关于坳拉槽

扼要介绍了坳拉槽概念的起源和沿革,并据研究现状,对其含义和形成演化的基本特点进行评述。     

粑铺大堤拉槽法建造薄壁砼防渗墙施工技术

介绍了粑铺长江干堤防渗工程拉槽法建造薄壁砼防渗墙的施工技术，并介绍了成槽过程中遇到的软弱地层及砂卵石层的施工技术及成墙质量的保证措施。     

金刚石钻头底唇胎体拉槽分析与研究

本文根据河南省小秦岭金矿田在钻探施工中，小口径１金刚石钻头底唇胎体拉槽，推光头的现象和特征，全面地观察和剖析了发展规律及导致拉槽的过程，提出了独特的见解和认识，研究出了使用钻头的正确方法，拟供同类矿区借鉴。     

会理—东川坳拉槽对铜多金属成矿的控制

本文在论述会理—东川坳拉槽的地质构造特征和主要铜矿床类型的基础上,着重指出坳拉槽火山活动、生长断裂、次级局限盆地、富铜地幔及坳拉槽构造演化阶段与坳拉槽沿走向地壳类型变化是控制铜多金属成矿的主要构造因素。     

四川会理拉拉铜矿对会理-东川坳拉槽新元古代构造岩浆事件的成矿响应

新元古代晋宁期是会理-东川地区铜矿的主要成矿时期,成矿时间较长,跨越了新元古代坳拉槽回返褶皱封闭阶段(1000~900M a)和地幔上涌拉张阶段(900~740M a)。在坳拉槽回返褶皱封闭阶段,南北向挤压促进了成矿元素的活化和迁移,使成矿物质重新富集。坳拉槽地幔上涌拉张阶段,辉长岩的侵入是会理-东川坳拉槽伴随Rodinia超大陆裂解的重要岩浆事件。辉长岩的侵位为成矿元素的重新活化、迁移、富集提供了强大的热动力,最终形成拉拉地区巨量金属元素的富集。     

华北克拉通典型拗拉槽中—新元古界沉积体系与古地理演化

中新元古界的油气资源潜力业已引起国际地质界的密切关注.近年来,新的钻探资料证实,华北克拉通中新元古代发育多个克拉通内拗拉槽,且拗拉槽内发育多套优质烃源岩及生储盖组合,显示具有巨大的油气勘探潜力.本文以华北克拉通东北缘燕辽拗拉槽和南缘熊耳拗拉槽中 新元古代地层为研究对象,以6条典型基干剖面实测、9条重点辅助剖面观察、3口...     

钻孔拉槽及拉槽卡钻事故的处理

钻孔拉槽是在钻孔弯曲度较大，地层硬度适宜的条件下，起钻过程中钻具对孔壁摩擦，冲拉而形成的一种孔壁形状。钻孔拉槽给安全施工带来极大的威胁，起钻操作中随时都有卡钻的危险。由于钻探工程的隐蔽性和复杂性，给正确地判断孔内情况带来很大的盲目性，所以人们往往将拉槽卡钻误认为孔壁缩径或掉块卡钻，并由此导致错误的处理方案，使事故复杂化，或者使事故无法进行处理。     

燕辽坳拉槽古—中元古代裂谷盆地演化及其对锰矿沉积的控制作用*

燕辽坳拉槽中元古界高于庄组桑树鞍亚组底部为锰富集层段,虽然对于锰质来源、锰矿成因及形成环境存在认识分歧,但多数学者均认为高于庄组锰矿的形成与燕辽坳拉槽的盆地裂谷背景有着密不可分的联系。在搜集前人锰矿勘查资料的基础上,重点对典型锰矿床——迁西秦家峪锰矿进行了矿床地质特征、矿石类型及元素地球化学分析,结果显示其锰质主要来源于海底热液。通过分析主要锰矿点分布与燕辽裂谷盆地主要断裂之间的关系,发现在裂谷盆地内北东向主断裂与北西向传递断裂的交汇处,或被断裂所围限的闭塞、深水滞流环境,是高于庄组锰矿形成的最有利部位,矿层厚度大,品位相对较高。该研究表明燕辽坳拉槽裂谷盆地结构对高于庄组锰矿的形成具有重要的控制作用,且同沉积断裂作为热液活动的通道,为成锰盆地提供了主要的矿质来源。     

平推式滑坡多级拉陷槽形成过程及成因机理分析

通过对中江县冯店垮梁子滑坡的现场调查和室内物理模拟试验研究,发现滑坡滑动过程中存在诱发次级拉裂缝产生甚至贯通的现象,结合滑坡的变形历史迹象,进行受力分析,论证拉裂缝产生形成过程及位于拉裂缝间滑带局部贯通现象,提出U形槽模式多级平推式滑动理论; 对比宣汉天台乡滑坡已有对多级平推式滑坡研究,针对多级平推式滑坡后缘多级拉陷槽的形成过程和成因机理进行分析,提出多级平推式滑坡存在牵引后退式和推动前进式两种不同启动和运动模式,就两种模式各自岩性组成、构造裂隙发育情况、启动水头、启动速度、及多级滑动启动水头变化对比分析,建立地质力学机制模型。     

金刚石钻头胎体底唇拉槽的探讨及预防

金刚石钻头胎体底唇拉槽变形，多见于人造金刚石孕镶钻头。我局曾对五个矿区195个用过的人造金刚石孕镶钻头进行了观察和分析，其中有64个底唇拉槽磨损，占所统计钻头的32.31％，严重影响了钻头进尺。钻头底唇拉槽的原因主要有两个方面：     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部下石盒子组盒8段辫状河三角洲沉积特征

中二叠统下石盒子组盒8段为鄂尔多斯盆地东北部天然气的主产层位,其储集砂体受控于沉积相带的展布。通过对野外露头、岩心及测井曲线等综合分析,笔者认为研究区内主要以发育辫状河三角洲为特征,并对其沉积特征、影响其形成和发育的机理,以及岩相和砂体的展布特征进行深入研究。认为该区盒8段三角洲为辫状河-浅水型湖泊三角洲,在三角洲平原相区储集砂体为分流河道沉积;而在三角洲前缘相区则为水下分流河道沉积,河口坝、席状砂及远砂坝等沉积微相不发育。     

再论蛇绿岩中豆荚状铬铁矿的成因——质疑岩石/熔体反应成矿说

着重论述了蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中豆荚状铬铁矿的成因,并对现今盛行的岩石/熔体反应成矿说提出了质疑。世界含铬铁矿的地幔橄榄岩均显示上部偏基性、下部偏酸性的垂直熔融分带,与蛇绿岩堆晶岩中上部偏酸性、下部偏基性的岩浆分异垂直层序恰恰相反。豆荚状铬铁矿与熔融剖面上部的纯橄岩或纯橄岩-方辉辉橄岩杂岩带紧密伴生。豆荚状铬铁矿是原始地幔岩高度熔融再造的产物,高铬型铬铁矿与PPG型蛇绿岩伴生,形成于岛弧或弧前盆地环境;高铝型铬铁矿与PTG型蛇绿岩伴生,形成于扩张脊（MOR）或弧后盆地环境。玻安岩（boninite）与高铬型豆荚状铬铁矿无成因关系,铬铁矿（或富铬矿浆）的形成反而为boninite提供了其形成所需的残余地幔;高铝型铬铁矿不是地幔橄榄岩/拉斑玄武质熔体反应形成的,而是富铬矿浆与基性熔体发生再平衡的产物。豆荚状铬铁矿中超高压矿物包体的出现为其地幔深部成因提供了佐证,而boninite形成于浅部较低压的条件;豆荚状铬铁矿中富集强相容元素IPGE（Os、Ir、Ru）合金,boninite富集不相容元素PPGE (Pt、Pd)硫（砷）化物, 而亏损IPGE,显示其形成较晚。因此,boninite与铬铁矿无生因关系,两者均受岛弧（或弧前盆地）环境的制约而在空间上相伴产出。     

The glacial topography in the area of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze river

The Quaternary glacial landforms, such as cirques, glacial troughs, rockdrumlins and lateral moraines are discovered in the area of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze river. The isograms of gravels in the moraines reveal that the a-axes of the gravels are mostly parallel to the trends of the valleys. The inclinations of the a-axes of the gravels are 18°–23°. The tendency of the ab-pianes is varied. The inclinations of ab-planes are 15°–20°. The fine grains in the moraines are of bimodal form in the size-frequency curves. The surface of the quartz grains of the moraines possess typical characteristics of glacial sands. Based on the feature of glacial landforms and the data of analysis of the experiment in the laboratory, authors divide the climatic period of Quaternary in this area into four glacial stages.     

Geological parameters affecting the marble production in the quarries along the southern flank of the Menderes Massif, in SW Turkey

The Mugla province is one of the major marble producing regions located in the southern flank of the Menderes Massif in SW Turkey. The Menderes Massif is a regionally metamorphosed massif with an old Pan-African core and cover successions from the Permo–Carboniferous to Paleocene. There are four major metamorphic carbonate horizons in the cover successions exploited for the marble production. These horizons are located within the Permo–Carboniferous, Triassic, Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene successions along the southern flank of the Menderes Massif. Here the world wide known marbles with names such as the Mugla Black, the Milas White, Veined, Pearl, Aubergine, Lilac and Lemony, the Mugla White and the Aegean Bordeaux are found.

Detailed geological studies were carried out in selected marble quarries representing the different stratigraphic levels to determine the geological parameters affecting the marble production in the southern flank of the Menderes Massif in SW Turkey. The geological parameters such as bedding, joints, schist interlayers and mica filled joints affecting the block production from the marble beds are considered to be primary features. The presence of dolomite bands and lenses, abnormal sized calcite crystals and emery minerals which affect the slab and the production qualities and appearances are considered to be secondary geological parameters. The primary and secondary geological parameters affecting the marble productions at different stratigraphical levels in SW Turkey, are determined and the practical aspects of these findings are discussed.     

扬子地台西缘志留系牙形刺研究新进展

笔者详细研究了扬子地台西缘宁蒗－盐边地区志留系岩石地层和牙形刺生物地层的特征，该岩系自下而上可建立3个牙形刺组合带：①Panderodus gracilis-Panderodus simplex组合带；②Pterospathodus celloni Walliser组合带；③Pterospathodus amorphognathoides Walliser组合带；从生物层学、沉积学和区域对比的角度对地层进行了重新划分，分析了Puetospathodus cellini Wal-liser带和Pterospathodus amorphognathoides Walliser带之间的相互重叠关系，并认为其相互关系为渐变演化关系，而不是突变关系；并对部健重要属种进行了措施。     

影响阿克苏河年径流量变化的前期大气环流指数因子研究

应用阿克苏河两条支流的年径流量和国家气候中心发布的74类大气环流月指数资料,分析了年径流量与前一年大气环流月指数之间的关系.用滑动相关法提取初始因子库,建立回归模型和集合分析,得到超级集合回归模型.托什干河年径流量监测序列与超级集合拟合(预测)序列的相关系数达0.8766,而库玛拉克河达到0.8122.用逐级反推法,确定影响两条支流年径流量年际变化的前一年环流指数因子.影响托什干河年径流量年际变化的前期环流指数都以持续1个月的因子居多;影响库玛拉克河年径流量年际变化的前期环流指数都以持续2个月的因子居多,其次是4个月、1个月.影响两条支流年径流量的前期大气环流指数因子的种类、空间分布、时间分布、持续影响时间等差异很大,这些不同与阿克苏河两条支流的流域参数、地表水来源组成、地表径流形成的气象条件等多方面的差异有关.     

Significance of contrast in the early stages of the structural history of the Delhi and the pre-Delhi rock groups in the Proterozoic of Rajasthan, western India

Structures of four generations are decipherable both in the pre-Delhi rocks of central Rajasthan, and in the Delhi rocks of Khetri in northeastern Rajasthan and around Todgarh in central Rajasthan. There is a remarkable identity in the later phases of the deformational history of the two groups, with gravity-induced structures followed by conjugate folds due to longitudinal shortening (N-S in northeastern Rajasthan and NE-SW in central Rajasthan). The earlier stages of the structural history of the two groups are, however, significantly different. The E-W-trending reclined folds of the first generation in the pre-Delhi rocks are absent in the Delhi rocks throughout Rajasthan. The NNE- to NE-trending folds of the second generation in the pre-Delhi groups are upright, whereas these structures in the Delhi rocks are of two phases—recumbent folds, followed by coaxial upright folds. The folds of the first and the second phases in the Delhi rocks plunge gently NE or SW where they are not affected by subsequent deformations. But the NE-trending folds in the pre-Delhi rocks show an extreme variation in axial plunge from horizontal to vertical, even where they are unaffected by later movements. Evidence has been adduced to suggest that these differences in the earlier phases of the structural evolution of the two groups are due to an angular unconformity between the Delhi and the pre-Delhi rocks.     

刘桥矿区地下水环境同位素特征研究

通过对刘桥矿区主要含水层的环境同位素测试分析,表明研究区内各含水层δ18O值为-5.5 1‰~-10.87‰,平均-9.34‰;δD值为-5 6.3‰~83.4‰,平均-71.4 8‰,且δD与δ18O值自浅到深依次降低。还分析了该矿区地表水、新生界松散层一含水和二含水、煤系砂岩水、太灰水、奥灰水氢氧稳定同位素一般特征,研究了矿区主要含水层水的补给环境及奥灰水与其他含水层之间的联系。      

准噶尔盆地南缘郝家沟剖面下侏罗统三工河组辫状河三角洲沉积特征

对准噶尔南缘郝家沟剖面下侏罗统三工河组的沉积相与层序地层特征进行了详细的研究,确认三工河组发育辫状河三角洲沉积。辫状河三角洲包括辫状河三角洲平原亚相、辫状河三角洲前缘亚相和前辫状河三角洲亚相。辫状河三角洲前缘亚相又可进一步划分为水下分流河道、水下分流河道间、席状砂和河口坝等微相类型。三工河组辫状河三角洲沉积除一些层位的辫状河道沉积物颗粒较粗外,主体沉积物以砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩为主,为砂质辫状河三角洲。运用高分辨率层序地层学基准面旋回划分原理,将三工河组划分为2个中期基准面旋回,下部中期基准面旋回又可划分为4个短期基准面旋回,上部中期基准面旋回发育不完整。