Tarim River Basin is generally low in part as a reflection of difference in spatial patterns of the three factors. It is also shown that the pattern of the degree of coordinated development is relatively stable compared with evolution of hot and cold spots of the three factors.     

中国天气发生器的降水模拟

A stochastic model for daily precipitation simulation in China was developed based on the framework of a ‘Richardson-type‘ weather generator that is an important tool in studying impacts of weather/climate on a variety of systems including ecosystem and risk assessment. The purpose of this work is to develop a weather generator for applications in China. The focus is on precipitation simulation since determination of other weather variables such as temperature is dependent on precipitation simulation. A framework of first order Markov Chain with Gamma Distribution for daily precipitation is adopted in this work. Based on this framework, four parameters of precipitation simulation for each month at 672 stations all over China were determined using daily precipitation data from 1961 to 2000. Compared with previous works, our estimation for the parameters was made for more stations and longer observations, which makes the weather generator more applicable and reliable. Spatial distributions of the four parameters are analyzed in a regional climate context. The seasonal variations of these parameters at five stations representing regional differences are discussed.Based on the estimated monthly parameters at 672 stations, daily precipitations for any period can be simulated. A 30-year simulation was made and compared with observations during 1971-2000 in terms of annual and monthly statistics. The results are satisfactory, which demonstrates the usefulness of the weather generator.     

根据土壤化学特征划分伏牛山亚热带北界

The boundary between subtropical zone and temperate zone is not only important in physical geography, but also attractive in agricultural production. Seven soil profiles studied in this paper are placed along the southern slope of Funiu Mountain at different heights above sea level.Many compositions and properties of these soils have been determined in laboratory. In this paper,the laws of migration and accumulation of soil materials on the southern slope of Funiu Mountain are discussed first, then the division of the boundary between subtropical zone and temperate zone in this area according to soil geochemistry is discussed with qualitative methods and mathematical classification method in which twelve selected indexes such as Km, Saf, Ba, β, Feo/Fet, Mno/Mnt and so on are used. The result indicates that the boundary between subtropical zone and temperate zone on the southern slope of Funiu Mountain is about 950 m above sea level.     

Climate change and multi-dimensional sustainable urbanization

Global large-scale urbanization and climate change have become indisputable scientific facts yet are unresolved issues, and are a common concern for mankind. The relationship between these two topics is unclear and it is not known how to deal appropriately at the scientific level with climate change in the process of urbanization. Further exploration of the science, management and practice, are needed to achieve global and regional sustainadevelopment. This paper first considers the basic facts concerning mass urbanization and climate change and summarizes the interactions and possible mechanisms of urbanization and climate change. Urbanization leads to the heat island effect, an uneven distribution of precipitation and extreme weather, together with a local-regional-global multi-scale superposition effect, which aggravates the consequences of global climate change. The impact of climate change on urbanization is mainly manifested in aspects such as changes of energy consumption, mortality, and the spread of infectious diseases, sea level rise, extreme weather damage to infrastructure, and water shortages. This paper also briefly reviews relevant international research programs and action coalitions and puts forward an analysis framework multi-dimensional sustainable urbanization which can adapt to and mitigate climate change, from the perspective of the four key dimensions—population, land use, economy, and society. It is imperative that we strengthen the interdisciplinary activities involving the natural and social sciences, take urbanization and other human activities into consideration of the land-atmosphere system, and explore the human-land-atmosphere coupling process. The adaptation and mitigation from the perspective of human activities, as represented by urbanization, might be the most critical and realistic way to deal with climate change.     

Impact of farmer households’ livelihood assets on their options of economic compensation patterns for cultivated land protection简

With rapid urbanization and the socio-economic transformation, cultivated land protection has gradually become a major concern in China. The economic compensation plays a crucial role in promoting cultivated land protection and improving the utilization ratio of cultivated land. Farmer household＇s satisfaction has a great influence on the effectiveness of compensation. Therefore, households＇ willingness to select the economic compensation pattern for cultivated land protection has been considered and re-examined. By employing Participatory Rural Appraisal method （PRA）, 3 villages and 392 households were investigated and sampled in mesa and hilly areas of Chongqing. Then a quantitative analysis framework of household livelihood hexagon has been developed to quantify the livelihood assets of differ- ent farmer households. Finally, the Gray Relation Model and Probit Regression Model have been employed to explore the coupling relationship between the household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern options. The results show that there are both qualitative and spatial heterogeneity in household livelihood assets. We found that the inequality of livelihood assets is evident for five household types. There is a spatial trend that the higher the eleva- tion, the less livelihood assets are. In addition, their options of economic compensation pat- tern vary from Chengdu Pattern to Foshan Pattern due to their difference in livelihood assets and difference in location. In detail, there is a coupling relationship between household live- lihood assets and their compensation pattern; negative correlation is observed between natural assets value and household pattern options, while the other livelihood assets have positive impacts on compensation pattern in varying degrees, which from the top are psy- chological assets, human assets, physical assets, financial assets, and social assets respec- tively. A conceptual compensation pattern system has been designed to meet the demands for farmer households mainly according to their shortage in livelihood assets. In addition, compensation method, compensation standard, the basis of compensation and the source of compensation funds have been proposed accordingly.     

Revealing ecosystem services relationships and their driving factors for five basins of Beijing

A clear understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services(ESs) is the foundation for sustainable urban ecosystem management. Quantitatively identifying the factors that influence ES trade-offs and synergies can contribute to deepening ES research, from knowledge building to decision making. This study simulated soil conservation, water yield and carbon sequestration in Beijing, China, from 2015–2018. The spatial trade-offs and synergies of these three ESs within the five major river basins in Beijing were explored using geographically weighted regression. Furthermore, geographical detector was applied to quantitatively identify the driving mechanism of the environmental factors for the ES trade-offs and synergies. The results show the following:(1) the spatial relationships between soil conservation and water yield, as well as between water yield and carbon sequestration, were mainly trade-offs. There was a spatial synergy between soil conservation and carbon sequestration.(2) Regarding the spatial trade-off/synergy between soil conservation and water yield in Beijing, the dominant influencing factor was temperature/elevation, and the dominant interactions of the spatial trade-off and synergy between these two ESs in Beijing and the Chaobai River Basin are all manifested in the superposition of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, temperature, and elevation.(3) Topographic factors were the dominant factors influencing the spatial relationship between soil conservation and carbon sequestration in Beijing and its five major river basins. As a result of the distribution of water systems and hydrological characteristics of the basins, differences were observed in the effects of different combinations of interaction factors on the spatial relationship between these two ESs in different basins.(4) Temperature had the strongest explanatory power in terms of the spatial trade-offs and synergies between water yield and carbon sequestration. The interactions between precipitation and temperature and between precipitation and elevation were the dominant interactions affecting the spatial relationship between water yield and carbon sequestration in Beijing. Overall, the explanatory power of influencing factors on the trade-offs and synergies and the degree of interaction between factors coexist in different basins with consistency and differences. Therefore, understanding the quantitative characteristics of basin-scale spatial trade-offs and synergies between ESs is important for ecosystem management and the promotion of synergy in different basins.     

自然过程与人文过程模拟之差异比较分析

模拟是对历史事件的重现,在模拟的基础上可以加以预测用来推断事件未来的发展。以台风移动与降水和三次产业结构演进两个模拟案例为代表,对地理学两大重要分支学科自然地理学和人文地理学分别对应的自然过程模拟和人文过程模拟的差异特点进行了初步比较。主要集中在系统分析框架下的主要组成要素、构建系统框架的知识背景基础、模拟的数据来源和定量化方法以及研究核心对象与应用范式4 个方面对自然过程模拟和人文过程模拟之间的差异进行了总结,并对两者的发展趋势作了简述。最后指出无论自然过程模拟还是人文过程模拟都是区域可持续发展不可或缺的两种模拟技术,随着人地系统理论的深入发展,这两种模拟技术未来必然会逐渐相互渗透融合,界限不再简单分明。     

新时代自然地理学发展的思考

自然地理学是地理学的基础学科,也是地理学综合研究的基石。本文在梳理自然地理学主要研究进展的基础上,思考了新时代自然地理学的发展方向。在全球环境变化驱动下,自然地理学及其分支学科在传承中得到新的发展。自然地理学近年来的研究进展主要表现为自然地理过程综合与深化、陆地表层系统集成、陆海相互作用和区域生态环境管理应用等方面。自然地理学及其分支学科的发展需要面向全球环境变化和人类需求,探索应用新技术新方法,开展多要素多过程集成研究,发展并完善地理模型,模拟和预测环境变化与可持续发展,服务于国家重大需求和政府决策。在发展过程中,亟待关注以下前沿领域与方向：①地貌学需要重点加强地貌学与全球环境变化及人类活动关系研究;②生物地理学有待深化属性地理学、全球变化生物地理学等前沿领域的探索,连接变化背景下的生物地理空间分布与人类需求;③水文学需要开展多要素、多过程、多尺度的综合集成研究,发展生态水文学、社会水文学、水文形态学等新兴学科领域;④自然地理学有待全方位介入气候变化研究,在气候变化国际重大研究计划、气候变化框架公约等方面发挥更加积极的支撑功能;⑤综合自然地理需要面向国家重大需求,聚焦人地系统耦合研究,在资源环境承载力评估、生态安全格局与生态文明建设等领域作出积极贡献;⑥自然地理学需深化耦合自然与人文要素及过程研究,建立发展复杂系统模拟模型,分析和模拟变化环境下的自然、人文要素耦合机制和陆地表层系统动态变化规律。     

人文地理学科学化的总体目标与实现路径

当代人文地理学的发展呈现出多元化的发展态势,但无论如何,科学化应是人文地理学的基调,是中国人文地理学未来发展的基本选择和必由之路.无论是学科属性还是我国经济社会建设需求,人文地理学科学化不仅不是一个被动的目标而应该成为我们的主动追求.其基本目标有2 个:一是构建一个相对完整的区域空间结构理论体系,需要进一步发现新的区域空间结构模式、构建中心地等级体系演化模型,以及从类型学和发生学2 个角度梳理不同空间结构模式之间的内在逻辑关系等;二是构建一套相对成型的空间分析方法.将区域分为均质区域和功能区域,并进一步分解为点状、线状和面状3 大要素,寻找处理这3 大要素各自及相互之间内在空间耦合的表达技术,成为本文展开人文地理学空间分析理论框架的基本思路.其中,可达性分析技术的拓展、计量经济模型与空间分析技术的融合、综合性时空谱系空间分析方法体系的构建、依赖于空间概念拓展的新的空间分析技术的出现等,则是未来人文地理学空间分析的重要领域.为实现上述目标,需要树立科学的思维方式、融合资源环境基础、基于发生学视角的历史过程的长时段分析,以及充分利用现代分析技术等.     

综合自然地理学与黄秉维教授的学术思想和卓越贡献──学习《自然地理综合工作六十年》纪念文集

从部门自然地理学到综合自然地理学、中国综合自然区划、三个自然地理方向及其综合研究、以综合自然地理学为基础开展应用研究等四个方面论述了黄秉维教授的学术思想及对地理学的贡献。     

20世纪50年代以来中国综合自然地理研究进展

回顾和评述了50年来具有中国特色的综合自然地理学的研究进展。认为今后在方法论上,需进一步强调以自下而上方法为主,以自上而下方法为辅,把所研究的部分置于整个系统之中;从研究方法和技术手段看,系统分析和综合集成的方法将得到更加广泛的应用;在研究方向方面,综合自然区划的研究正向着综合区划的方向发展。现代自然地理过程的研究将会朝微观深化和宏观综合两个方向发展,关键在于地理系统中界面过程的综合研究和实现物理、化学、生物过程的综合研究。区域自然地理研究仍是综合格局和过程,进行基础研究和应用研究的操作平台。应不断加强与人文地理学的密切结合,实现更高层次的综合研究。     

多源地理大数据支撑下的地理事件建模与分析

地理事件作为描述地理过程的基本单元,逐渐成为地理信息科学（GIS）核心研究内容。由于受人类活动数据获取限制,GIS对地理事件的建模和分析主要关注事件所引起的地理空间要素变化及要素之间的相互影响与作用机制。然而,近年来随着基于位置服务数据（LBS）爆炸式的增长和人类活动大数据定量刻画手段的快速发展,地理事件对人类活动的影响以及公众对地理事件的网络参与度都引起了多个领域的广泛关注,对地理事件的时空认知、建模方法和分析框架提出了巨大的挑战。对此,本文首先深入分析了大数据时代地理事件的概念与分类体系;其次,基于地理事件的时空语义给出了基于图模型的事件数据建模,建立了事件本体及其次生或级联事件的“节点—边”表达结构,开展了事件自身时空演化及其前“因”后“果”的形式化描述;第三,从时空数据分析与挖掘的角度,给出了大数据时代地理事件建模与分析的整体框架,拟突破传统“地理实体空间”事件探测与分析方法的局限性,融合“虚拟空间”事件发现与传播模拟思路,实现多源地理大数据支撑下的面向地理事件的人类活动多尺度时空响应与区域差异分析;最后,本文以城市暴雨事件为例诠释了本文所提出的地理事件建模与分析方法,从城市和城市内部两个尺度进行了暴雨事件与人类活动的一致性响应及区域差异分析,得到了明确的结论,验证了前文分析框架的可行性与实用性。     

北京大学综合自然地理学研究的发展与贡献

北京大学的综合自然地理学缘起于1952年全国院系调整时在本校设置的自然地理学学科,在半个多世纪的发展历程中,经历了学科初创和完善等阶段,逐渐形成了面向学科前沿和国家需求的综合自然地理学学科体系。针对日趋严峻的气候变化、资源环境和社会经济发展问题,北京大学综合自然地理学在陆地表层过程及机理、土地利用/覆被变化及其生态环境效应、生态系统服务与人类福祉、生态风险评价与安全格局构建、自然地域系统划分等方面进行了开拓创新,取得了丰硕成果,引领了中国综合自然地理学的发展。展望未来,北京大学综合自然地理学将持续进行水、土、气、生等自然地理要素与过程的综合研究,认识人类活动与全球环境变化对主要自然地理过程和格局的影响机理,通过构建观测数据与地表系统模型融合系统,定量评估要素与过程耦合的区域资源环境效应及其对社会经济的影响,在生态文明建设、主体功能区划、国土开发整治和流域综合管理等国家战略服务方面做出更大贡献。     

自然地理学学科体系与发展战略要点

自然地理学是地理科学的一门基础学科,同时也是生态学、环境科学等相关学科的科学基础。自然地理学重点研究地球表层自然环境的空间特征、演变过程及其地域分异规律,以及过去人—环境相互作用的发展过程。在社会经济和科学技术快速发展的新时期,自然地理学与综合地理学、人文地理学、信息地理学的联系更加密切和广泛。本文结合《中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究（2021—2035）》地理科学的学科规划,分析自然地理学学科的形成过程,阐述综合自然地理学、部门自然地理学、人类生存环境学的分支学科体系,提出自然地理学及其分支学科的学科发展战略布局、优先领域发展目标和重点方向。     

1949—2019年中国自然地理学与生存环境应用研究进展

自然地理学是一门以基础研究见长的自然科学,其研究对象是与人类生存和发展密切相关的自然环境。中国的自然环境复杂多样,自然地理学家根据国家需求和区域发展在应用基础和应用研究方面同样取得显著成效,为国家重大经济建设、社会发展的规划,宏观生态系统与资源环境保护及区域可持续发展做出了重要贡献。本文总结了1949—2019年中国自然地理学在自然环境区域差异与自然区划、土地利用与覆被变化、自然灾害致灾因子和风险防控、荒漠化过程与防治、黄淮海中低产田改造、冻土区工程建设、地球化学元素异常和地方病防治、自然地理要素定位观测、地理空间分异性识别和地理探测器等方面的实践与应用,指出了未来自然地理学的应用研究方向。     

变化背景下的当代中国自然地理学——2017全国自然地理学大会述评

面对变化中的全球环境以及变化中的学科热点,以“变化背景下自然地理学新发展与新挑战”为主题的第一届全国自然地理学大会于2017年11月20-22日在南京召开。聚焦地理学与可持续发展、自然地理要素与过程集成、空间数据挖掘与系统决策等当代自然地理学研究的前沿内容,通过学科前沿理论的凝练,引导自然地理过程研究的继续深化;依托理论与方法创新;在典型流域、区域实现了自然地理过程的初步集成,切实服务于人地耦合视角下的可持续社会决策。深化自然地理学分支学科的过程研究、推进综合自然地理学的发展、提升陆地表层系统观测和模拟水平,将有助于进一步巩固自然地理学在地理科学学科体系中的基础学科地位,为满足国家重大战略需求和全球可持续发展作出重要的学科贡献。