塔里木盆地部分来自寒武系烃源岩贡献的原油富集~(13)C同位素的成因探讨

<正>近年来发现塔里木盆地典型来自于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩的原油具有富集13C的特征,其稳定碳同位素比值基本上集中在-28‰左右。比如:塔东2井寒武系储层中的原油明显具有寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩成因原油的生标分布特征,被认为是寒武系自生自储的一个古油藏,其全油稳定碳同位素比值为-28.283‰,但相应的烃源岩干酪根同位素比值在-31‰左右;塔中62井志留系储层的原油被认为是一典型来自于寒武系烃源岩的透镜体油藏,其全油稳定碳同位素比值为-28.606‰;另外被认为来自于寒武系-     

塔中隆起原油特征与成因类型

塔里木盆地塔中隆起油气性质多样、分布与成因复杂, 为揭示油气的特征与成因, 对塔中及外围104个原油样品进行了精细地球化学研究.依据单体烃碳同位素、特征生物标志物分析, 将塔中原油分为4种类型: (1) 寒武系成因原油, 具有较重正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素(-29.6‰~-29.1‰)、甲藻甾烷较发育及C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉规则甾烷呈反“L”型或线型分布等特征; (2) 中、上奥陶统成因原油, 具有较轻的正构烷烃单体烃同位素(-34‰~-35.6‰)、甲藻甾烷等不太发育与C₂₇、C₂₈、C₂₉规则甾烷呈“V”型分布等特征; (3) 富含含硫芳烃-二苯并噻吩原油, 主要分布于塔中4井区; (4) 混源油, 单体烃碳同位素特征界于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类原油之间, 是塔中最为主要的原油类型.油-油对比与油气性质分析表明, 塔中地区至少有两套主力烃源岩供烃.塔中部分原油生物标志物显示寒武系-下奥陶统成因特征, 而单体烃碳同位素却与中上奥陶统成因原油更为接近, 这种不同馏分的不一致现象系不同成因原油混源的结果, 反映单一应用生物标志物指标有其局限性.塔中油气性质具有分带、分块、分层特征, 反映叠合盆地多源、多期成藏、储层非均质性等多种特性.      

塔里木盆地海相油气源与混源成藏模式

塔里木盆地油气源长期争论不休.采用单体烃同位素、包裹体成分与年代指示生物标志物等途径, 对塔里木盆地塔中、轮南典型油气藏进行了油气成因与混源成藏模式的研究.结果表明, 塔中、轮南绝大部分原油生物标志物与中上奥陶统烃源岩相似, 仅少部分原油显现与寒武系—下奥陶统烃源岩相近的特征, 但正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素分析表明, 原油绝大部分实质仍为混源油.塔中包裹烃成分分析进一步证实了原油的混源特性.利用同位素进行的混源定量结果表明, 塔中原油中寒武系—下奥陶统成因原油的混入量约为11%~100%(均值45%); 轮南地区约为11%~70%(均值36%), 表明寒武系—下奥陶统、中上奥陶统均为塔里木盆地的主力烃源岩.油气运移地化指标与地质条件的综合研究认为, 塔中地区断层是油气运移的重要通道, 塔中I号断层与斜交的走滑断层的交汇点是油气的主要注入点; 轮南地区侧向运移特征较明显.研究区存在调整型、多期充注型与原生型多种混源成藏模式.塔里木海相油气的普遍混源表明深层仍有油气勘探潜能.揭示海相混源油气成藏机制是指导塔里木海相油气勘探的关键.      

哈得逊与轮南地区原油碳同位素特征及影响因素

轮南地区与哈得逊地区20个原油的全油碳同位素和正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素的分析结果表明:轮南地区原油的全油碳同位素均大于-32‰,而哈得逊地区原油的全油碳同位素一般小于-32‰;原油正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素也表现出轮南地区重于哈得逊地区的特征。两地区原油碳同位素的这种特征是由于两地区油气成藏过程的差异造成的,轮南地区原油碳同位素比哈得逊地区的原油碳同位素重的主要原因是由于来源于寒武系降解原油的混入,而非油源不同造成的。     

塔中4油田石炭系储层不同赋存态烃类分子和碳同位素对比研究

塔中421井和塔中402井石炭系油层2个原油样和8个油砂样连续抽提组分甾烷、萜烷分布特征和正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成具有明显的差异,具有不同的来源。塔中421井上石炭统3个油砂样自由态组分、束缚态组分和油气包裹体具有伽马蜡烷和C28甾烷相对含量高、正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成重的特征,划分为Ⅰ类原油,对比认为主要来源于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩。塔中421井和塔中402井上石炭统的2个油样具有伽马蜡烷和C28甾烷相对含量低、并且正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成轻的特征,划分为Ⅱ类原油,其来源尚不明确。塔中402井石炭系上、中和下统的5个油砂样各类组分具有介于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类原油之间的特征,为Ⅰ和Ⅱ类原油的混合物。5个油砂样从自由态组分、束缚态组分至油气包裹体Ⅰ类原油含量依次增高,Ⅱ类原油含量依次降低。2口井8个油砂样从自由态组分、束缚态组分至油气包裹体C23三环萜烷／（C23三环萜烷＋C30藿烷）和C21／（C21＋∑C29）甾烷比值都依次降低,反映了油气充注过程中,原油成熟度不断升高。塔中4井区储层油砂不同吸附态烃类分子与碳同位素的研究结果反映塔中4油田具有多种油气来源,经历长期油气充注过程,寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩在地史上对该区具有成烃贡献。     

塔中地区奥陶系储层烃包裹体特征及成藏分析

利用新发明的不同期次烃包裹体组份提取仪器"多功能烃包裹体取样机",分别提取了塔中地区5期烃包裹体组份,并成功地分析出组份生物标志化合物,论证了5期烃包裹体油气的来源:第Ⅰ期烃包裹体来源于满加尔坳陷的寒武系海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩、第Ⅱ期烃包裹体来源于满加尔凹陷的中奥陶系烃源岩、第Ⅲ期烃包裹体来源于塔中下部寒武系海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩、第Ⅳ期烃包裹体是由寒武系海相碳酸盐岩原油分解而成、第Ⅴ期烃包裹体来源于塔中上奥陶统良里塔格组烃源岩。其形成时间分别为:早海西期约383Ma、晚海西期约240~260Ma、燕山-早喜山期早期、23Ma喜山运动二幕、喜山运动晚期到现在。塔中奥陶系储层中不是每一个圈闭都含有以上5期烃包裹体,有的圈闭只含其中的一期或二期或三期。第Ⅰ期主要是油气运移的 "足迹",仅路过奥陶系,未成藏。第II、IV、V期成藏普遍影响塔中奥陶系,是油气成藏的"历史",使奥陶系的原油具有中奥陶统油源(第II期)、上奥陶统油源(第V期)和寒武系油源(第IV期)混源特征,第Ⅱ、Ⅳ期烃包裹体大量存在是塔中Ⅰ号坡折带凝析油气高产的"标志"。 第Ⅲ期包裹体的发育可能预示在塔中东部地区中下奥陶统及寒武系形成大油藏,塔中东部地区是找原生大型油藏的重要靶区。     

塔中古生界储层中流体包裹体成分分析及其意义

对塔中地区30个储层包裹体样品进行了MCI(包裹体成分)与单体烃同位素分析.观察到包裹油与储层油既有区别又有联系.共有6个包裹体特别是下奥陶统样品显示C28-甾烷丰度相对较高、甾烷异构化程度相对较低、低分子量甾萜类化合物丰度相对较高等寒武系的成因特征,指示寒武系源岩对塔中地区有成烃贡献.多数分析包裹油显示中上奥陶统成因生物标志物特征,以及介于寒武系与中上奥陶统成因原油之间的单体正构烷烃同位素特征,个别包裹油显示与中上奥陶统完全一致的单体同位素与生物标志物特征,指示中上奥陶统对塔中地区也具有成烃贡献.塔中部分包裹油与储层油间、包裹油间显著的地球化学性质差异,指示该区具明显的多期成藏特征.塔中储层包裹体成分分析可有效地用于识别端员油、多期充注与混源聚集、恢复生物降解、气侵等次生改造原油面貌.流体包裹体成分分析对于叠合盆地的油气成因与成藏过程研究有重要意义.     

塔里木盆地原油轻烃单体烃碳同位素组成特征

为探讨塔里木盆地原油类型和油源问题,运用色谱-同位素质谱分析技术,分析了该盆地塔中、塔北、塔东与库车地区的典型原油轻烃单体烃碳同位素组成。结果表明,不同结构轻烃化合物中,支链烷烃与环己烷系列比环戊烷系列更具明显的成因判识意义。2-甲基环戊烷2 mC_5、3-甲基环戊烷3 mC_5、3-甲基环己烷3 mC_6、环己烷CYC6与甲基环己烷mCYC_6等化合物的δ~(13)C在煤成油最高,δ~(13)C大于-21‰;湖相油次之,δ~(13)C位于-25‰~-22‰之间;再次之为寒武系-下奥陶统海相原油,δ~(13)C位于-27‰~-21‰之间,最轻的为上奥陶统海相原油,δ~(13)C小于-28‰。其碳同位素值可以较好的判别该盆地寒武系-下奥陶统海相油、上奥陶统海相油、湖相油与煤成油。优选的8个特征化合物碳同位素可以作为原油成因类型的划分标志,尤其是2-甲基环戊烷2 mC_5、3-甲基环戊烷3 mC_5、3-甲基环己烷3 mC_6、环己烷CYC6与甲基环己烷mCYC_6等化合物。特征轻烃化合物的碳同位素组成可成为不同成因原油的划分标志。     

一个典型的寒武系油藏:塔里木盆地塔中62井油藏成因分析

塔里木盆地志留系沥青砂岩广泛发育,主要原因是来源于寒武系的原油在进入志留系储层后区域性的抬升剥蚀使油藏遭到严重破坏,但到目前为止,究竟是寒武系烃源岩还是中上奥陶统烃源岩或是两者都对现今的志留系沥青砂岩中的有机质有贡献还不清楚.对塔中62井原油的化学组成和油源的分析表明,其甾萜类组成具有寒武系烃源岩的组成特征,反映该油藏原油主要来源于寒武系.另一方面,塔中62井砂岩透镜体被泥岩圈闭,油藏具有较好的保存条件,且后期中上奥陶统生成的烃类难以充注进入油藏.塔中62井志留系油藏破坏作用较弱、保存较好,是塔里木盆地在志留系发现的第一例来源于寒武系的油藏.     

塔里木盆地塔中礁滩体大油气田成藏条件与成藏机制研究

中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探近年来进展很快,发现了一批大型油气田。塔中地区是塔里木盆地的重点勘探区和富油气区,奥陶系蕴藏了丰富的油气资源。奥陶系良里塔格组受塔中I号坡折带的控制发育陆棚边缘礁滩体,储层性质为低孔-特低孔、低渗灰岩储层,埋深在4500~6500m。储层的形成和分布受早期高能沉积相带、溶蚀作用和断裂作用等因素的控制,有效储层的空间展布控制了油气的分布与大面积成藏。油源对比认为,塔中良里塔格组礁滩体油气藏的原油主要来自于中上奥陶统烃源岩,并混有寒武系烃源岩成因的原油;天然气主要来自于寒武系油裂解气,沿塔中I号坡折带断裂向内充注。成藏过程分析表明,塔中地区曾存在三期主要成藏期,第一期为加里东晚期成藏,油气来自于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩,但早海西期的构造运动,对该期油气破坏严重,造成大范围油藏破坏。第二期成藏期是晚海西期,也是塔中地区最重要的油气充成藏期,油气来自于中上奥陶统烃源岩。第三期成藏期是晚喜山期,受库车前陆冲断影响,台盆区快速沉降,埋深急速增大,寒武系原油裂解气形成,沿深部断裂向浅部奥陶系充注,对油藏进行气洗改造,从而形成大面积分布的凝析气藏。     

Application of sulfur and carbon isotopes to oil–source rock correlation: A case study from the Tazhong area,Tarim Basin,China

Up until now, it has been assumed that oil in the Palaeozoic reservoirs of the Tazhong Uplift was derived from Upper Ordovician source rocks. Oils recently produced from the Middle and Lower Cambrian in wells ZS1 and ZS5 provide clues concerning the source rocks of the oils in the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin, China. For this study, molecular composition, bulk and individual n-alkane δ¹³C and individual alkyl-dibenzothiophene δ³⁴S values were determined for the potential source rocks and for oils from Cambrian and Ordovician reservoirs to determine the sources of the oils and to address whether δ¹³C and δ³⁴S values can be used effectively for oil–source rock correlation purposes. The ZS1 and ZS5 Cambrian oils, and six other oils from Ordovician reservoirs, were not significantly altered by TSR. The ZS1 oils and most of the other oils, have a “V” shape in the distribution of C₂₇–C₂₉ steranes, bulk and individual n-alkane δ¹³C values predominantly between −31‰ to −35‰ VPDB, and bulk and individual alkyldibenzothiophene δ³⁴S values between 15‰ to 23‰ VCDT. These characteristics are similar to those for some Cambrian source rocks with kerogen δ¹³C values between −34.1‰ and −35.3‰ and δ³⁴S values between 10.4‰ and 21.6‰. The oil produced from the Lower Ordovician in well YM2 has similar features to the ZS1 Cambrian oils. These new lines of evidence indicate that most of the oils in the Tazhong Uplift, contrary to previous interpretations, were probably derived from the Cambrian source rocks, and not from the Upper Ordovician. Conversely, the δ¹³C and δ³⁴S values of ZS1C Cambrian oils have been shown to shift to more positive values due to thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). Thus, δ¹³C and δ³⁴S values can be used as effective tools to demonstrate oil–source rock correlation, but only because there has been little or no TSR in this part of the section.     

Correlation of crude oils and oil components from reservoirs and source rocks using carbon isotopic compositions of individual n-alkanes in the Tazhong and Tabei Uplift of the Tarim Basin,China

Carbon isotopic compositions were determined by GC–IRMS for individual n-alkanes in crude oils and the free, adsorbed and inclusion oils recovered by sequential extraction from reservoir rocks in the Tazhong Uplift and Tahe oilfield in the Tabei Uplift of Tarim Basin as well as extracts of the Cambrian–Ordovician source rocks in the basin. The variations of the δ¹³C values of individual n-alkanes among the 15 oils from the Tazhong Uplift and among the 15 oils from the Triassic and Carboniferous sandstone reservoirs and the 21 oils from the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tahe oilfield demonstrate that these marine oils are derived from two end member source rocks. The major proportion of these marine oils is derived from the type A source rocks with low δ¹³C values while a minor proportion is derived from the type B source rocks with high δ¹³C values. Type A source rocks are within either the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician or the Middle–Upper Ordovician strata (not drilled so far) while type B source rocks are within the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician strata, as found in boreholes TD2 and Fang 1. In addition, the three oils from the Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs in the Tahe oilfield with exceptionally high Pr/Ph ratio and δ¹³C values of individual n-alkanes are derived, or mainly derived, from the Triassic–Jurassic terrigenous source rocks located in Quka Depression.The difference of the δ¹³C values of individual n-alkanes among the free, adsorbed and inclusion oils in the reservoir rocks and corresponding crude oils reflects source variation during the reservoir filling process. In general, the initial oil charge is derived from the type B source rocks with high δ¹³C values while the later oil charge is derived from the type A source rocks with low δ¹³C values.The δ¹³C values of individual n-alkanes do not simply correlate with the biomarker parameters for the marine oils in the Tazhong Uplift and Tahe oilfield, suggesting that molecular parameters alone are not adequate for reliable oil-source correlation for high maturity oils with complex mixing.     

塔中隆起海相碳酸盐岩大型凝析气田成藏特征与勘探

多次资评与勘探实践表明塔中隆起成藏条件优越,海相碳酸盐岩油气资源丰富,奥陶系油气藏集中赋存于上奥陶统礁滩体与下奥陶统风化壳储层中,缝洞系统控制了大型凝析气藏纵向多套叠置-横向准层状分布规律。多学科、动静态一体化研究表明,形成塔中海相碳酸盐岩大型凝析气田主力烃源岩为寒武-奥陶系两套碳酸盐岩,原油具有明显的混源特征,天然气主要来源于中-下寒武统高成熟度原油裂解气。奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩凝析气藏是古油藏在喜山期被寒武系来源的原油裂解气气侵的结果,经历了三期成藏过程,即中晚加里东期、晚海西期原油充注,喜山期注气。两套烃源岩长期供烃是形成塔中奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩大型凝析气田的物质基础,构造作用、岩溶作用是形成了塔中奥陶系多套优质碳酸盐岩储集体的主控因素,断裂、不整合面、缝洞发育带构建的网状油气输导体系是塔中海相碳酸盐岩复式聚集混源成藏的重要保障。塔中奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩具备10亿吨当量的油气资源潜力。     

Origin and quantitative source assessment of deep oils in the Tazhong Uplift,Tarim Basin

A large amount of deep oil has been discovered in the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin whereas the oil source is still controversial. An integrated geochemical approach was utilized to unravel the characteristics, origin and alteration of the deep oils. This study showed that the Lower Cambrian oil from well ZS1C (

_1x) was featured by small or trace amounts of biomarkers, unusually high concentration of dibenzothiophenes (DBTs), high δ³⁴S of DBTs and high δ¹³C value of n-alkanes. These suggest a close genetic relationship with the Cambrian source rocks and TSR alteration. On the contrary, the Middle Cambrian oils from well ZS1 (

_2a) were characterized by low δ¹³C of n-alkanes and relatively high δ³⁴S of individual sulfur compounds and a general “V” shape of steranes, indicating a good genetic affinity with the Middle–Upper Ordovician source rocks. The middle Cambrian salt rock separating the oils was suggested to be one of the factors responsible for the differentiation. It was suggested that most of the deep oils in the Tazhong Uplift were mixed source based on biomarkers and carbon isotope, which contain TSR altered oil in varied degree. The percentage of the oils contributed by the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician was in the range of 19–100% (average 57%) controlled by several geological and geochemical events. Significant variations in the δ³⁴S values for individual compounds in the oils were observed suggesting a combination of different extent of TSR and thermal maturation alterations. The unusually high DBTs concentrations in the Tazhong-4 oilfield suggested as a result of mixing with the ZS1C oil (

_1x) and Lower Ordovician oils based on δ³⁴S values of DBT. This study will enhance our understanding of both deep and shallow oil sources in the Tazhong Uplift and clarify the formation mechanisms of the unusually high DBTs oils in the region.     

塔北、塔中地区碳酸盐岩及其原油中的二苯并噻吩类化合物

塔里木盆地塔北、塔中地区四口井(库南1井,轮南46井,塔中12井和塔参1井)寒武-奥陶系12个碳酸盐岩烃源岩(泥灰岩,泥质灰岩和云岩)岩芯样品抽提物芳烃组分中的二苯并噻吩类化合物组成和丰度变化特征可分为三种类型:Ⅰ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩型;Ⅱ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩+三甲基芴混合物型;Ⅲ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩和三甲基二苯并噻吩型。研究的塔北、塔中隆起11个海相油二苯并噻吩类化合物分布类型均为二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩和三甲基二苯并噻吩型,和海相烃源岩二苯并噻吩类化合物第Ⅲ种分布类型完全相同。据此推断:塔北隆起8个海相油可能主要来源于塔北轮南地区下奥陶统;塔中隆起3个海相油可能来源于塔中地区中-上奥陶统。     

Molecular correlation of crude oils and oil components from reservoir rocks in the Tazhong and Tabei uplifts of the Tarim Basin, China

Molecular data from a large set of source rock, crude oil and oil-containing reservoir rock samples from the Tarim Basin demonstrate multiple sources for the marine oils in the studied areas of this basin. Based on gammacerane/C₃₁ hopane and C₂₈/(C₂₇ + C₂₈ + C₂₉) sterane ratios, three of the fifteen crude oils from the Tazhong Uplift correlate with Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks, while the other crude oils from the Tazhong Uplift and all 39 crude oils from the Tahe oilfield in the Tabei Uplift correlate with Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks. These two ratios further demonstrate that most of the free oils and nearly all of the adsorbed and inclusion oils in oil-containing reservoir rocks from the Tazhong Uplift correlate with Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks, while the free and inclusion oils in oil-containing carbonates from the Tahe oilfield correlate mainly with Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks. This result suggests that crude oils in the Tazhong Uplift are partly derived from the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks while those in the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs of Tahe oilfield are overwhelmingly derived from the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks.The scatter of C₂₃ tricyclic terpane/(C₂₃ tricyclic terpane + C₃₀ 17α,21β(H)-hopane) and C₂₁/(C₂₁ + ΣC₂₉) sterane ratios for the free and inclusion oils from oil-containing carbonates in the Tahe oilfield possibly reflects the subtle organofacies variations in the source rocks, implying that the Ordovician reservoirs in this oilfield are near the major source kitchen. In contrast, the close and positive relationship between these two ratios for oil components in the oil-containing reservoir rocks from the Tazhong Uplift implies that they are far from the major source kitchen.     

塔里木盆地原油中二苯并噻吩的分布及主力油源岩类型判识

在塔北隆起大部分地区和塔中隆起发现的工业油气流具有与海相下古生界（奥陶系）油源岩相同的地球化学特征，且含有十分丰富的二苯并噻吩类有机硫化物。本文详细研究了世界各地若干典型海相碳酸盐岩和泥页岩来源油中二苯并噻吩（ＤＢＴｓ）的分布。发现新参数二苯并噻吩脱甲基指数（ＤＤＩ）和甲基重排指数（ＤＭＩ）受成熟度影响小，能有效地区分油源岩岩性。根据ＤＢＴｓ的相对含量和ＤＤＩ及ＤＭＩ指标判识，表明塔里木盆地下古生界原油主要来自碳酸盐岩，奥陶系广海陆棚台地相喑色泥晶灰岩是主力油源岩。这一认识将有助于确认主力油源区的分布，具有较大的勘探意义。