雅安区域暴雨的物理量预报指标

本文在《雅安区域暴雨过程的物理量特征》一文的基础上,根据成都中心气象台发布的物理量资料,对33次雅安地区区域暴雨前的物理量网格资料进行了反查,总结出了雅安区域暴雨的散度、涡度和水汽通量散度等物理量预报指标。     

广西几次不同类型天气系统造成暴雨过程的物理量分析

利用NCEP(分辨率2.5×2.5)再分析格点资料和北京"9210"系统下发MICAPS格式常规资料对影响广西6次暴雨过程中的影响天气系统分型,在此基础上利用T 213物理量(比湿、水汽通量、水汽通量散度、垂直速度、涡度、散度、假相当位温500hPa与850hPa的差值、K指数)格点资料对这6次过程进行垂直剖面和前后时序分析,试图找出不同类型天气系统影响广西造成暴雨过程的一些物理量的共同特征。     

东北冷涡背景下强对流天气的基本特征分析

利用呼伦贝尔市CIMISS系统实况资料,统计分析了2010—2021年5—9月东北冷涡背景下的强对流天气时空分布及物理量参数特征。结果表明：(1)5月雷暴大风次数最多,6月冰雹次数最多,6—8月是短时强降水集中发生期,尤以8月次数最多。(2)强对流天气主要出现在12:00—20:00,其中短时强降水每个时次均有发生,但雷暴大风与冰雹天气在21:00—次日08:00基本没有发生过。(3)大兴安岭西部雷暴大风站次较多;大兴安岭东北部、岭上及岭西北的冰雹站次较多;短时强降水与强对流天气空间分布特征较为一致,均是大兴安岭岭上南段与岭东的站次较多。(4)雷暴大风天气的风速多以17.2～20.7 m·s^-1为主;短时强降水量级为20.0～29.9 mm的站次占总站次的74.3%;持续时间小于5 min冰雹居多,直径小于5 mm冰雹的站次占总站次的49.1%。(5)短时强降水850 hPa的比湿、水汽通量、水汽通量散度的物理量参数均值均大于冰雹、雷暴大风;短时强降水K指数均值大于冰雹、雷暴大风,T₈₅₀-T₅₀₀均值大于26℃,短时强...     

广西防城港2011年5月3日大暴雨落区诊断分析

利用常规气象资料、区域加密自动站资料和1°×1°NCEP6小时再分析资料等.分析前汛期广西防城港市一次大暴雨过程落区与各物理量的关系.结果表明:(1)强降水落区出现在850hPa切变线南侧到低空急流轴线附近;(2)暴雨区发生在850hpa水汽通量中心北侧梯度较大区域、925hpa水汽通量散度中心区东南侧附近;暴雨中心沿...     

对2002年夏季咸宁市一次连续性暴雨天气过程的分析

利用2002年7月23—26日500、700、850hPa高空天气图，地面天气图以及高空各层的散度、涡度、水汽通量散度等物理量场资料，对当年7月24—26日发生在湖北省咸宁市的一次连续性暴雨天气过程从环流背景、影响系统、各物理量场等方面进行了分析。结果表明，这一连续暴雨过程是高空槽、冷低压、低涡、切变线、西南急流及地面冷锋等天气系统共同影响的结果，暴雨落区与物理量场存在很好的对应关系。     

宁夏“5·16”强对流天气跟踪分析及预报模型建立

利用逐时自动站资料、WRF模式数值产品、卫星云图、雷达产品等资料对2009年5月16日宁夏冰雹、短时强风等强对流天气进行了跟踪预报分析。结果表明：利用水汽通量散度数值产品中大气低层水汽通量的辐合或辐散可作为对流活动产生的重要依据之一。而卫星云图中的强对流云团的识别和新一代天气雷达基本反射率强度、液态水含量、冰雹指数、中尺度气旋产品是短时冰雹天气及短时雷雨大风天气预报的有利工具。并对2004—2008年出现的冰雹天气进行统计分析,建立了宁夏冰雹天气预报预警模型。     

宁夏“5·16”强对流天气跟踪分析及冰雹预报模型

利用逐时自动站资料、WRF模式数值产品、卫星云图、雷达产品等资料对2009年5月16日宁夏冰雹、短时强风等强对流天气进行了跟踪预报分析。结果表明:利用水汽通量散度数值产品中大气低层水汽通量的辐合或辐散可作为对流活动产生的重要依据之一。而卫星云图中的强对流云团的识别和新一代天气雷达基本反射率强度、液态水含量、冰雹指数、中尺度气旋产品是短时冰雹天气及短时雷雨大风天气预报的有利工具。并对2004—2008年出现的冰雹天气进行统计分析,建立了宁夏冰雹天气预报预警模型。     

青南高原两次大到暴雪天气过程诊断分析

利用常规实测资料和T213模式输出产品,对2009年春季发生在青南高原的两次大到暴雪天气过程进行了诊断分析,结果表明：两次大到暴雪天气过程的形成分别与中尺度切变线和低涡的发展东移直接关联。相对湿度、水汽通量及水汽通量散度等物理量诊断表明,在中低层强盛的西南暖湿气流使水汽不断从孟加拉湾向青南高原输送,有利于暴雪天气形成。涡度、散度和垂直速度等动力条件物理量在中低层具有强降水特征,其空间配置极有利于切变线和低涡发展及大到暴雪形成与维持。     

MM5物理量对我区暴雨过程预报能力的分析

对我区2004年4—6月几次暴雨天气过程的NN5高度场、涡度场、水汽通量散度场、θse等5个物理量进行分析,以期了解NM5对我区暴雨天气的预报能力,从中发现一些规律性的量化指标,为暴雨的预报提供更多依据。     

庐山夏季台风暴雨物理量分析

利用地面观测资料和NCEP1°×1°格点再分析资料,对庐山夏季强降水的天气系统进行统计分析和物理量计算,结果表明:台风是庐山后汛期暴雨或大暴雨产生的主要天气系统;台风暴雨分为A型和B型两种降水类型;涡度、散度、螺旋度、垂直速度、水汽通量与水汽通量散度等物理量与台风暴雨关系密切,物理量特征阈值对确定台风暴雨预报有一定指导意义;24°N~30°N、116°E~120°E为物理量特征区域,各物理量在特征区域中超过阈值时,庐山极有可能有暴雨发生。     

Detailed methods of hail forecast

Forecast methods of intensity and hail-process type as well as mesoregion of hailfall, developed on the basis of complex studies of formation conditions and the features of intensive convective process development are given in this paper. The materials of special experimental observations and measurements obtained on scientific research polygons of High-Mountain Geophysical Institute (VGI) are used. To choose more informative predictors, the models of moist and potential instability were used. For the development of forecast methods the complex approach, based on the quantitative account of the factors of large-scale circulation, its interaction with relief, energetic characteristics of different layers of the troposphere, surface lines of potential instability and so on, are used. All methods are operatively tested, showed good results and were used in practice.     

A source of hail embryos

Abstract

The sensitivity of the annual cycle of ice cover in Baffin Bay to short‐wave radiation is investigated. The Princeton Ocean Model (POM) is used and is coupled with a multi‐category, dynamic‐thermodynamic sea‐ice model in which the surface energy balance governs the growth rates of ice of varying thickness. During spring and summer the short‐wave radiation flux dominates other surface heat fluxes and thus has the greatest effect on the ice melt. The sensitivity of model results to short‐wave radiation is tested using several, commonly used, shortwave parameterizations under climatological, as well as short‐term, atmospheric forcing. The focus of this paper is short‐term and annual variability. It is shown that simulated ice cover is sensitive to the short‐wave radiation formulation during the melting phase. For the Baffin Bay simulation, the differences in the resulting ice area and volume, integrated from May to November, can be as large as 45% and 70%, respectively. The parameterization of the effect of cloud cover on the short‐wave radiation can result in the sea‐ice area and volume changes reaching 20% and 30%, respectively. The variation of the cloud amount represents cloud data error, and has a relatively small effect (less then ±4%) on the simulated ice conditions. This is due to the fact that the effect of cloud cover on the short‐wave radiation flux is largely compensated for by its effect on the net near‐surface long‐wave radiation flux.     

冰雹形成过程及人工防雹研究综述

冰雹作为一种短时强灾害天气,常给农业、建筑、电力、交通甚至生命财产等造成严重影响,人工防雹也因此受到人们的广泛关注。文中首先介绍了冰雹形成机理和雹云物理研究情况,然后围绕人工防雹机理、技术、科学试验及效果评估这4个方面的研究进行了评述,旨在从理论和实践上总结人工防雹工作的进展,增进对人工防雹科学问题的认知,从而为促进中国人工防雹理论研究和技术进步提供借鉴。研究表明:（1）“累积带理论”和“循环增长理论”是冰雹形成的最常见理论,限于早期的雷达观测技术和缺乏完整的冰雹数值模式,早期认知的冰雹形成机理存在一定的局限。（2）雹胚一般分为冻滴胚和霰胚,冻滴胚由过冷雨滴冻结而成,霰胚则是冰晶、雪花撞冻生长而成。冰雹云中哪种雹胚占优势,主要看云底温度的高低。雹云的发展依赖于水汽条件、动力不稳定条件、风垂直切变等关键因子。（3）人工防雹主要遵循“播撒防雹”和“爆炸防雹”2条技术路线,“利益竞争”和“早期降雨”是常见的6种防雹原理假说中最广泛被用来作为防雹作业设计依据的2种播撒防雹理论。（4）人工防雹技术上多采用通过飞机、地面火箭、地面燃烧炉等向云中播撒人工冰核,或通过地面高炮向云中发射含人工冰核的炮弹等方式,影响冰雹的生长过程从而达到抑制或削弱冰雹生长的目的。（5）大量外场试验证明人工防雹效果有较大的地域差异,需根据各地冰雹云特征及其降雹特点制定和发展本地适用的人工防雹技术体系。（6）人工防雹效果检验仍然是制约人工防雹技术发展的一个“瓶颈”,目前常用的统计检验、物理检验和数值模拟检验技术方法均需要进一步改进和完善。由于雹云变化迅速、降雹过程短促,人工防雹技术实施的时效性以及防雹效果评估仍存在较大的困难。今后应更多地借助多种探测设备进行冰雹云的精细化探测,开展有科学设计的人工防雹外场综合试验,运用统计检验、物理检验和数值模拟相结合的综合检验技术方法评估防雹效果,推动人工防雹事业进一步快速发展。      

A hail climatology in Mongolia

The temporal and spatial characteristics of hail frequency in Mongolia are examined using the hail observation data from 61 meteorological observatories for 1984-2013. The annual number of hail days averaged over all observatories and the entire period is 0.74. It exhibits a decreasing trend, particularly since 1993 with a rate of decrease of 0.214 per decade. Hail occurrence is concentrated in summer, with 72% of the total hail days occurring in June, July, and August. Moreover, hail occurrence is concentrated in the afternoon and early evening, with 89% of the total hail events occurring between 1200 and 2100 local standard time (LST). Spatially, observatories where relatively frequent hail events are observed are concentrated in the north central region where almost all of the land is mountainous or covered by grassland, whereas relatively less frequent hail events are observed in the southern desert region. The relationship between hail frequency and thermodynamic factors including the convective available potential energy (CAPE), the temperature lapse rate between 700 and 500 hPa, the water vapor mixing ratio averaged over the lowest 100 hPa layer, and the freezing-level height is examined using the ERA-Interim reanalysis data. It is found that in summer, CAPE and the low-level water vapor mixing ratio are larger on hail days than on all days, but there is no clear relationship between hail frequency and the 700-500 hPa temperature lapse rate. It is also found that annually, CAPE and the low-level water vapor mixing ratio decrease, while the freezing-level height increases, which seems to be responsible for the annually decreasing trend of hail frequency in Mongolia.     

石家庄地区冰雹天气环境条件的多普勒天气雷达资料分析

利用石家庄CINRAD/SA型多普勒雷达站的VAD产品的风向、风速、VWP产品,以及通过EVAD技术计算绘制的散度、垂直速度分布廓线,对石家庄雷达站35 km内,在2004-2005年出现的4次冰雹天气过程出现前后1h左右的环境条件进行了分析.结果表明:冰雹发生时,在3～6 km的回波中层主要为偏西风、偏北风,随高度上升风速显著增加,在6～9 km风速达到最大;在冰雹发生前VWP产品上高低层有较强的垂直风切变,风向随高度顺转;高空急流下传与冰雹的发生密切相关;在冰雹过程发生前后3～6km存在明显的由上升运动到下沉运动的转变.为准确监测、预报冰雹天气提供依据.     

Investigations of the development of thunderstorm with hail. Part 1. Cloud development and formation of electric discharges

The results of synchronous radar, radiometric, and lightning-detection measurements are analyzed to reveal interrelations between the parameters of electric discharges and the parameters of cumulonimbus clouds developing in the North Caucasus. The dependences of electric activity of the cloud on radar parameiers as well as on the parameiers reirieved from Meteosat SEVIRI radiometer measurements are considered. Electric discharges (intracloud discharges and lightnings) were registered for 1 hour 40 minutes (the maximum frequency was equal to 448 discharges per minute). The relation ships are identified that connect the parameters of electric discharges with the precipitation rate and with the field of cloud top temperaiure. It was found that the frequency of eleciric discharges increases as the precipitation rate increases. The maximum frequency is reached at the precipitation rate equal to 70 mm/hour. Normalized autocorrelation functions ofthe field ofcloud top temperature retrieved from the satellite data are constructed. The high correlation is revealed between the scale of inhomogeneity of the field of cloud top temperature and the frequency of electrical discharges.     

基于GIS的大连冰雹分布与地形因子的相关分析

利用1971-2010年大连地区64个乡镇的冰雹观测资料和1:50 000数字高程模型,选择和设计对冰雹空间分布可能有影响的地形因子,如海拔高度、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、地形切割深度等,采用数字地形分析、不规则窗口统计等方法研究冰雹分布与地形因子间的相关关系。结果表明：地形高程、西北偏西坡向和地形切割深度是影响大连地区冰雹分布的最主要地形因子。地形高程抬升下的强对流天气系统有利于降雹;西北偏西坡向有利于冰雹的形成;地形起伏显著的区域更有利于冰雹的形成和降落。建立了冰雹与地形因子间的回归方程,模拟了大连地区的冰雹空间分布,结果显示大连地区冰雹最严重区域位于瓦房店和普兰店北部地区,沿海及南部地区较少。     

Estimation of physical efficiency of hail protection accounting for changes in hail climatology

Results are considered of study of climate global warming effects on hail climatology and on technique of estimation of physical efficiency of hail protection taking account of the region hail danger trend. It is found that during last 30 years, occurrence frequency of hail and the number of heavy hailstorms in the mountainous areas of the Northern Caucasus decreased, on average, by a factor of 1.5–2, and in the foothill areas increased by 15–20%. It is shown that efficiency of hail protection works should be estimated taking into account the hail danger trend for each region.     

Climatology of hail in France

Within the framework of a doctoral thesis in geography, we endeavored to draw up the first map showing hail risk in France. The creation of this map is mainly based on the data of hail measuring networks. This map is corroborated, moreover, by the analysis of hail damage maps. Insurance data used to measure relative hail damage are the base premium rate levels expressed as a percentage of assets insured on a single crop, in this case grapes. These levels reflect well, over the long term, the regional hierarchy of damage, without it being necessary to correlate them directly in terms of frequency and intensity of hail. The regions that suffer the most hail stretch from the southwest to the east-central area of France, passing through the Massif Central. One must also note the southern Alps as a strongly hail-prone region. From the diagonal line of high hail risk emerge two gradients of decreasing intensity and frequency of hail. Toward the west, the risk of hail diminishes strongly, attaining a minimum level in Brittany and on the English Channel coast. Toward the southeast, hail diminishes near the Mediterranean coast. The climatological explanations of this map are so far only hypotheses. Hail is not the exclusive feature of a single climate; it seems on the contrary to be the hallmark of regions of climatic contact. The line of maximal hail risk is situated at the frontier between the oceanic and Mediterranean influences. This conflict is readily measurable in the southwest part of France where the pyrenees channel the Mediterranean influences at low levels. The map of hail risk is also the reflection of the probability of southwestern flow at high altitudes. In the east-central area of France (around Lyon), the local topography can amplify hail energy especially on leeward slopes.