1月和7月月平均气候的模拟与IAP GCM模式效能检证

利用ＩＡＰＧＣＭ２５年的积分结果,系统分析了模式的１、７月月平均气候,并与观测资料、ＯＳＵＧＣＭ和其它大气环流模式的模拟结果作了比较,所比较的变量包括大气基本变量即海平面气压、表面气温和降水以及与流场、加热场和水汽场有关的诸多变量。结果表明,模式成功地模拟出各种大气变量的分布特征,大多数变量的模拟结果要优于ＯＳＵＧＣＭ,从而证实模式对１、７月月平均气候有较好的模拟能力,特别是由于ＩＡＰＧＣＭ与ＯＳＵＧＣＭ两模式物理过程十分相似,这一结果还进一步证实了ＩＡＰＧＣＭ动力框架和计算方案的优良性能。模拟的主要误差包括南极槽偏浅、冰雪区表面气温偏高以及主要降雨区雨量偏大等,同时还分析了模拟误差的可能原因,提出了改进模式的一些设想。此外,计算并比较分析了模式中动量、感热和水汽的经向输送。     

一个改进的沙尘天气数值预测系统及其模拟试验

在中尺度气象模式最新版本MM5V3.7的基础上,通过与一个起沙模式的耦合,建立了一个新的中国科学院大气物理研究所(IAP/CAS)沙尘天气数值预测系统(IAPS 2.0).该系统与IAP原有的沙尘天气数值预测系统(IAPS 1.0)最主要的差异在于气象模式中陆面过程模式的改进.利用改进前后两个版本的预测系统对2002年4月发生在我国北方地区的两次较强沙尘(暴)过程进行了数值模拟,并与观测实况进行了比较,结果表明改进的系统对沙尘天气的预测能力比改进前的版本有显著的改进,这主要是由于新的陆面模式改善了地表土壤湿度的模拟,进而改进了决定起沙与否的关键因子临界摩擦速度的模拟,从而提高了预测系统对起沙范围和强度的模拟效果.总的说来,采用了更为先进的Noah陆面模式的IAP沙尘(暴)天气数值预测系统对中国北方春季沙尘(暴)天气过程具有更好的模拟能力.     

试论短期气候预测的不确定性

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初夏北半球500hPa遥相关型的强度和年际变化及其与我国季风降水的关系

用一点相关法计算了初夏北半球500hPa遥相关型,得到西大西洋型(WA)、欧亚型(EU)、孟加拉湾北太平洋型(BNP)、西太平洋型(WP)、东大西洋型(EA)、东亚太平洋型(EAP)、黄河东亚型(HEA).确定了它们的中心和历年(1951—1990)的强度指数。研究了它们的年际变化和我国季风雨的关系.指出,EU、HEA和EAP型波列与我国旱涝关系密切。对我国东部降水影响很大的是HEA型和EAP型.我国1991年初夏的大涝与强HEA型、弱EAP型有关.      

Fundamental framework and experiments of the third generation of IAP / LASG world ocean general circulation model

A new generation of the IAP / LASG world ocean general circulation model is designed and presented based on the previous 20-layer model, with enhanced spatial resolutions and improved parameterizations. The model uses a triangular-truncated spectral horizontal grid system with its zonal wave number of 63 (T63) to match its atmospheric counterpart of a T63 spectral atmosphere general circulation model in a planned coupled ocean-atmosphere system. There are 30 layers in vertical direction, of which 20 layers are located above 1000 m for better depicting the permanent thermocline. As previous ocean models developed in IAP / LASG, a free surface (rather than “rigid-lid” approximation) is included in this model. Compared with the 20-layer model, some more detailed physical parameterizations are considered, including the along / cross isopycnal mixing scheme adapted from the Gent-MacWilliams scheme. The model is spun up from a motionless state. Initial conditions for temperature and salinity are taken from the three-dimensional distributions of Levitus’ annual mean observation. A preliminary analysis of the first 1000-year integration of a control experiment shows some encouraging improvements compared with the twenty-layer model, particularly in the simulations of permanent thermocline, thermohaline circu?lation, meridional heat transport, etc. resulted mainly from using the isopycnal mixing scheme. However, the use of isopycnal mixing scheme does not significantly improve the simulated equatorial thermocline. A series of numerical experiments show that the most important contribution to the improvement of equatori?al thermocline and the associated equatorial under current comes from reducing horizontal viscosity in the equatorial regions. It is found that reducing the horizontal viscosity in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean may slightly weaken the overturning rate of North Atlantic Deep Water.     

Impacts of Land Process on the Onset and Evolution of Asian Summer Monsoon in the NCEP Climate Forecast System

Impacts of land models and initial land conditions(ICs) on the Asian summer monsoon,especially its onset,were investigated using the NCEP Climate Forecast System(CFS).Two land models,the Oregon State University(OSU) land model and the NCEP,OSU,Air Force,and Hydrologic Research Laboratory(Noah) land model,were used to get parallel experiments.The experiments also used land ICs from the NCEP/Department of Energy(DOE) Global Reanalysis 2(GR2) and the Global Land Data Assimilation System(GLDAS).Previous studies have demonstrated that,a systematic weak bias appears in the modeled monsoon,and this bias may be related to a cold bias over the Asian land mass.Results of the current study show that replacement of the OSU land model by the Noah land model improved the model’s cold bias and produced improved monsoon precipitation and circulation patterns.The CFS predicted monsoon with greater proficiency in El Nin o years,compared to La Nin a years,and the Noah model performed better than the OSU model in monsoon predictions for individual years.These improvements occurred not only in relation to monsoon onset in late spring but also to monsoon intensity in summer.Our analysis of the monsoon features over the India peninsula,the Indo-China peninsula,and the South Chinese Sea indicates different degrees of improvement.Furthermore,a change in the land models led to more remarkable improvement in monsoon prediction than did a change from the GR2 land ICs to the GLDAS land ICs.     

The Potential Predictability of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon in a Dynamical Seasonal Prediction System

The potential predictability of climatological mean circulation and the interannual variation of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) were investigated using hindcast results from the Institute of Atmospheric Physics Dynamical Seasonal Prediction System (IAP DCP),along with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data from the period of 1980-2000.The large-scale characteristics of the SCSSM monthly and seasonal mean low-level circulation have been well reproduced by IAP DCP,especially for the zonal wind at 850 hPa;furthermore,the hindcast variability also agrees quite well with observations.By introducing the South China Sea summer monsoon index,the potential predictability of IAP DCP for the intensity of the SCSSM has been evaluated.IAP DCP showed skill in predicting the interannual variation of SCSSM intensity.The result is highly encouraging;the correlation between the hindcasted and observed SCSSM Index was 0.58,which passes the 95% significance test.The result for the seasonal mean June-July-August SCSSM Index was better than that for the monthly mean,suggesting that seasonal forecasts are more reliable than monthly forecasts.     

微物理过程分档处理的三维对流云模式研究

在三维完全弹性冰雹云参数化模式动力框架和二维面对称分档模式(微物理过程分档处理)的基础上,建立粒子全分档的三维对流云分档模式.利用建立的分档模式对2000年6月29日美国堪萨斯州的一次超级单体风暴进行了模拟,并将模拟结果与三维冰雹云参数化模式的模拟结果作了对比.结果表明:分档模式可以较好地模拟出强对流云中两支上升气流,模拟得到的最大上升气流速度大于参数化模式;分档模式模拟得到的雷达回波强度、顶高和回波宽度更接近实测.     

空间非均匀加热对副热带高压形成和变异的影响Ⅱ:陆面感热与东太平洋副高

在文献［４］尺度分析的基础上,通过对 Ｎ Ｃ Ｅ Ｐ／ Ｎ Ｃ Ａ Ｒ 月平均资料的分析,并利用 Ｉ Ａ Ｐ／ Ｌ Ａ Ｓ Ｇ Ｇ Ｏ Ａ Ｌ Ｓ全球气候模式进行模拟和试验,研究了东太平洋北美地区副热带高压主体的形成及变化规律。基于全型垂直涡度方程的诊断分析指出,北美陆地的表面感热通量是决定该地区副热带高压中心位置及其季节变化的关键因素。数值模拟和敏感性试验进一步表明,夏半年陆面感热加热是导致１０００ ｈ Ｐａ 太平洋副热带高压及５００ ｈ Ｐａ 北美副热带高压形成和变化的最重要原因。     

春季欧亚大陆积雪主模态及其与北大西洋海温的关系

本文利用日本第二次全球大气再分析项目（JRA-55）提供的逐日积雪深度数据、欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）提供的全球再分析数据及Hadley海温数据分析了春季欧亚大陆积雪异常模态及其与北大西洋海温的遥相关关系,并通过模式模拟分析验证。结果表明:春季欧亚大陆雪深前两种模态差异显著,分别表现为东、西区域同向变化及反向变化两种非对称形态。其中,同期北大西洋“三极子型”海温模态与“马鞍型”海温模态分别与雪深第一、第二模态具有显著相关关系,这两种海温模态下对应的北半球中高纬波动作用通量分别呈丝绸之路（SRP）型和欧亚波列（EU）型两种传播特征,对中高纬西风气流的位置、强度产生了不同影响,进而对欧亚雪深分布产生遥相关作用。通过局地多尺度能量涡度分析法（Localized Multiscale Energy and Vorticity Analysis,简称MSE-VA）表明,北大西洋源区有自下向上的动能传输,另外,西风急流出口的平均动能转化增加,使得高层动能累积并向外辐散,从而对下游产生遥相关作用。通过CAM5.1模式模拟研究了北大西洋“三极子型”和“马鞍型”两种海温模态下的波作用通量传播特征,结果较好地验证了来自北大西洋的波动作用通量传播呈“SRP”型和“EU”型两种特征,对应的降雪分布表明两种模态下气候场要素的变化与对应雪深模态的分布特征一致。     

青藏高原大气热源年际变率及其驱动因子

青藏高原（以下简称高原）大气热源对亚洲夏季风爆发、演变、推进,乃至全球气候系统都有重要影响,因此近年来高原大气热源变异机理也日益受到关注。本文在回顾已有关于不同季节高原热源变异原因的研究基础上,利用1980～2018年日本气象厅再分析数据JRA55（Japanese 55-year Reanalysis）,对逐月高原大气总热源的年际变率进行分类,并进一步探究了影响不同类别高原大气总热源的异常大尺度环流系统及海温驱动因子。除了传统上受关注的“冬季型”和“夏季型”以外,本文还提出了“早春型”和“过渡型”两种高原大气热源变率模态。总体而言,高原大气总热源年际变率以降水引起的凝结潜热异常为主,其中“冬季型”及“早春型”高原大气热源异常中心位于高原西部,主要受到中高纬遥相关波列的影响。此外,“冬季型”还受到厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO）及印度洋偶极子（Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD）的影响。“夏季型”高原大气热源呈东西偶极型反相变化,最大异常中心位于高原东南部,主要受北大西洋涛动（North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO）的影响;“过渡型”高原大气热源呈南北偶极型反相变化,受热带太平洋—印度洋海表温度异常的共同影响。因此,不同背景环流下高原热源年际变率的驱动因子存在明显差异。     

Fundamental Framework and Experiments of the Third Generation of IAP/LASG World Ocean General Circulation Model

1.IntroductionThefirstbaroclinicoceanicgeneralcirculationmodel(OGCM)developedattheStateKeyLaboratoryofNumericalModelingforAtmosphericSciencesandGeophysicalFluidDynamics(LASG),InstituteofAtmosphericPhysics(IAP)isafour--layermodelwithitshorizontalresol...     

IAP AGCM4.0模式对热带大气季节内振荡的模拟评估

基于中国科学院大气物理所大气环流模式IAP AGCM4.0总共30年(1979~2008年)的模拟结果,评估了IAP AGCM4.0模式对热带大气季节内振荡的模拟能力。分析结果表明IAP AGCM4.0模式可以在一定程度上模拟出热带大气季节内振荡的主要时空谱结构特征,在周期30~80天处存在明显的谱能量中心;模式模拟的季节内振荡东传的主要特征与观测基本一致,东移波的能量远大于西移波。基于RMM指数(All-season Real-time Multivariate MJO Index)的分析表明,模式模拟的850 h Pa和200 h Pa季节内尺度风场和对流活动在赤道地区的空间分布与观测基本一致。但与观测相比,模式模拟的热带大气季节内振荡的周期较短,东传速度快于观测,虚假的西传特征过强,对流活跃区域范围较小、强度较弱。就非绝热加热而言,模式模拟结果与再分析资料比较接近,但最大加热在印度洋和西太平洋地区出现的位相较晚。进一步分析表明,模式中影响对流触发的相对湿度阈值(RHc)的不同取值(RHc分别取为85%、90%、95%和100%),可以显著影响热带大气非绝热加热垂直廓线,从而影响模式对热带大气季节内振荡的模拟;当对流触发相对湿度阈值取为90%时,IAP AGCM4.0模式对热带大气季节内振荡模拟的能力相对最好,非绝热加热垂直廓线在不同位相的分布特征也与再分析资料最为接近。这说明模式对流参数化方案中不同参数的合适选取,可以改进模式对热带大气季节内振荡的模拟能力。     

天气学和天气预报的研究进展

全面回顾了75年来中国科学院大气物理研究所科研人员在气团、锋面、梅雨、寒潮、阻高、副高、暴雨、高低空急流、亚澳季风区内涡旋和对流等现象的天气学研究进展及其在不同时期所取得的研究成果,总结了在短中期天气预报及短期气候预测领域在模式发展和改进以及在数值模拟等方面所取得的成就和进展.同时指出模式发展和预测在中国数值天气预报及短期气候预测方面所做出的贡献.     

区域气候模式在东亚地区的应用研究——垂直分辨率与侧边界对夏季季风降水影响研究

将美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）的区域气候模式（RegCM2-1996）设置在东亚-西太平洋区域（简称东亚区域气候模式RegCM2/EA）。利用该模式研究东亚区域气候模式的几个重要问题，即：垂直分辨率的影响，侧边界条件（如嵌套技术、缓冲区宽度、不同资料）的重要性等。数值试验结果表明：细垂直分辨率模拟的降水分布优于粗分辨率模式，但容易引起“数值点暴雨”；RegCM2/EA与不同来源的大尺度侧边界嵌套，模拟的降水会有明显的不同；当用RegCM2/EA模拟较大区域时，应该取较宽的缓冲区；在各种嵌套方案中，指数松弛嵌套方法最好。这些结果为进一步探讨东亚区域气候模式的特点以及发展与改造区域气候模式提供一定的依据。研究结果还需要用更多的数值试验来验证。     

全球海洋模式对不同强迫场的响应

使用中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的全球海洋环流模式(LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model,LICOM),通过设计三个试验,即以德国马克斯—普朗克气象研究所整理的海洋模式比较计划(OMIP)资料和美国国家海洋资料中心(NODC)发布的《世界海洋图集2009》(WOA09)资料为强迫场的试验W,用美国环境预报中心(NCEP)和国家大气研究中心(NCAR)联合推出的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(简称NCEP资料)中的风应力资料代替试验W中的风应力资料的试验M,以及用NCEP资料中的热力强迫代替试验M中的热力强迫资料的试验N,来研究不同的热力和动力强迫场对模式的影响。三个试验的模拟结果均模拟出了水团和流场的分布型和极值区。从三个试验的结果对比可以看出,NCEP资料较弱的风应力使得试验M环流场明显偏弱,减弱了大洋内部的温盐输送,加大了深海温盐模拟结果与观测资料的偏差,但对原模式过强的南极中层水的输送有所改善。NCEP的短波辐射通量和非短波热通量弱于OMIP,且在两极区域NCEP资料的海表温度比WOA09资料最多低 4℃以上。试验N的模拟结果改善了南大洋60°S以南海区试验W 模拟的海表温度偏高问题,减小了北冰洋部分海域以及副热带大洋东部海表温度的偏差。此外,试验N高纬度较低的海表温度增强了北大西洋深水以及南极底层水的输送,因而改善了深海的温盐模拟结果。三个试验在一些关键海区得到的经向热输送在观测估计及前人模拟结果的范围中,总体上试验M的输送最弱。综合三个试验的模拟结果,可以认为OMIP风应力资料和NCEP海表温度资料更适合作为LICOM模式的强迫场。     

2022年汛期气候趋势预测与展望

中国是自然灾害频发的国家,气象灾害造成的损失占自然灾害造成损失的70%。2020年夏季出现超长梅雨期,长江和淮河发生洪水;2021年夏季,华北雨季开始早,结束晚,期间发生了“21·7”河南地区特大暴雨事件。这些气象灾害都对人民生命财产造成严重损失。因此,有必要提前对气候异常进行预测,以提高国家的防灾减灾能力。2022年3月,中国科学院大气物理研究所开展汛期（6～8月）的全国汛期气候趋势预测会商会。通过综合大气所各个数值模式和统计模型的结果,在未来4～6个月全球短期气候仍处在La Ni?a事件恢复到ENSO正常状态的背景下,预计2022年汛期（6～8月）,东北东部和中部、华北大部分地区、黄河中下游、东南沿海、西北地区中部、西藏大部分地区、西南地区东部和云南大部分地区降水正常略偏多,其中环渤海湾地区降水偏多2～5成,可能发生局地洪涝灾害。全国其他大部分地区降水正常略偏少,其中长江下游地区和新疆北部降水偏少2～5成。预计今年登陆台风数正常略偏多。由于未来ENSO的趋势演变具有一定的不确定性以及夏季降水受到中高纬大气环流季节内变化的影响,因此,此次汛期预测结果具有一定的不确定性。我们将根据2022年春末、夏初大气环流和海洋等因子的实际演变趋势,做进一步补充订正预测。     

On the influences of large-scale inhomogeneity of sea temperature upon the oceanic waves in the tropical regions—part II: Linear numerical experiments

By using a linear oceanic mixed layer model, the long period waves in the tropical ocean are investi-gated numerically. Due to the inhomogeneity of the large-scale average sea temperature field of the ocean in tropical regions, besides the westward propagating equatorial Rossby wave to be modified, there will be a kind of long period thermal wave which propagates eastward under certain oceanic background conditions. Under the influences of these two kinds of waves, the propagating and evolving processes of the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) are dearly shown by numerical experiments. The results of numerical ex-periments are consistent with the ones obtained by the theoretical analysis in Part I. The possible relation-ship between these two kinds of waves and El Nino events is also discussed indirectly.     

Sensitivity of the WRF model simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon in 1993 to shortwave radiation schemes and ozone absorption

Sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) in 1993 to solar radiation parameterizations and ozone absorption was investigated. Three numerical experiments were conducted using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data as time-varying surface and lateral boundary forcings, respectively: (a) a control run (“CTL”) with the Dudhia radiation scheme and the model top placed at 50 hPa, (b) the “SWG” experiment which is the same as the CTL except the Goddard radiation scheme, and (3) the “SWT” run which is the same as the SWG but the model top was raised to 5 hPa and the vertical levels increased from 31 to 35. The use of the Goddard scheme results in considerable improvement in reproducing the model’s thermal structures, such as zonal mean air temperature, its latitudinal gradient and vertically integrated temperature. This leads to better agreements in the simulation of the upper tropospheric zonal winds through the thermal wind relationship which, in turn, rectifies the lowlevel circulations through dynamical coupling between the upper and lower troposphere. The Taylor diagram analysis quantitatively indicates that the SWT and the SWG are discernable from each other with slightly improved simulations in the SWT. This suggests a nontrivial role of ozone absorption and accompanied stratospheric heating in EASM simulation.