香港地区地闪时空分布特征及其影响因素

通过对香港地区2006—2012年闪电定位数据、气象参数和海拔高度等相关数据的统计及相关性分析,对香港地区的地闪活动时空分布特征及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明,香港地区2006—2012年的地闪发生次数最多的是2010年,最少是2011年,每年地闪高发日的天数对地闪活动年际变化起到了关键性作用。地闪活动的发生主要集中在4—9月,逐月地闪回击次数与气温、相对湿度、降雨量及CAPE均呈现显著的正相关关系。地闪活动的日变化特征主要受到地闪高发日闪电活动、海陆热力差异及太阳辐射变化的综合影响,正、负地闪回击次数的日变化峰值均出现在01时。香港西部地区的正地闪回击密度明显高于东部,而负地闪回击密度的高值中心主要集中在海拔较高的山区。香港地区正、负地闪回击密度均随海拔的升高而有所增加,且六座典型山峰周围的负地闪回击密度与海拔高度在空间分布特征上具有很强的相似性。      

2011—2019年安徽南部山区与北部平原闪电分布特征

利用2011年1月至2019年12月安徽省ADTD闪电定位系统监测资料, 对安徽南部山区与北部平原的闪电频次、极性、雷电流强度等参数进行对比分析。结果表明: 安徽南部山区总闪电频次约为北部平原的2.84倍, 北部平原正闪比高于南部山区, 这与两地区强对流天气类型有关。两地区闪电频次的月、日变化均呈单峰分布, 春季、夏季闪电活动明显多于秋季、冬季, 午后至傍晚为一天中的雷电活跃时段, 但南部山区在雷电高发月份及时段的闪电频次波动程度远大于北部平原。在雷电流强度方面, 北部平原整体上大于南部山区, 正、负地闪强度分别高出10.77 kA、9.52 kA, 其中正地闪强度峰值均出现在2月, 负地闪均为10月, 南部山区正、负地闪及北部平原负地闪日强度峰值与频次峰值时段相反。对安徽省总闪频次进行主成分分析表明, EOF分解的前5个特征向量累计方差贡献达到59.137%, 空间上表现出安徽南部山区与北部平原雷电活动变化趋势既具有一致性, 也具有明显的南北差异。     

安徽省皖南山区地闪特征对比分析

利用2011—2013年安徽省ADTD闪电定位系统资料,对皖南山区地闪的发生频次、强度、时间及空间等分布特征进行了分析,并与安徽省的地闪分布特征进行了对比。结果表明:皖南山区地闪发生频次占安徽全省地闪发生频次的28.2%,皖南山区地闪的平均密度为3.21(次/km~2)·a~(-1),明显高于安徽全省地闪的平均密度2.51(次/km~2)·a~(-1)。安徽全省和皖南山区地闪的主要类型为负地闪,6—9月为皖南山区地闪活动频繁期,此时段的地闪发生频次约占全年地闪发生频次的90.8%。皖南山区地闪活动主要集中出现在午后至傍晚,14—17时为雷电活动最频繁时段,与安徽全省闪电日变化特征基本相同。皖南山区地闪电流强度主要集中在10—50kA,在雷电流强度高值区,正地闪比例略增加,皖南山区正地闪平均强度为45kA,负地闪平均强度为36kA,均略低于安徽全省的平均值。     

基于ADTD型闪电定位数据的江门闪电特征

利用广东省ADTD(active divectory topology diagrammer)闪电定位系统资料,分析2017-2019年江门地区地闪回击的时空分布特征.结果表明:地闪密度大值分布在江门北部及西部,中部地闪回击密度最低.正地闪回击频次占总回击频次的3.36％,负地闪回击频次占总回击频次的96.64％;月分...     

地闪回击电流测量综述

地闪回击电流是雷电的一个重要特征参数。其测量数据的积累对于雷电防护技术的提高具有重要意义。目前国内外的雷电研究人员通过矮塔、高塔直接观测，人工引雷观测和电场电流关系反衍的方法对地闪回击电流进行了大量的观测研究，并取得了丰富的观测资料。观测表明，负地闪首次回击电流平均为30kA，继后回击电流平均12kA。正地闪回击电流平均为35kA，有时可达几百kA。不同地区地闪回击电流平均值略有不同。高塔测量是主要的雷电流参量直接测量方法，但不同高度测量的地闪回击电流无论峰值还是波形都存在一定的差异。人工引发闪电和自然闪电继后回击雷电流的测量结果较为一致。间接估测雷电流参数的方法随着地闪回击模式的发展将成为主要的方法之一。     

榆林地区雷电活动特征分析

利用1964—2013年榆林市雷暴日资料及2013年全省闪电定位仪资料统计分析榆林地区雷电分布特征、雷电参数的年际变化、月变化、日变化、分布时段特征。经过分析发现,全市年平均雷暴日为29.2d,呈现逐年减少的趋势。2013年全市闪电集中出现于6—9月,占全年总闪电频次的97.3%,其中7、8月为峰值区,占全年闪电频次的83%,8月最多;14—21时为全天闪电高峰时段。全年以负闪为主,可占总闪频次的94.85%。闪电空间分布和强度分布区域性特征显著,其中神木闪电密度较大但强度较弱;府谷、吴堡、定边等地则强度较大而密度较小。榆林平均电场以正极性为主,全市平均电场强度为-0.055 28~0.193 13kV/m,东西分布特征明显,其中最西端的定边站,平均电场强度最低。     

上海及周边地区地闪活动特征及海陆差异

利用LS8000闪电定位系统2009—2011年的地闪观测资料对上海及周边地区(120~122.5°E,30~32°N)的地闪活动特征进行了研究。结果表明:分析区域内正地闪的比例约占8.5%,大电流地闪(电流绝对值大于50kA)的比例约为5.6%。地闪活动主要集中在6—9月,峰值出现在8月;日变化上,12:00—19:00闪电活动最为活跃,峰值出现在14:00,凌晨闪电活动最弱。从日变化上来说,正地闪和大电流地闪比例在地闪活动较强时段低于地闪活动较弱时段;在月分布上,在地闪活动最强的夏季,正地闪比例普遍在10%以下,在地闪活动较弱的春、秋、冬季,正地闪比例普遍在10%以上。以北纬31°为界,分析区域北部地闪密度基本在6~12次·km-2·a-1以上,南部基本在2.4~4.8次·km-2·a-1。同时陆地上的地闪密度要显著高于湖泊和海洋上的地闪密度,而海洋上的正地闪比例和大电流地闪比例要显著高于陆地。闪电空间分布的时间变化说明,下午地闪活动主要出现在陆地,而凌晨地闪主要出现在水体附近,其它时段则表现出过渡特征,这与下垫面的加热作用紧密相关。     

北京及其周边地区夏季地闪活动时空特征分析

利用M-LDARS闪电定位系统对北京及其周边地区1995～1997年6～9月的闪电观测数据, 分析闪电活动的时空分布特征。结果表明:闪电活动在时间分布上存在两个峰值时段, 13 :00～21:00和23:00～次日05 :00。通过对总地闪、分时段及峰值时段的地闪密度分析, 发现北京及周边地区闪电活动有几个明显的集中区域, 地闪高密度区主要出现在下垫面为山脉和水体的地方, 闪电活动与下垫面的水汽条件关系密切, 且正、负地闪的空间分布也呈现较大差异, 表明雷暴云的电荷结构存在一定差异。     

安徽省马鞍山地区闪电时空分布特征

利用2006--2009年安徽省LD—II型闪电定位资料,对马鞍山地区闪电时空分布特征的分析表明,马鞍山地区以负闪为主,负闪占总闪电数的98％,平均闪电强度44．5kA。正负闪电发生的频次有明显的季节变化和日变化特征。闪电季节变化上呈单峰型,峰值出现在7月,集中发生在5—9月的雨季,占总闪电频次的97％;闪电日变化上呈双峰型,峰值出现在14：00和21：00。闪电强度冬季低、夏季高,多集中于20～30kA之间。平均地闪密度有两个明显的极大值中心,一个是穿越和县和含山中部的狭长带状区域,另一个集中在和县北部。平均闪电强度和平均地闪密度在空间上呈相反的分布形式。利用实测的地闪密度与雷暴日的关系得出了适用于马鞍山地区1市3县的地闪密度计算公式。     

云南西双版纳地区闪电活动特征

应用2017—2018年云南省VLF/LF三维闪电定位数据和1987—2006年云南省人工雷暴日观测数据,运用数理统计、空间插值等方法分析"雷都"西双版纳闪电活动的时空分布特征,运用网格法将闪电定位数据转化为网格雷电活动日,研究人工观测雷暴日与闪电定位监测资料的相关性。结果表明:西双版纳地区雷电活动从3月就开始逐渐增多,峰值出现在7—8月。就闪电频次而言,云闪少于地闪、正闪少于负闪,正地闪明显多于云南省其他地区。11月闪电强度较大,但频次较少;7月闪电频次较多,但强度较小。云闪多发生在8 km以下,平均高度为4.914 km。地闪和云闪密度分布一致,北部高而南部和东西部低;云闪的强度明显高于地闪,但在空间分布上均是北部弱而南部和东西部强。人工观测雷暴日与网格雷电活动日的逐月分布特征较一致。研究还表明:西双版纳在云南省范围内是人工观测雷暴日最多区域,也是网格雷电活动日最多区域。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on