基于Aster和Landsat8数据在青海赛什腾地区蚀变信息提取研究

青海赛什腾地区位于无人区,穿越条件极差,传统地质找矿勘探工作难以开展,因其植被稀少,有利于多光谱遥感数据提取矿化蚀变信息.本文以Landsat8和Aster数据为数据源,利用成像光谱法和主成分分析法对赛什腾地区进行矿化蚀变信息的提取,成像光谱法包括最小噪声变换(MNF),像元纯净指数(PPI),n维可视化端元识别(n-...     

Integration of ASTER and landsat TM remote sensing data for chromite prospecting and lithological mapping in Neyriz ophiolite zone,south Iran

Chromite deposits in Iran are located in the ophiolite complexes, which have mostly podiform types and irregular in their settings. Exploration for podiform chromite deposits associated with ophiolite complexes has been a challenge for the prospectors due to tectonic disturbance and their distribution patterns. Most of Iranian ophiolitic zones are located in mountainous and inaccessible regions. Remote sensing approach could be applicable tool for choromite prospecting in Iranian ophiolitic zones with intensely rugged topography, where systematic sampling and conventional geological mapping are limited. In this study, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite data were used for chromite prospecting and lithological mapping in the Neyriz ophiolitic zone in the south of Iran. Image transformation techniques, namely decorrelation stretch, band ratio and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to Landsat TM and ASTER data sets for lithological mapping at regional scale. The RGB decorrelated image of Landsat TM spectral bands 7, 5, and 4, and the principal components PC1, PC2 and PC3 image of ASTER SWIR spectral bands efficiently showed the occurrence of major lithological units in the study area at regional scale. The band ratios of 5/3, 5/1, 7/5 applied on ASTER VNIR‐SWIR bands were very useful for discriminating most of rock units in the study area and delineation of the transition zone and mantle harzburgite in the Neyriz ophiolitic complex. Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) technique was implemented to ASTER VNIR‐SWIR spectral bands for detecting minerals of rock units and especially delineation of the transition zone and mantle harzburgite as potential zones with high chromite mineralization in the Neyriz ophiolitic complex. The integration of information extracted from the image processing algorithms used in this study mapped most of lithological units of the Neyriz ophiolitic complex and identified potential areas of high chromite mineralization (transition zone and mantle harzburgite) for chromite prospecting targets in the future. Furthermore, image processing results were verified by comprehensive fieldwork and laboratory analysis in the study area. Accordingly, result of this investigation indicate that the integration of information extracted from the image processing algorithms using Landsat TM and ASTER data sets could be broadly applicable tool for chromite prospecting and lithological mapping in mountainous and inaccessible regions such Iranian ophiolitic zones.     

Mapping Proterozoic unconformity-related uranium deposits in the Rockhole area, Northern Territory, Australia using landsat ETM+

The Rockhole area, Northern Territory, Australia, hosts a number of Proterozoic unconformity-related uranium deposits. The geology of the area features within Paleoproterozoic rocks of the Pine Creek Orogen, near the unconformity with overlying platform cover sandstone of the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic McArthur Basin. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) data was used in the Rockhole area to assist in mapping geological structures and lithology, and to identify anomalous concentrations of ferrous minerals, the product of alteration, which can be indicators of buried uranium mineralization. Several image-processing procedures were applied to the ETM+ data to identify, isolate and enhance mineralogical information as simple and complex false color composites. ETM+ 754 shown as red green and blue respectively was the best simple image. Overall, complex images based on Principal Component Analysis proved to be the most useful products. Sandstone, shale and siltstone, the target lithologies, Koolpin Formation, the target stratigraphic unit, and bleaching pattern due to the removal of iron(II) compounds, the target alteration pattern, were confidently mapped to provide information required by the mineral emplacement model, which ultimately identified areas of likely uranium mineralization. Thus the contrasting behavior of the two principle oxidation states of uranium and iron can be utilized to map/delineate bleached alteration zones associated with economic concentrations of uranium using multispectral sensors like Landsat or better hyperspectral sensors.     

Exploration of copper deposits in Wadi El Regeita area, Southern Sinai, Egypt, with contribution of remote sensing and geophysical data

Three types of hydrothermal alterations are recorded in Wadi El Regeita area, argillic, phyllic, and propylitic. Whole-rock analysis of representative samples of the alteration halo (1) shows a Cu, Au, and Ag content up to 1.7 wt.%, 1.6 g/t, and 4 g/t, respectively; in the alteration halo (2), these metal contents are up to 1.3 wt.%, 1.4 g/t, and 3 g/t, following the same order. The integrated remote sensing and geophysical data, as well as geological field verification, show that Wadi El Regeita area includes promising Cu ores within two hydrothermal alteration haloes. Spatial data analyses of lineaments from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) band ratio image (7/5, 5/4, 3/1) reveal the presence of alteration haloes that potentially may host Cu mineralization at south and north of El Regita Cu mine. Gravity interpretation indicates that the surveyed area is dissected by NE–SW fault zones in the central part, near Wadi El Regeita Cu mine. Ground magnetic survey data revealed that the surveyed area includes six magnetic bodies at depths ranging from 32 to 90 m, possibly recording the presence of mineralized and hydrothermally altered andesitic dykes. The half length of these dykes ranges from 600 to 1,070 m; their half thickness from 30 to 123 m and their half width from 48 to 531 m. Dyke locations coincide with surface alteration haloes (1) and (2) as indicated by the ETM band ratio image processing. The final assessment of the area, however, needs more detailed geological and geophysical studies with contributions of remote sensing techniques.     

招远金矿区植被异常及遥感找矿意义

提出了一种新的综合型替代方法:基于廉价的Landsat-7 ETM 遥感数据揭示植被异常与热液蚀变区的潜在关系。在研究过程中,使用了招远金矿区夏季的ETM 遥感数据来分析和展示植被异常与热液矿化蚀变是否存在上述关系。该方法包括以下几个步骤:(1)数据预处理;(2)植被指数(Veg.In-dex、TNDVI、SQRT(IR/R)、NDVI、IR/R等)和波段比值指数;(3)主成分分析(PCA);(4)非监督分类;(5)监督分类。最后,经过综合解译成图发现,该图很好地展示了招远金矿区部分区域的植被异常,同时经过野外验证,在招远其它地区的植被异常都与热液蚀变区域有关。研究结果表明,这种综合型方法在植被覆盖区利用ETM 遥感数据提取植被异常信息非常有效。     

Application of Principal Component Analysis and Spectral Angle Mapper in the Mapping of Hydrothermal Alteration in the Jebal–Barez Area,Southeastern Iran

The southeastern part of the central Iranian Cenozoic magmatic belt contains many areas with copper mineralization. In an analysis of this region, we used the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM⁺) images to map the distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks, based on their mineral assemblages. The spectral measurements, based on the field samples and satellite‐image‐derived spectra, show dominantly Al–OH (sericite and clays) and Fe–O absorption features in the visible–near infrared to shortwave infrared regions of the spectrum. Silica–bearing rocks, as well as silicic alteration, show an intense Si–O vibrational feature in the thermal infrared wavelength region. We analyzed ASTER/ETM⁺ images, performed a directed principal component analysis, and used spectral angle mapper to map areas of hydrothermal alteration and iron oxide/hydroxide minerals. The individual principal component images compiled by directed principal component analysis reveal the distribution of individual alteration minerals such as sericite, kaolinite, chlorite, epidote, and quartz. The best results, in terms of mapping the distribution of alteration, were obtained using the spectral angle mapper method. The altered areas were then sampled and the samples subjected to X–ray diffraction analysis, spectral analysis, and thin sections were observed under a microscope. Field observations reveal that more than 98% of the known copper mineralization occurs within the interpreted alteration areas. The present results indicate the great potential of ASTER and ETM⁺ data for mapping the distribution of alteration and exploring for copper mineralization in areas with a similar climate and geological setting to those of the present study.     

西藏冲江-厅宫斑岩型铜矿区遥感蚀变信息提取与找矿预测

西藏尼木县冲江和厅宫矿床是典型的斑岩型铜矿床,围岩蚀变强烈、类型丰富。对陆地卫星运行陆地成像仪(Operational Land Imager,OLI)光谱数据二维散点图做了结构分析,发现在提取铁染蚀变信息时,若选用OLI2和OLI4波段,则没有干扰端元;提取羟基蚀变信息时,选用OLI6和OLI7波段,干扰端元只有植被;剔除干扰端元之后,用主成分分析方法提取了该地区的围岩蚀变信息。最后,结合该研究区遥感蚀变信息、控矿和成矿地质特征,圈定了11个找矿靶区。     

南美典型铁矿床遥感找矿模型研究

针对南美地区两种典型铁矿—苏比利尔湖型和阿尔果玛型铁矿,基于ETM+遥感数据,采用光谱角方法提取研究区的羟基、铁染蚀变信息;通过影像增强,波段合成等预处理结合人工解译,进行赋矿地层和控矿构造信息提取。总结分析示矿信息规律和特征,建立遥感找矿模型,圈定2处遥感找矿靶区,缩小了野外地质调查范围。     

ETM+和ASTER数据在遥感矿化蚀变信息提取应用中的比较——以安徽铜陵凤凰山矿田为例

在利用遥感技术找矿中,矿化蚀变信息识别与提取起着重要作用。选择具有典型蚀变特征的安徽铜陵凤凰山矿田作为研究区,从分析地物波谱,尤其是岩矿光谱特征出发,根据ETM+和ASTER数据的光谱特征,采用主成分分析（PCA）,设计了相应的粘土矿化蚀变信息提取方案,成功地进行信息提取。对两者的提取结果进行比较后表明,ASTER数据较之ETM数据在粘土类矿化蚀变信息提取中具有更大的优势。     

Application of Spectral Angle Mapper Classification to Discriminate Hydrothermal Alteration in Southwest Birjand,Iran, Using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Image Processing

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification method for determining the optimum threshold (maximum spectral angle) to unveil the hydrothermal mineral assemblages related to mineral deposits. The study area indicates good potential for Cu-Au porphyry, epithermal gold deposits and hydrothermal alteration well developed in arid and semiarid climates, which makes this region significant for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image processing analysis. Given that achieving an acceptable mineral mapping requires knowing the alteration patterns, petrochemistry and petrogenesis of the igneous rocks while considering the effect of weathering, overprinting of supergene alteration, overprinting of hypogene alteration and host rock spectral mixing, SAM classification was implemented for argillic, sericitic, propylitic, alunitization, silicification and iron oxide zones of six previously known mineral deposits: Maherabad, a Cu-Au porphyry system; Sheikhabad, an upper part of Cu-Au porphyry system; Khoonik, an Intrusion related Au system; Barmazid, a low sulfidation epithermal system; Khopik, a Cu-Au porphyry system; and Hanish, an epithermal Au system. Thus, the investigation showed that although the whole alteration zones are affected by mixing, it is also possible to produce a favorable hydrothermal mineral map by such complementary data as petrology, petrochemistry and alteration patterns.     

Mapping hydrothermal alteration in the Comstock mining district,Nevada, using simulated satellite‐borne hyperspectral data

Hydrothermal alteration mapping with spaceborne hyperspectral data was simulated in the Comstock mining district, Nevada in order to evaluate the mineral mapping capabilities of the proposed Australian Resource Information and Environment Satellite (ARIES‐1). As a result, a suite of hydrothermal alteration minerals, including kaolinite, dickite, illite, chlorite, alunite and carbonate was identified from the simulated data in the 0.4–2.5 μm wavelength region and their areal abundance variations mapped accordingly. The recognised alteration zoning shows a major change in alteration assemblages across the Comstock and Silver City Faults, and a gradual variation from north to south along the faults. In the bleached Miocene volcanic rocks, dickite, kaolinite, illite and alunite were recognised. Coexistence of dickite of relatively high temperature, high‐crystallinity kaolinite of medium temperature and low‐crystallinity kaolinite of low temperature suggests supergene processes overprinting earlier hypogene alteration. The bleached rocks probably represent hydrothermal alteration in the fluid up‐flow zones in the central and shallower parts of the hydrothermal system. Illite in the bleached zones is characterised by relatively short AI–OH band wavelengths (2190–2200 nm), indicating no or very low Fe and/or Mg contents. Fault‐controlled propylitic alteration is mapped in the central part of the district mainly in the footwall of the Comstock Fault. The associated illite is characterised mainly by medium AI–OH band wavelengths (2200–2208 nm). This propylitic alteration may be contemporaneous with Au–Ag mineralisation. Additional and more extensive propylitic zones, containing illite with long AI–OH band wavelengths (2204–2216 nm), were mapped in the southern part of the district. These zones resulted from either a pre‐mineralisation propylitic alteration, or the peripheral hydrothermal alteration in the fluid down‐flow zones of the Miocene hydrothermal system.     

Mapping of hydrothermally altered zones in Aravalli Supergroup of rocks around Dungarpur and Udaipur,India, using Landsat-8 OLI and spectroscopy

We explored the utilization of Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data for mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones. The region in and around the cities of Dungarpur and Udaipur of Rajasthan state in India was selected for this study. The rock types of Dungarpur and Udaipur are serpentinites, talc-carbonate, talc-schist, and quartzite of the Aravalli Supergroup. Hydrothermally altered zones and resultant hydrous minerals play an important role in the genesis of these rocks. We aimed to identify possible locations of hydrothermally altered zones in regional context around Dungarpur and Udaipur using Landsat-8 OLI data. False-color composite maps and band ratios were prepared from Landsat-8 bands. Band ratios such as band 6/band 7 (short-wave infrared 1 (SWIR1)/short wave infrared 2 (SWIR2)), band 4/band 3 (red/green), and band 5/band 6 (near infrared (NIR)/SWIR1) and visual interpretation techniques were used to identify the hydrothermally altered zones. Spectroscopic analyses of field rock samples were done to validate the hydrothermal alteration zones delineated from the analysis of Landsat-8 data. We present the combined results of Landsat-8 and field spectroradiometer analysis which brings out the hydrothermal alteration zones associated with hydrous minerals (antigorite, lizardite, montmorillonite, vermiculite, talc, and saponite). The study demonstrates the utility Landsat-8 OLI (with field spectroradiometer data) in the mapping of hydrothermally altered zones as a key in understanding geological processes.     

Gold Minerogenetic Prognosis Using Satellite Data： Case Study of Paishanlou Gold Mine, Liaoning Province, China

INTRODUCTION AccommodationZones Currentmineralexplorationconceptshavefailed torecognizetheassociationofmineralizationwith uniqueextensionalstructurescalledaccommodation zones(Fauldsetal.,1987).Inmostcases,these zonesshowlittleobviousdeformation,yetfocusfl…     

Mapping Supergene／Hypogene Alteration Signatures with Landsat ETM＋ Data. Paishanlou Gold Mine, Liaoning Province, China

INTRODUCTIONInterpretation of Boxworks and Leached OutcropsSupergene alteration (or weathering), of sulfidesystems yields many products, which, if exposed atthe earth's surface, allow some interpretation of orig inal minerals present, which in turn, provide insightsinto the ore deposit at depth (Blanchard, 2003; Lillesand Kiefer, 2000; Anderson, 1982). These super gene products include secondary ore minerals, box works and other textures; various oxides, hydrox ides, …     

内蒙古苏莫查干敖包萤石矿区遥感蚀变信息提取及其找矿指示意义

利用遥感技术可以经济、有效地获取地质找矿信息。基于多光谱遥感数据的蚀变信息提取已在地质填图和找矿工作中广泛应用,近几年,中国高分五号（GF-5）高光谱数据以其较高的光谱分辨率为地表蚀变矿物的精细化识别提供了基础数据。文章结合Landsat-8 OLI多光谱和GF-5高光谱数据,对内蒙古苏莫查干敖包萤石矿及周边开展蚀变信息提取,分析有利成矿区域,并进行野外验证,进一步发掘外围矿产资源潜力并探究遥感地质勘查的可信度。笔者基于Landsat-8多光谱数据,利用主成分分析方法提取了铁染、羟基类蚀变,并对其异常等级进行了划分;基于GF-5高光谱数据运用最小噪声分离（MNF）算法、纯净像元指数（PPI）算法、混合调制匹配滤波（MTMF）填图方法,在研究区内提取出白云母、绿泥石、高岭石、磁赤铁矿和褐铁矿5种矿物。将两者蚀变信息提取结果叠加,笔者发现苏莫查干敖包萤石矿区及外围存在热液蚀变特征,具备金属成矿潜力,野外验证发现研究区除萤石外,还伴生有铅锌多金属矿。因此,笔者认为多光谱和高光谱遥感数据结合的蚀变信息提取在地质矿产资源勘查领域具有一定应用潜力。     

Landsat 8卫星OLI传感器波段平均太阳辐照度计算

卫星传感器波段平均太阳辐照度(solar exoatmospheric spectral irradiances,简称ESUN)是反演地表温度、大气顶部反射率的重要参数。目前,Landsat 8卫星的传感器ESUN值美国地质调查局仍未公布。采用ChKur、WRC、Thuillier、ASTM和Wehrli太阳光谱数据,结合Landsat 8卫星的相对光谱响应数据,使用代入计算的方法分别计算了OLI传感器各波段的ESUN值。与ChKur数据计算的结果相比,应用Wehrli数据计算的结果均方根误差最小,使用WRC数据计算的结果均方根误差最大。为验证结果,用同样的方法计算了基于ChKur太阳光谱数据的Landsat 7卫星ETM+传感器的ESUN值,并与美国地质调查局官方推荐的结果做对比,结果表明,基于ChKur太阳光谱数据采用该方法计算结果较为符合官方数据。     

基于OLI和GF-2数据的锰矿化信息提取分析与对比 —以新疆西昆仑玛尔坎苏锰矿带为例

本文在充分分析锰矿样品的实测波谱典型特征和矿化蚀变信息提取方法的基础上,基于Landsat OLI数据和国产GF-2数据影像,利用主成分分析法（PCA）对新疆西昆仑玛尔坎苏锰矿带进行了锰矿化异常信息提取,并对这两类数据的锰矿化信息提取结果进行了对比分析,进而讨论两类数据在锰矿化信息提取精度上的差异。研究表明：基于OLI和GF-2两类多光谱数据提取的锰矿化信息都取得了良好的效果,将已有的锰矿区与锰矿化点全部提取了出来,同时也提取出了未开采的锰矿化异常信息,验证了所采用信息提取方法的有效性;相比空间分辨率较低的OLI数据,高空间分辨率的国产GF-2遥感数据能够更好地区分锰矿化异常与阴影,更能精确地识别锰矿化异常的分布。因此,高空间分辨率多光谱数据在区分光谱特征差异较小的地物时具有较大优势,可为研究区下一步遥感找矿预测提供有利线索。     

基于多源遥感数据的成矿远景区圈定——以内蒙古东乌珠穆沁-满都地区为例

基于ETM+遥感数据解译研究区地质构造,利用ASTER数据,采用光谱角填图法（SAM）提取矿化蚀变信息.同时,结合研究区化探异常数据分布特征、岩体的空间展布特征、已有的地质资料等,总结了研究区典型矿床的成矿地质规律,并达到了成矿模型要求.最后,在内蒙古东乌珠穆沁-满都地区进行了成矿远景区的圈定.研究结果表明：结合ETM+和ASTER遥感数据和化探异常数据,建立遥感成矿模型,在圈定成矿远景方面有一定的可行性,该方法值得进一步推广.     

Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping in Northern Khur, Iran, Using ASTER Image Processing: a New Insight to the Type of Copper Mineralization

Eastern Iran has great potential for the discovery of different types of mineralization. The study area encompasses Tertiary magmatism in the northern Lut block located in northern Khur, South Khorasan, eastern Iran and is mostly covered by volcanic rocks, which are intruded by porphyritic subvolcanic intrusions in some places. Application of the spectral angle mapper (SAM) technique to Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images detected sericitic, argillic, and propylitic alterations, silicification, and secondary iron oxides. The alteration is linear and associated within vein-type mineralization. Twelve prospective areas are selected for detailed exploration and based on our processing results, in addition to NW-SE faults, which are associated with Cu mineralization indications, NE-SW faults are also shown to be important. Based on the presence of subvolcanic rocks and numerous Cu ± Pb-Zn vein-type mineralizations, extensive alteration, high anomaly of Cu and Zn (up to 100 ppm), the age (43.6 to 31.4 Ma) and the initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7047 to 0.7065) of the igneous rocks, and the metallogenic epoch of the Lut block (middle Eocene-lower Oligocene) for the formation of porphyry Cu and epithermal deposits, the studied area shows great potential for porphyry copper deposits.