两层原始方程海流数值模式和模拟

设计了一个两层原始方程海流数值模式，利用１月和７月多年平均的海平面气压场和由该气压诊断出的海面风场，对此模式的性能进行了检验，结果表明，模拟得出的海洋表层及次表层流与实况较为一致，文中还将模拟结果和ＩＡＰ ＯＧＣＭ以及ＯＳＵ ＯＧＣＭ的相庆结果作了初步比较和分析。     

PROGRESSES OF THE STUDY ON IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN CHINA

ＰＲＯＧＲＥＳＳＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＩＭＰＡＣＴＳＯＦＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＣＨＡＮＧＥＯＮＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＡＬＰＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＷａｎｇＦｕｔａｎｇ（王馥棠）ＰＲＯＧＲＥＳＳＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＩＭＰＡＣＴＳＯＦＣＬＩ...     

PERSPECTIVES OF TROPICAL CYCLONE UNUSUAL MOTIONS──THE DIFFICULTIES IN CURRENT TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECASTIN

ＰＥＲＳＰＥＣＴＩＶＥＳＯＦＴＲＯＰＩＣＡＬＣＹＣＬＯＮＥＵＮＵＳＵＡＬＭＯＴＩＯＮＳ──ＴＨＥＤＩＦＦＩＣＵＬＴＩＥＳＩＮＣＵＲＲＥＮＴＴＲＯＰＩＣＡＬＣＹＣＬＯＮＥＦＯＲＥＣＡＳＴＩＮＧＣｈｅｎＬｉａｎｓｈｏｕ（陈联寿）ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍ...     

STUDY OF OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS AT LIN’ANREGIONAL BACKGROUND STATION DURING THE PEM－WEST－A EXPERIMENT

ＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＯＺＯＮＥＡＮＤＩＴＳＰＲＥＣＵＲＳＯＲＳＡＴＬＩＮ’ＡＮＲＥＧＩＯＮＡＬＢＡＣＫＧＲＯＵＮＤＳＴＡＴＩＯＮＤＵＲＩＮＧＴＨＥＰＥＭ－ＷＥＳＴ－ＡＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＬｕｏＣｈａｏ（罗超），ｍｎｇＧｕｏａｎ（丁国安），Ｔａｎｇｊｉｅ（汤...     

ＩＰＣＣＡＲ４中海气耦合模式对中国东部夏季降水及ＰＤＯ、ＮＡＯ年代际变化的模拟能力分析

利用１８８０—１９９９年中国东部３５站的观测降水资料、英国Ｈａｄｌｅｙ中心的海温和海平面气压资料以及ＩＰＣＣ第４次评估报告（ＡＲ４）中２０世纪气候模拟试验（２０Ｃ３Ｍ）的模式输出结果,对ＩＰＣＣＡＲ４中２２个耦合模式所模拟的我国东部夏季降水的年代际变化情况以及太平洋年代际涛动（ＰＤＯ）和北大西洋涛动（ＮＡＯ）的年代际变化情况进行了分析。结果显示,这些模式对２０世纪我国东部夏季降水年代际变化的模拟结果并不理想,但对降水在２０世纪７０年代中期前后的突变具有一定的模拟能力。其中ＩＡＰ＿ＦＧＯＡＬＳＬ＿０＿Ｇ可以大致模拟出２０世纪７０年代中期前后降水型的突变特征,而ＢＣＣＲ＿ＢＣＭ２＿０和ＵＫＭＯ＿ＨａｄＧＥＭ１则可以模拟出华北地区降水在２０世纪７０年代中期之后减少的现象。对于引起我国东部夏季降水年代际变化的重要因子ＰＤＯ和ＮＡＯ,模式对它们年代际变化的模拟效果略好于降水。多数模式都可以模拟出ＰＤＯ和ＮＡＯ的空间模态,其中ＣＮＲＭ＿ＣＭ３和ＵＫＭＯ＿ＨａｄＧＥＭ１对ＰＤＯ年代际变化（８ａ以上）的模拟与实际情况比较相似,并可以模拟出２０世纪７０年代中期之后ＰＤＯ由负位相转变为正位相的情况,而模式ＵＫＭＯ＿ＨａｄＧＥＭ１也对ＮＡＯ的年代际变化以及１９８０年以来不断加强的趋势模拟较好。     

TEMPERATURE-MEASURING RADIO-ACOUSTIC SOUNDING SYSTEM(RASS)

ＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ－ＭＥＡＳＵＲＩＮＧＲＡＤＩＯ－ＡＣＯＵＳＴＩＣＳＯＵＮＤＩＮＧＳＹＳＴＥＭ（ＲＡＳＳ）￥ＬｉＪｉａｎｇｕｏ（李建国），ＷａｎｇＰｉｎｇ（王坪）ａｎｄＭｅｎｇＺｈａｏｌｉｎ（孟昭林）ＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ－ＭＥＡＳＵＲＩＮＧＲＡ...     

IAP PSSCA 两组预测试验的评估及比较Ⅰ.降水部分

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的短期气候距平数值预测系统（ＩＡＰ ＰＳＳＣＡ）,采用两种版本的大气环流模式：ＡＧＣＭ１．１和ＡＧＣＭ１．２,分别以２月１１～１９日的９天大气观测值为初始场,以给定海温边界场,对１９８０～１９９４年的１５年的降水异常进行了两组集合后报试验。对试验结果进行定量评估表明：ＩＡＰ ＰＳＳＣＡ对降水异常具有一定的预测能力,特别是在中国东部受东亚季风及海温异常影响的地区,ＩＡ     

TIBETAN PLATEAU FIELD EXPERIMENT（TIPEX）AND STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES OVER TIBETAN PL

ＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＦＩＥＬＤＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ（ＴＩＰＥＸ）ＡＮＤＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＩＭＰＡＣＴＯＦＰＨＹＳＩＣＡＬＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＥＳＯＶＥＲＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＯＮＧＬＯＢＡＬＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＡＮＤＤＩＳＡＳＴＲＯＵＳＷＥＡＴＨ...     

AN OVERVIEW ON THE RESEARCH PROGRESS OF SOME ASPECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES IN CAMS DURING LAST FIVE YEARS

ＡＮＯＶＥＲＶＩＥＷＯＮＴＨＥＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＰＲＯＧＲＥＳＳＯＦＳＯＭＥＡＳＰＥＣＴＳＯＦＡＴＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＩＣＳＣＩＥＮＣＥＳＩＮＣＡＭＳＤＵＲＩＮＧＬＡＳＴＦＩＶＥＹＥＡＲＳＣｈｅｎＬｉａｎｓｈｏｕ（陈联寿）ＡＮＯＶＥＲＶＩＥＷＯＮＴＨＥＲＥＳ...     

THE CHANGES AND CLIMATIC JUMPS INFERRED FROM THE AGRICULTURAL DRYNESS AND WETNESS IN THE CHANGJIANG－HUAIHE VALLEY FOR THE LAST 500 YEARS

ＴＨＥＣＨＡＮＧＥＳＡＮＤＣＬＩＭＡＴＩＣＪＵＭＰＳＩＮＦＥＲＲＥＤＦＲＯＭＴＨＥＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＡＬＤＲＹＮＥＳＳＡＮＤＷＥＴＮＥＳＳＩＮＴＨＥＣＨＡＮＧＪＩＡＮＧ－ＨＵＡＩＨＥＶＡＬＬＥＹＦＯＲＴＨＥＬＡＳＴ５００ＹＥＡＲＳＸｕｅＨｅｎｇ（薛...     

A land surface model (IAP94) for climate studies Part II: Implementation and preliminary results of coupled model with IAP GCM

The Institute of Atmospheric Physics Land Surface Model (IAP94) has been incorporated into the IAP two-level atmospheric general circulation model (IAP GCM). Global and regional climatology averaged over the last 25 years of 100 year integrations from the IAP GCM with and without IAP94 (“bucket” scheme) is compared. The simulated results are also compared with the reanalysis data. Major findings are:(1) The IAP GCM simulation without IAP94 has extensive regions of warmer than observed surface air tempera?tures, while the simulation with IAP94 very much improves the surface air temperature.(2) The IAP GCM simulation with IAP94 gives improvement of the simulated precipitation pattern and intensity, especially the precipitation of East Asian summer monsoon and its intraseasonal migration of the rainbelts.(3) In five selected typical regions, for most of the surface variables such as surface air temperature, precipitation, precipitation minus evaporation, net radiation, latent heat flux and sensible heat flux, the IAP GCM with IAP94 pro?vides better simulations.     

Modelling the January and July Climate of 9000 Years before Present

ＭｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇｔｈｅＪａｎｕａｒｙａｎｄＪｕｌｙＣｌｉｍａｔｅｏｆ９０００ＹｅａｒｓｂｅｆｏｒｅＰｒｅｓｅｎｔ￥ＷａｎｇＨｕｉｊｕｎ（王会军）（ＬＡＳＧ，ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆ...     

High resolution simulations of January and July climate over the western Alpine region with a nested Regional Modeling system

Summary High resolution January and July present day climatologies over the central-western Alpine region are simulated with a Regional Climate Model (RegCM) nested within a General Circulation Model (GCM). The RegCM was developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and is run at 20 km grid point spacing. The model is driven by output from a present day climate simulation performed with the GCM ECHAM3 of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI) at T106 resolution (~ 120 km). Five January and July simulations are conducted with the nested RegCM and the results for surface air temperature and precipitation are compared with a gridded observed dataset and a dataset from 99 observing stations throughout the Swiss territory. The driving ECHAM3 simulation reproduces well the position of the northeastern Atlantic jet, but underestimates the jet intensity over the Mediterranean. Precipitation over the Alpine region in the ECHAM3 simulation is close to observed in January but lower than observed in July. Compared to the driving GCM, the nested RegCM produces more precipitation in both seasons, mostly as a result of the stronger model orographic forcing. Average RegCM temperature over the Swiss region is 2–3 degrees higher than observed, while average precipitation is within 30% of observed values. The spatial distribution of precipitation is in general agreement with available gridded observations and the model reproduces the observed elevation dependency of precipitation in the summer. In the winter the simulated elevation of maximum precipitation amounts is lower than observed. Precipitation frequencies are overestimated, while precipitation intensities show a reasonable agreement with observations, especially in the winter. Sensitivity experiments with different cumulus parameterizations, soil moisture initialization and model topography are discussed. Overall, the model performance at the high resolution used here did not deteriorate compared to previous lower resolution experiments.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.With 11 Figures     

Hedonic Pricing of Climate Change Impacts to Households in Great Britain

This study investigates the amenity value of climate to British households. By using the hedonic price approach, the marginal willingness to pay for small changes in climate variables is derived. Various indices of temperature and precipitation are used including means, ranges, extremes and January and July averages. We specify one hedonic regression including information on house prices and wage data for 755 Posttowns and found the model containing January and July averages of temperature and precipitation most appropriate. The estimates suggest that British people would typically prefer higher temperatures in January. Increased precipitation in January is likely to reduce welfare. Changes in temperature and precipitation in July are not significant. Limited global warming, with a more pronounced effect of temperature increases compared to higher precipitation levels during winter months, might thus benefit British households.     

Global effect of irrigation and its impact on the onset of the Indian summer monsoon

In a context of increased demand for food and of climate change, the water consumptions associated with the agricultural practice of irrigation focuses attention. In order to analyze the global influence of irrigation on the water cycle, the land surface model ORCHIDEE is coupled to the GCM LMDZ to simulate the impact of irrigation on climate. A 30-year simulation which takes into account irrigation is compared with a simulation which does not. Differences are usually not significant on average over all land surfaces but hydrological variables are significantly affected by irrigation over some of the main irrigated river basins. Significant impacts over the Mississippi river basin are shown to be contrasted between eastern and western regions. An increase in summer precipitation is simulated over the arid western region in association with enhanced evapotranspiration whereas a decrease in precipitation occurs over the wet eastern part of the basin. Over the Indian peninsula where irrigation is high during winter and spring, a delay of 6?days is found for the mean monsoon onset date when irrigation is activated, leading to a significant decrease in precipitation during May to July. Moreover, the higher decrease occurs in June when the water requirements by crops are maximum, exacerbating water scarcity in this region. A significant cooling of the land surfaces occurs during the period of high irrigation leading to a decrease of the land-sea heat contrast in June, which delays the monsoon onset.     

区域模式和GCM对青藏高原和西北地区气候模拟结果的对比分析

使用一个区域模式与大气环流模式（ＧＣＭ）嵌套,模拟了我国西北及青藏高原地区夏季气候的平均状态。将区域模式与ＧＣＭ嵌套的模拟结果和ＧＣＭ单独使用时的模拟结果与观测场进行了对比分析和相关分析。结果表明：ＧＣＭ模式拟出了我国西北和青藏高原地区夏季大尺度气候的基本特征,对降水的模拟也基本合理,但无法分辨出较小系统。区域模式与ＧＣＭ嵌套拟结果有明显改善,它可成功地再现西北及青藏高原地区夏季的区域气候特征（包     

基于一个不同网格相互嵌套的陆气耦合模式的气候模拟研究

将一个大气植被相互作用模式(AVIM)与大气所LASG的R15九层大气环流模式GOALS相耦合．用来模拟多年平均的全球气候状况。AVIM是一个陆地表面陆面和生理过程相互反馈的模型。作为陆气耦合的第一步,暂不考虑AVIM中的生理过程,而首光将其物理过程[相当于通常的SVAT(土壤—植被—大气—传输方案)模型]与大气所LASG的九层大气环流模式耦合起来．其中海洋模式部分不参与积分,海面温度是多年平均的气候伯。考虑到GCM的分辨率较低(7．5°×4．5°)而植被分布必须有较高的分辨率(1.5°×1.5°),采取广大气与地表面粗细网格的嵌套耦合。模式积分15年,取最后10年的平均值作分析。将模拟的气候要素场与观测值和NCEP再分析资料作了比较,气候模拟结果反映了全球环流与温湿场的主要特征,特别是降水和地面气温的模拟效果较好。这为今后气候模式与生物圈的耦合奠定广一个良好的基础。     

Extended regional climate model projections for Europe until the mid-twentyfirst century: combining ENSEMBLES and CMIP3

This study aims at sharpening the existing knowledge of expected seasonal mean climate change and its uncertainty over Europe for the two key climate variables air temperature and precipitation amount until the mid-twentyfirst century. For this purpose, we assess and compensate the global climate model (GCM) sampling bias of the ENSEMBLES regional climate model (RCM) projections by combining them with the full set of the CMIP3 GCM ensemble. We first apply a cross-validation in order to assess the skill of different statistical data reconstruction methods in reproducing ensemble mean and standard deviation. We then select the most appropriate reconstruction method in order to fill the missing values of the ENSEMBLES simulation matrix and further extend the matrix by all available CMIP3 GCM simulations forced by the A1B emission scenario. Cross-validation identifies a randomized scaling approach as superior in reconstructing the ensemble spread. Errors in ensemble mean and standard deviation are mostly less than 0.1 K and 1.0 % for air temperature and precipitation amount, respectively. Reconstruction of the missing values reveals that expected seasonal mean climate change of the ENSEMBLES RCM projections is not significantly biased and that the associated uncertainty is not underestimated due to sampling of only a few driving GCMs. In contrast, the spread of the extended simulation matrix is partly significantly lower, sharpening our knowledge about future climate change over Europe by reducing uncertainty in some regions. Furthermore, this study gives substantial weight to recent climate change impact studies based on the ENSEMBLES projections, since it confirms the robustness of the climate forcing of these studies concerning GCM sampling.     

Climate simulations based on a different-grid nested and coupled model

An atmosphere-vegetation interaction model (AVIM) has been coupled with a nine-layer General Circulation Model (GCM) of Institute of Atmospheic Physics / State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (IAP/LASG), which is rhomboidally truncated at zonal wave number 15, to simulate global climatic mean states. AVIM is a model having inter-feedback between land surface processes and eco-physiological processes on land. As the first step to couple land with atmosphere completely, the physiological processes are fixed and only the physical part (generally named the SVAT (soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer scheme) model) of AVIM is nested into IAP/LASG L9R15 GCM. The ocean part of GCM is prescribed and its monthly sea surface temperature (SST) is the climatic mean value. With respect to the low resolution of GCM, i.e., each grid cell having longitude 7.5° and latitude 4.5°, the vegetation is given a high resolution of 1.5° by 1.5° to nest and couple the fine grid cells of land with the coarse grid cells of atmosphere. The coupling model has been integrated for 15years and its last ten-year mean of outputs was chosen for analysis.Compared with observed data and NCEP reanalysis, the coupled model simulates the main characteristics of global atmospheric circulation and the fields of temperature and moisture. In particular, the simulated precipitation and surface air temperature have sound results. The work creates a solid base on coupling climate models with the biosphere.