唐山余震震源参数和衰减的联合反演

利用唐山余震的数字化地震记录,研究了唐山余震的震源参数.发展了一种 P 波谱的反演方法,以消除用波谱分析求解震源参数过程中的不确定因素的影响.经过数值实验和对实际资料的应用,初步证明了这种方法的实用性.利用5个台站接收的35次地震记录的 P 波频谱资料,反演了唐山滦县地区的震源动力学参数,得到了5个台站的 P 波 Q 值和震源频谱的高频衰减率.Q 值分布在408——847之间,均值为520;值分布在1.54——3.22之间,均值为2.41.在该区域的小震频谱的定标律研究中,发现应力降随地震矩的增加而增加.      

利用数字地震记录研究唐山震区台下的P、S波速度结构

直接采集数字地震记录的原始 P波、S波记录波形 ,与利用 Haskell矩阵传递方法得到的理论综合地震图进行对比 ,通过不断调整介质模型 ,最后得到台站下方的体波速度结构模型 ,此方法中得到的 S波速度结构不同于通过其他波形转换而来的结果 ,而是同 P波一样从原始波形拟合而来 ,同时获得地震台下方 P、S速度介质模型 ,这为我们讨论地下介质的性质提供了更多的信息。数字地震波形资料取自于唐山市遥测地震台网陡河和滦县的短周期地震记录 ,共选用了震中距范围为 30～ 60°、震源深度为 1 0 0～ 60 0 km的 5个不同地点的深源远震记录资料。结果表明 ,台站下方的纵波和横波速度分层结构相当吻合 ,说明拟合结果相当可靠。两个台站下的地壳厚度均为 38km,速度结构在 1 3km的低速层处出现差异 ,滦县的低速层比陡河要更厚一些。两个台站的地壳速度结构都是高低相同 ,而且陡河的高低差异较滦县更为显著。唐山震区滦县部分的震源比陡河附近的浅 ,而 1 976年唐山 7.8级地震发生在陡河附近 ,可见地震的发生与壳内低速层的差异幅度有关。从泊松比高值来看 ,地幔顶部存在低速层 ,该区域是地幔上隆区 ,可能有部分熔融     

Determination of moment magnitude from acceleration spectrum

The theoretical acceleration spectrum of observation site has been obtained from source acceleration spectrum derived from scaling law, using attenuation modelQ=Q _ν f ^η . A comparison of a set of theoretical acceleration spectra with observation spectra has been made, and we have obtained the attenuation model for observation site and seismic moment magnitude. We obtain thatQ _o=300,η=0.25 for Wuqia area, Xinjing Zizhizhou, and seismic moment magnitudes of 18 greater aftershocks of Wuqia earthquake occurred in 1985. In order to obtain seismic moment magnitued conveniently, three functional tables of acceleration spectra at 1Hz as the distances for variousQ value have been made. The seismic moment magnitude can be quickly measured from acceleration spectrum at 1Hz according to these tables (epicenter has to be known). The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 435–445, 1992.     

High frequency fall-off of source spectra using Q -free spectra estimation

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｐｅｃｔｒａｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｍａｙｂｅｔｒａｃｅｄｂａｃｋｔｏｌａｔｅ１９６０ｓ（Ａｋｉ,１９６７;Ｂｒｕｎｅ,１９７０;Ｈａｎｋｓ,１９７９）．Ｆｏｒｉｔｓｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅｉｎｓｔｒ...     

Visco-elastic stress triggering model of Tangshan earthquake sequence

We calculated the Coulomb failure stress change generated by the 1976 Tangshan earthquake that is projected onto the fault planes and slip directions of large subsequent aftershocks.Results of previous studies on the seismic fail-ure distribution,crustal velocity and viscosity structures of the Tangshan earthquake are used as model constraints.Effects of the local pore fluid pressure and impact of soft medium near the fault are also considered.Our result shows that the subsequent Luanxian and Ninghe earthquakes occurred in the regions with a positive Coulomb fail-ure stress produced by the Tangshan earthquake.To study the triggering effect of the Tangshan,Luanxian,and Ninghe earthquakes on the follow-up small earthquakes,we first evaluate the possible focal mechanisms of small earthquakes according to the regional stress field and co-seismic slip distributions derived from previous studies,assuming the amplitude of regional tectonic stress as 10 MPa.By projecting the stress changes generated by the above three earthquakes onto the possible fault planes and slip directions of small earthquakes,we find that the "butterfly" distribution pattern of increased Coulomb failure stress is consistent with the spatial distribution of follow-up earthquakes,and 95% of the aftershocks occurred in regions where Coulomb failure stresses increase,indicating that the former large earthquakes modulated occurrences of follow-up earthquakes in the Tangshan earthquake sequence.This result has some significance in rapid assessment of aftershock hazard after a large earthquake.If detailed failure distribution,seismogenic fault in the focal area and their slip features can be rapidly determined after a large earthquake,our algorithm can be used to predict the locations of large aftershocks.     

Distribution of Lg coda Q in Xinjiang and its adjacent regions

In this study, we collected 1 156 broadband vertical components records at 22 digital seismic stations in Xinjiang region, ürümqi station, and 7 stations in the adjacent regions during the period of 1999–2003. The records were firstly processed by the stacked spectral ratio method to obtain Q ₀ (Q at 1 Hz) and the frequency correlation factor η corresponding to each path. Based on the results, the distribution images of Q ₀ and η in 1°×1° grids for Xinjiang region were gained by the back-projection technique. The results indicate that Q ₀ is high (300–450) in the Tarim platform and marginal Siberian platform, while Q ₀ is low (150–250) in the southern regions as west Kunlun fold system and Songpan-Ganzi fold system. In the northern regions as Junggar fold system and Tianshan fold system, Q ₀ is also low (250–300) and η varies between 0.5 and 0.9. Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China (49974012) and Joint Seismological Science Foundation of China (604004).     

Study of the Q -value in and around Minle Basin

The digital seimograph network set up by China and France in Zhangye of China had been operated in 1988. The Zhangye network is situated in the middle segment of Hexi corridor and Qilina mountain, which was regarded as a monitoring earthquake area. Using the records of Zhangye digital network theQ-values in and around Minle basin have been measured. The results of this study showed that theQp-values range from 500 to 780, andQs-values range from 230 to 460. TheQ-values of inside of Minle basin are higher than that around the basin. The greater parts of moderate and strong earthquakes occurred along tectonic belts around the Minle basin. Moreover, TheQ-values increased with the depth of penctration of wave ray. The attenuation of S wave is stronger than P wave in shallow layer of crust. Some problems ofQ-value change versus time before and after Sunan eathquake (M _s=5.7) have been also disscussed. These results can be applied to study and to monitor seismic danger of the Minle monitoring area. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 296–302, 1993.     

The ground motion excited by the Olyutorskii earthquake of April 20, 2006 and by its aftershocks based on digital recordings

We studied broadband digital records of the M _W = 7.6 Olyutorskii earthquake of April 20, 2006 and its aftershocks at local and regional distances. We have made a detailed analysis of data on peak ground motion velocities and accelerations due to aftershocks based on records of two digital seismic stations, Tilichiki (TLC) and Kamenskoe (KAM). The first step in this analysis was to find the station correction for soil effects at TLC station using coda spectra. The correction was applied to the data to convert them to the reference bedrock beneath the Kamenskoe station. The second step involved multiple linear regression to derive average relationshis of peak amplitude to local magnitude M_L and distance R for the Koryak Upland conditions. The data scatter about the average relationshis is comparatively low (0.22–0.25 log units). The acceleration amplitudes for M _L = 5, R = 25 km are lower by factors of 2–3 compared with those for eastern Kamchatka, the western US, or Japan. A likely cause of this anomaly could be lower stress drops for the aftershocks.     

唐山大震前后震区构造应力场的光弹性模拟实验

本文根据唐山震区的地质构造模拟制作光弹模型,以N60°E方向加压进行唐山震前应力场的光弹性模拟实验。用打孔的方法模拟强震的应力释放。实验结果表明:1.在N60°E方向压缩时,唐山—丰南一带、滦县、野鸡坨和卢龙等地区是最大剪应力集中区,与唐山7.8级、滦县7.1级地震及强余震的震中分布基本吻合。说明唐山大震及余震的发生是近东西向压应力场作用的结果。2.当唐山7.8级地震应力释放后,震前具有高应力背景值的其它地区,应力进一步加强。说明唐山地震的发生导致了应力场的重新调整,增强了强余震发震的动力条件。3.实验结果证明,在断裂带两侧、端部或几条断裂的复合部位,其主应力方向与区域应力场的总体方向比较,大致有10°～25°的偏转。强震的应力释放导致震中区附近的主应力方向与震前相比也发生约10°～20°的偏差。     

Lg coda Q0 value and its relation with the tectonics in Chinese mainland and adjacent regions

We have collected 432 vertical component records from 45 stations of new CENC （China Earthquake Network Center） in Chinese mainland and adjacent regions. These records were used to calculate Q0 （Q at 1Hz） and η values of Lg coda from each station by the stack spectral ratio （SSR） method. Then the tomography method was applied to obtaining lateral variation of Q0 and η values in Chinese mainland and adjacent regions. The result indicates that Q0 value varies between 150 and 600 in the studied areas. Yunnan, southwest Sichuan, and northwest Myanmar show the lowest Q0 value （Q0〈240） and the crust of these regions is characterized by complicated crack and strong hydrothermal activity. The highest Q0 value （Qo〉510） exists in the border of southern Mongolia, Alxa and Ordos block. The η value varies between 0.45 and 0.75 in Chinese mainland and its adjacent regions.     

Inversion of source parameters for moderate and small earthquakes in Beijing region

Introduction Beijing and the adjacent regions is a significant seismically active area and many geoscien- tists have studied to different extents the non-elastic attenuation and source parameters in the area. GAO et al (1986) and ZHUO et al (1990) studied the coda Q in the Beijing region by the method of dominant frequency and mechanical frequency division with the simulated data. With the con- tinuous construction of digital seismic station network, the digital data are more favorably used…     

Conductivity structure of crust in the Tangshan seismic area and the possibility of exploring potential seismic sources by magnetotelluric method

It is shown by the result of digital magnetotelluric soundings in the Tangshan seismic area and its surrounding regions that the crust under the surface conductive sediments is divided into two layers,i. e., the resistive upper crust and the conductive lower crust. The upper crust wherein the Tangshan main shock and most of the aftershocks occurred is a convex lens-like body which is cut by faults at the east, south and west sides. The focus of the mainshock was located at the position of maximum thickness of the resistive upper crust while the spatial variation of Curie point isothermal surface and the deepest limit of the depths of aftershocks coincide with the downward depression of the bottom of the resistive upper crust. Thus, the Tangshan main shock and most of its aftershocks were related closely to the resistive upper crust from the view points of either vertical layering or lateral variations. And there were only a very few aftershocks in the conductive lower crust. The mechanical property of the rocks transforms from being brittle in the upper crust into ductile in the lower crust mainly due to the combination of different factors, e.g., increase of confining pressure, change in minerals, rise in temperature as well as stabilization of slips by high pore—pressure. A small amount of water and a rise in temperature may lead to a decrease of the electric resistivity within the rock while a change in the static pressure and mineral content within the rock causes very little change in the electric resistivity. Thus it is deduced that a resistive upper crust and a more conductive lower crust from the view points of either vertical or lateral variations are related to the brittle and ductile properties respectively. Hence it is possible that there is a relationship between the electric structure of the crust and zones of potential seismic hazard. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 354–363, 1991. The project is supported by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation, and the Swedish International Development Authority.     

Response spectrum to strong aftershocks of the Lancang-Gengma earthquake

Near-field records of two strong aftershocks with magnitudeM _S=6.7 andM _S=6.3 in the Lancang-Gengma earthquakes sequence, Yunnan Province, November 1988, are used to calculate the response spectrum. The instruments, site conditions and the methods for computing are also illustrated in this paper. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 338–343, 1991. This project is supported by The Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation, SSB and the West Yunnan Earthquake Prediction Test Field, Yunnan Seismological Bureau.     

The Q value variations in the preparing process of rock rupture

In this paper, the "spectral amplitude ratio method" (SAR), "energy method" (EN) and "coda wave method" (CW) are used to calculate theQ value variations of gneiss in the preparing rupture process. The obtained results show that the variation state ofQ values by SAR features the shape of relative stability—gradual increment to the maximum—then decrement and final rupture. The variation state ofQ values by EN is just contrary to that by SAR, i. e. with the shape of stability—decrement—increment—and final rupture. The varation state ofQ values by CW is similar to that by EN, its main frequency features the shape of relatively high value—decrement to the minimum—increment—and final rupture. But to the high frequency (higher than the main frequency), the variation state ofQ values features the shape of the stable value-increment to the maximum-decrement-and final rupture. At the same time, the results by coda wave amplitude spectrum show that, when stress reaches 70% of rupture stress, the high frequency component of S wave rapidly reduces (Q _c increasing); at the time of impending the main rupture, the main frequency component reduces with a large scale (Q _c increasing again), this may be the reason which causes the different variation states of two codaQ values. The result of amplitude spectra of P, S (initial wave) waves also show that with the appearance of microcracks the frequency band of S wave turn to be narrow, the high frequency component is reduced quickly, i. e. the S wave spectra have different variation states with different frequency components. That is why theQ _s obtained by different methods have different variation characteristics.     

Changes in source parameters of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2001 Ms=6.0 Yajiang,Sichuan, earthquake

In this paper changes in focal mechanisms) parameters of wave spectra, and stress drops for the Ms=5.0 forcshock and Ms=6.0 mainshock in February 2001 in Yajiang County, Sichuan, and seismicity in cpiccntral region are studied. Comparison of focal mechanisms for the Yajiang earthquakes with distribution patterns of aftcrshocks, the nodal plane Ⅰ, striking in the direction of NEN, of the Yajiang M=5.0 event is chosen as the faulting plane, the nodal plane Ⅱ, striking in the direction of WNW, of the M=6.0 event as the faulting plane. The strikes of the two faulting planes are nearly perpendicular to each other. The level of stress drops in the cpicentral region before the occurrence of the M=6.0 earthquake increases, which is consistent with increase of seismicity in the epicentral region. The rate decay of the Yajiang earthquake sequence, changes in wave spectra for foreshocks and aftershocks,and focal mechanisms are complex.     

2020年河北唐山M5.1地震震前地脉动异常特征初探

对2020年唐山M5.1地震前河北数字测震台承德、涞源、滦县、京唐港和迁西台站的数据资料进行分析,通过小波分解、功率谱分析、快速傅里叶变换等方法处理数据研究震前地脉动的异常变化特征。结果显示:① 唐山地震前,5个台均出现低频地脉动前兆异常,且4个台站低频异常具有一致性;② 4个台震前表现为振幅趋势上升,震后逐步下降;③ 4个台震前PSD变化具有一致性,震前趋势上升震后逐渐下降,且与振幅曲线呈相同趋势。      

Temporal vP/vS variation characteristics in different zones of China’s Capital Circle area before and after Wen’an earthquake

On July 4, 2006, an earthquake of MS5.1 took place in Wen’an, Hebei Province, just at the south center of China’s Capital Circle area digital seismograph network. It is the strongest event recorded ever since the network went into operation in 2002. We processed the vast amounts of phase data yielded by the 107 digital seismic stations between 2002~2007 using Wadati method. In order to improve the precision and stability of shear and compressional wave velocities (vP/vS) calculation, we impose a number of restrictions on the computation environment and condition, e.g., the earthquakes are densely concentrated, selected stations are limited in range, the number of stations in- volved in the computation is larger than 5 and linear fitting features high precision and small error. Under these restrictions, the study shows that vP/vS in and around Wen’an and Tangshan underwent a normal-low-normal proc- ess one year before Wen’an earthquake, vP/vS became obviously low and the low ratio lasted for about one year, meanwhile, little variation of vP/vS was seen in Xingtai, northwest of Beijing, southwest of Beijing, Beijing-Tianjin and Beijing; after the quake, the vP/vS returned normal in Wen’an and Tangshan. Error and stability analysis of the calculated result for vP/vS shows it is convincible that anomaly appeared in and around Wen’an and Tangshan be- fore Wen’an earthquake.     

2012年唐山4.8级地震强震动记录特征及场地相关特性分析

2012年5月28日河北省唐山市古冶区与滦县交界发生4.8级地震, 国家强震动台网中心在河北、 天津和北京的94个强震动台站记录到了本次地震的加速度。 本文给出了获取记录的强震动台站分布及强震动记录结果, 统计了强震动记录数量随震中距的变化, 给出了3个较小震中距台站记录到的加速度时程; 绘制了空间地震动峰值加速度等值线图及周期0.2 s、 2.0 s加速度反应谱值的等值线, 发现峰值加速度等值线与长周期加速度反应谱等值线极值分布具有明显地域差异, 分析认为是由于厚沉积层对长周期地震动具有放大作用造成的。 通过强震动记录与适用于本区的三个衰减关系对比, 分析了此次地震的峰值加速度衰减特征, 同时研究了周期0.2 s、 2.0 s加速度反应谱值的衰减特征, 周期2.0 s反应谱值随震中距的衰减与衰减关系能较好地对应, 然而在震中距100～130 km沉积层较厚的集中地区, 表现出了实际记录较衰减关系值偏大的现象, 认为同样是由于厚沉积层对地震动加速度反应谱长周期的放大作用导致的。 研究了震中距差别不大的情况下, 场地类型与沉积层厚度对反应谱特征周期的影响, 对比基岩台站与软弱地基土层台站的强震动记录反应谱, 发现软弱土层台站的土层对地震动有一定的放大作用, 导致中长周期地震动被放大, 对比位于沉积层较薄的隆起区台站与位于沉积层较厚的凹陷区台站强震动记录反应谱, 发现厚的沉积层不仅对反应谱长周期有放大的作用, 同时也会使得反应谱特征周期值变大。     

Frequency characteristics of coda and determination of medium parameters in Lingwu region, China

In this paper, considering the influences of source spectrum, the scattering property of medium and instrument response on the dominant frequency of coda, a method of using the coda of local earthquake to determine the correlation length of medium andQ-value is given. We find the following formula as: {fx719-1} wheret* =t/Q, f is the dominant frequency of coda,u ₁ andu ₂ are the parameters depend on the correlation length and the corner frequency of the source spectrum respectively,I(f) is a function of instrument response. If the source parameter is given, we can obtain the correlation length andQ-value by means of the inversion of observed curves off-t of coda. We processed the data of coda wave of more than 40 earthquakes from 1982 to 1989 in Lingwu region, China, determined the correlation length andQ-value, and preliminarily studied the temporal change of correlation length before and after moderately strong earthquakes. The result suggests that there are indications that the correlation length of medium decreases before the moderate earthquake. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 62–70, 1992.     

Three-dimensional Q structure in Jiashi earthquake region of Xinjiang

3-D S-waveQ structure in Jiashi earthquake region is inverted based on the attenuation of seismic waves recorded from earthquakes in this region in 1998 by the Research Center of Exploration Geophysics (RCEG), CSB, and a rough configuration of deep crustal faults in the earthquake region is presented. First, amplitude spectra of S-waves are extracted from 450 carefully-chosen earthquake records, called observed amplitude spectra. Then, after instrumental and site effect correction, theoretical amplitude spectra are made to fit observed amplitude spectra with nonlinear damped least-squares method to get the observed travel time overQ, provided that earthquake sources conform to Brune’s disk dislocation model. Finally, by 3-D ray tracing method, theoretical travel time overQ is made to fit observed travel time overQ with nonlinear damped least-squares method. In the course of fitting, the velocity model, which is obtained by 3-D travel time tomography, remains unchanged, while onlyQ model is modified. When fitting came to the given accuracy, the ultimateQ model is obtained. The result shows that an NE-trending lowQ zone exists at the depths of 10–18 km, and an NW-trending lowQ zone exists at the depths of 12–18 km. These roughly coincide with the NE-trending and the NW-trending low velocity zones revealed by other scientists. The difference is that the lowQ zones have a wider range than the low velocity zones. Foundation item: Joint Seismological Science Foundation of China (957-07-414) and State Key Basic Research Development and Programming Project (95-13-02-02). Contribution No. RCEG200105, Research Center of Exploration Geophysics, China Seismological Bureau.