纬度变化和地极运动

远在1687年,牛顿已说到地球自转轴的运动,欧拉在1790年指出:由于地球转动的主要动力矩的方向,并不和地球惯性椭球的短轴方向相重合,将使地球的自转轴发生沿着一个圆锥面的摆动.假定地球为一个刚体时,可以从地球惯性椭球的扁率（或称力学椭率,或动力学扁率）算出地球自转轴运动的周期.     

求解模型对欧拉矢量的影响

利用GNSS水平运动场求解欧拉矢量时,待估参数的个数会对欧拉矢量结果产生影响,针对该问题本文分别从理论推导和具体算例角度进行了分析.首先从理论上推导出不同的求解模型得到的欧拉矢量的差异;然后以2004 ～2007年中国大陆GNSS水平运动场为基础,选用两种常用的求解模型(块体整体旋转模型和块体的整体旋转与均匀应变模型),讨论了求解模型对欧拉矢量及后续研究的影响.结果表明,两种模型下块体整体旋转的差异最大可达2.60mm·a-1,是不能忽略的.因此认为选用不同的块体运动模型会得到不同的地壳水平运动图像,在地壳水平运动分析中对此需加以重视.     

旋转椭球面上的应变与转动张量表达

以旋转椭球体面上某点为原点建立一个大地坐标单位活动坐标架. 通过平移, 使活动坐标架的原点与以椭球中心为原点的笛卡尔单位标架的原点相重合. 然后再通过两次标架旋转, 使活动坐标架与笛卡尔单位标架完全重合. 本文给出了使两个单位标架相重合的转换关系式, 以及该点位移在两个单位标架中的坐标转换式; 在此基础上, 考虑该点的位移及活动坐标架皆为该点大地坐标的函数, 经复杂推导, 分别给出了该点位移向量的微分在大地坐标系中的分量以及该点分别沿坐标曲线的弧微分表达式, 继而导出了该点的位移梯度矩阵; 最后推导出了椭球坐标系的应变张量与转动张量表达式, 并对转动张量的几何含义进行了较详细的解释, 且采用曲面理论对球面与椭球面的应变张量间的内在关系进行了讨论.      

中国大陆构造块体的现今活动和变形

在重新对 1998年和 2 0 0 0年的中国地壳运动观测网络基准站和基本站的 2期观测资料进行预处理的基础上 ,得到了ITRF97坐标框架下 ,参考时刻分别为 1998年 9月 5日和 2 0 0 0年 6月 8日 ,分布在全国各主要构造块体上的 79个GPS站的坐标和协方差矩阵。分别以中国岩石圈动力学地图集 (马杏垣 ,1989)中的中国大陆主要构造单元 (称之为亚板块 )和张培震等 ( 2 0 0 2 )给出的中国主要活动块体为格架 ,用笔者提出的 1种推广了的QUAD方法对中国大陆的 2 0个主要构造块体逐个进行判别检验。那些现今无明显相对运动的相邻块体则被归并起来 ,从而确定了活动块体和它们的边界。采用刚体运动 +块体均匀应变 +局部变形的模型作为描述中国大陆构造块体的现今活动和变形的模型。求出了有明显相对运动块体的欧拉运动矢量和块体的整体均匀变形参数、各块体内部的不均匀局部变形以及活动边界的活动方式和强度。在此基础上 ,除了一般地指出中国大陆地壳运动西强东弱的特征之外 ,还对西部主要活动块体和边界活动强弱给出了定量比较结果 ,从而为强震危险区的判别提供了形变背景依据     

中国大陆及周边地区的水平应变场

推导并建立了块体的两种弹性运动方程：块体的整体旋转与均匀应变方程和块体的整体旋转与线性应变方程. 应用统计学原理,使用西域、青藏和华北块体上的GPS站速度数据,对这两种弹性运动方程与刚体运动方程模拟块体站速度的无偏性和有效性进行了统计检验. 检验结果表明,块体的整体旋转与线性应变方程是描述块体运动的最优模型. 将中国大陆划分为10个块体,应用块体的整体旋转与线性应变方程和块体上的GPS站速度估计了各个块体上的旋转与应变参数,按照1°×1°的间距计算了中国大陆及周边地区上1005个点的应变参数,分析了中国大陆及周边地区应变场的基本特征. 用本文方法得到的主压应变方向与地质学方法和测震学方法得到的主压应力轴方向具有很好的一致性(华南块体除外).     

大地坐标系应变张量表达及其与地心直角坐标系的相互转换

推导并给出了不同正交曲线坐标系应变张量和转动张量的普适表达和在旋转椭球坐标系下的应变张量表达,给出了不同正交曲线坐标系之间应变张量转换的普适表达式,以及在大地坐标系与地心直角坐标系这两种坐标系之间应变张量矩阵相互转换的具体表达,可供实际研究工作应用。     

梯度法在球谐综合中的适用性分析

针对地球表面球谐综合过程中要求考虑高程信息的问题,在球谐综合过程中,基于地形模型DTM2006.0和超高阶的重力场模型EGM2008,分别在椭球坐标系与球坐标系下,利用梯度法对球谐综合过程中的重力场泛函进行一定阶次扩展,分析梯度法在椭球坐标系与球坐标系下的适用性.在实验区域,计算结果表明,在球谐综合过程中,利用梯度法计算重力场泛函,它能够将高程信息带来的近似误差减少到对实际应用无关紧要的程度,可计算任意密集网格点上的表面重力场泛函.     

基于欧拉矢量的中国大陆地壳水平运动自适应拟合推估模型

中国大陆地壳运动除具有整体趋势外,还具有十分复杂的局部变化特征,因此建立中国大陆地壳运动模型应当同时顾及板块的长期运动趋势和小范围的局部运动变化.本文将欧拉矢量模型作为地壳运动的趋势项模型,将局部变化信息作为信号项模型,采用趋势变化与随机变化相结合的拟合推估法进行解算.拟合推估模型的信号向量易受先验协方差函数的误差影响,本文采用方差分量估计构造自适应因子调整随机信号的先验协方差阵,从而自适应地调整信号向量与观测向量的先验权比,达到平衡随机观测误差和随机信号对形变参数估值影响的目的.计算结果表明,基于欧拉矢量的拟合推估模型更好地顾及了位移场的整体变化趋势和局部运动特征,提高了中国大陆地壳水平运动场的计算精度.     

地球扁率在地质历史上的变化下限

为研究地球形状的长期变化,将地球假设为弹性椭球体,根据弹性动力学理论导出地球的扁率下限公式,扁率与地球的平均密度ρ、引力加速度g、自转角速度ω、平均半径R、弹性模量E、泊松比v相关.将新星云假说下地质历史时期半径、质量和角速度变化值代入公式计算出各地质历史时期地球扁率值,作为地球扁率变化值的下限值.地球的扁率自地球形成以来总体变化趋势是在减小.     

椭球坐标系下多震相地震射线追踪

地震射线追踪方法技术在地震学领域有着较为广泛的应用,然而大多数算法建立在直角坐标系或球坐标系下,实际地球并非完美的球体,而是两极略扁的椭球体,因此,球坐标系下计算结果与真实情况存在一定误差.传统的做法一般是在球坐标系下进行计算,而后进行椭球校正.本文提出了一种直接在椭球体模型中采用分区多步最短路径算法进行多震相地震射线追踪的方法技术,实现了椭球坐标系下多震相地震波射线路径追踪和走时计算.与解析解的对比表明:该算法具有较高的计算精度,适用于任意形状的椭球体,且不需要进行额外的走时校正.数值模拟结果表明,计算所得P波和PcP反射波的走时与AK135走时表的误差小于0.1 s.当震中距较大时,使用球对称模型和椭球体模型计算所得的走时差异显著,说明采用椭球坐标系的必要性.     

柴达木-祁连山地块内部震间上地壳块体运动特征与变形模式研究

以青藏高原北缘及东北缘的柴达木-祁连山地块内的活动断裂、由断裂所围限的微小块体为研究对象,系统收集整理区内活动断裂定量参数和GPS速度场等资料,使用球面应变率计算方法分析研究区内GPS 速度场得到现今构造应变率场,讨论区内最大剪应变率、面膨胀率与旋转率等参数与区域构造变形之间的关系;同时,依据区内详实的活动断裂资料建立精细的微小活动块体模型,利用Backslip模型反演断裂所围限的各个块体边界断裂的滑动速率、块体内部统一应变率及块体欧拉运动学参数等,并与活动构造方法获得的滑动速率做对比;最后,讨论研究区内由GPS速度场所揭示的地壳运动变形模式.结果表明:(1)柴达木-祁连山地区地壳运动,在沿着山脉走向上具有带状区域分块运动特征,大范围内具有弥散变形特征;(2)青藏高原北部变形场应是通过不同断裂差异性相对运动、区域内部逆冲挤压和块体旋转共同作用的结果.从鄂拉山到古浪民勤一带具有强烈的逆冲活动,其两侧地壳块体分别具有逆向旋转的运动性质;(3)在研究区东部GPS速度场所呈现顺时针旋转的形态,应是处于不同地块边界处的中下地壳与地幔介质差异驱动机制对上地壳块体所产生的作用,并以近地表断层应变率积累形式表现的结果,是祁连山地块、阿拉善块体、鄂尔多斯地块等大型块体推挤旋转影响下的复杂运动学形态.     

Expression of strain and rotation tensor in geodetic coordinates

In this paper, unit moving trihedron is first constructed for a point on the surface of a revolution ellipsoid. Via translation, the origin of the trihedron coincides with that of Cartesian coordinates established at the center of the ellipsoid, and then through two coordinate rotations, the trihedron completely coincides with the Cartesian coordi-nates. Transformation formulae between the moving trihedron and unit Cartesian coordinate frameworks as well as transformation of point displacement between two unit coordinate frameworks are presented. Based on the above transformation formulae between two different coordinate frameworks, due to the fact that the displacement and moving trihedron of the point are both functions of the geodetic coordinates, components in the corresponding axis for differential of displacement vector and geodetic curves arc differential at the point in geodetic system can be obtained through complicated derivation. Displacement gradient matrix at the point in geodetic system is also given. Finally, expressions of strain and rotation tensor in geodetic coordinates are presented. Geometric meanings of the rotation tensor are explained in detail. The intrinsic relationship between strain tensors of sphere and ellip-soid are also discussed.     

福建沿海、台湾海峡GPS观测分析及地球动力学特征研究

利用 3期GPS联测结果所获得的福建沿海地壳水平运动信息 ,采用ITRF94全球框架为基础的GPS测站地壳运动模型及其处理软件 ,对所获得的观测数据进行处理和精度分析。得到福建省高精度的GPS测站大地坐标、边长及其位移矢量 ,其精度达到 1 7×10 - 8。计算了福建地壳运动速率、主应变率 ,东西与南北向线应变率、面应变率、剪应变率、大地转动率和最大剪应变率等值线并给出了它们的分布图象。根据多年形变和现今GPS观测资料 ,分析福建地壳垂直运动与水平运动 ,显示区域应力场优势分布特征。最后 ,对福建沿海及台湾海峡地壳动力学特征作了初步的探讨     

Correlated Crust and Mantle Strain Field in China

INTRODUCTION Moststudiesonactiveblockshavebeenfocusedonidentificationofblockboundariesandtheiractivity;inotherwords,mostoftheworkwaslimitedtothehorizontalmovementoftheblocks.Inreality,theblocksarenotonlysurroundedbyactivefaultsofhorizontalmotion,butalsoco…     

全球五大板块的运动和形变──用卫星激光测距数据导出的站速度分析

根据德国卫星激光测距（ＳＬＲ）数据分析中心ＧＦＺ对１９８０年１月－１９９１年７月获取的ＳＬＲ观测数据处理后得到的４１个ＳＬＲ站的站速度，解算了北美、欧亚、太平洋、南美和澳大利亚板块之间的相对运动欧拉矢量，得到了第１个ＳＬＲ实测的板块运动模型ＳＰＭＭ１．与地学板块模型ＲＭ２和ＮＵＶＥＬ－１的比较指出，ＳＰＭＭ１大体上与地学模型一致，与ＮＵＶＥＬ－１更为接近；ＳＰＭＭ１的欧亚与北美板块相对运动欧拉极与ＮＵＶＥＬ－１的相应极很接近，但旋转速率明显偏小．还分析了各板块上ＳＬＲ站的局部形变特征．欧亚板块东部和西部存在１０－２０ｍｍ／ａ的相对运动；板块边界附近ＳＬＲ站的残差站速度基本上反映了该边界的构造形变特征．     

Geodetic Measurements of Crustal Deformation in the Western Mediterranean and Europe

—Geodetic measurements of crustal deformation over large areas deforming at slow rates (<5 mm/yr over more than 1000 km), such as the Western Mediterranean and Western Europe, are still a challenge because (1) these rates are close to the current resolution of the geodetic techniques, (2) inaccuracies in the reference frame implementation may be on the same order as the tectonic velocities. We present a new velocity field for Western Europe and the Western Mediterranean derived from a rigorous combination of (1) a selection of sites from the ITRF2000 solution, (2) a subset of sites from the European Permanent GPS Network solution, (3) a solution of the French national geodetic permanent GPS network (RGP), and (4) a solution of a permanent GPS network in the western Alps (REGAL). The resulting velocity field describes horizontal crustal motion at 64 sites in Western Europe with an accuracy on the order of 1 mm/yr or better. Its analysis shows that Central Europe behaves rigidly at a 0.4 mm/yr level and can therefore be used to define a stable Europe reference frame. In that reference frame, we find that most of Europe, including areas west of the Rhine graben, the Iberian peninsula, the Ligurian basin and the Corsica-Sardinian block behaves rigidly at a 0.5 mm/yr level. In a second step, we map recently published geodetic results in the reference frame previously defined. Geodetic data confirm a counterclockwise rotation of the Adriatic microplate with respect to stable Europe, that appears to control the strain pattern along its boundaries. Active deformation in the Alps, Apennines, and Dinarides is probably driven by the independent motion of the Adriatic plate rather than by the Africa-Eurasia convergence. The analysis of a global GPS solution and recently published new estimates for the African plate kinematics indicate that the Africa-Eurasia plate motion may be significantly different from the NUVEL1A values. In particular, geodetic solutions show that the convergence rate between Africa and stable Europe may be 30–60% slower than the NUVEL1A prediction and rotated 10–30° counterclockwise in the Mediterranean.     

The Characteristics of Recent Geodetic Deformation and Seismicity in North-South Seismic Zone and East of the Qinghai-Xizang Block

In this paper,the corresponding relation of the evolutionary characteristics of geodetic deformation fields with seismic activity for more than 20 years in the North-South seismic zone and East of Qinghai-Xizang Mess has been investigated.Not only is geodetic deformation in non-homogeneity for the space-time distribution but also deformation fields are in macroscopic similarity for the identical time interval.The inherited tectonic movement is a total tendency of recent crustal movement,and the motion mode is in undulations.There are stages of accumulation and release-adjusting of strain energy in crustal movement processes,which may be the dynamic mechanism of relatively quiet and active seismicity.The analysis of the crustal movement tendency since 1991 is of some significance for judging the stress state and the large seismic situation in the area.     

Numerical simulation of the observed strain field in the central-eastern Mediterranean region

The highly heterogeneous strain field indicated by neotectonic and seismological data in the central-eastern Mediterranean region has been reproduced, at a first approximation, by finite element modelling, of a 2D elastic thin plate. The zone considered is modelled as a mosaic of poorly deformable zones decoupled by highly deformable belts, simulating the major tectonic structures indicated by geological and geophysical evidence. The deformation of the model is obtained by imposing kinematic boundary conditions, representative of the motion of Africa and eastern Anatolia relative to Eurasia. Experiments carried out with different boundary conditions and model parameterisations have provided information on the sensitivity of the model and some insights into the geodynamic behavior of the study area. The deformation pattern of the central Mediterranean area is strongly conditioned by the mechanical properties assumed in the border zones between the Aegean and Adriatic systems. The match of the complex strain pattern observed in the western Anatolian–Aegean–Balkan zones is significantly favoured if high rigidity is assigned to the inner part of this structural system. A motion of Africa with respect to Eurasia compatible with an Eulerian pole located offshore Portugal best accounts for the observed strains in the central Mediterranean region. The match of the strongly heterogeneous strain field observed in the study area can hardly be achieved by simplified models not including major tectonic features and lateral heterogeneity of mechanical properties. The kinematic field resulting from the model configuration which best simulates the observed strain field presents some differences with respect to geodetic measurements in the Aegean–Western Anatolian area, where the computed velocities are systematically lower than the geodetic ones. It is suggested that the most plausible explanation of such differences is related to the fact that the present deformation pattern, inferred from geodetic data, may be different from the middle–long term one, inferred from seismological and geological data.     

平均热点参考基准的建立和岩石圈西向漂移的研究

对于大地测量应用来说,目前IERS机构在定义地球参考系时推荐采用岩石圈无整体旋转(No-Net-Rotation-NNR)约束条件,然而对于地球物理应用来说,相对于NNR参考基准的绝对板块运动数据可能会对地幔对流等研究结果产生误导.考虑到热点的运动,提出建立平均热点(MHS-Medial HotSpot)参考基准的方法,给出建立该基准的约束准则,分别以地学模型NNR-NUVEL1A和实测模型ITRF2005VEL为基础,建立了平均热点参考基准MHS-NUVEL1A和MHS-ITRF2005,并与其它基于热点的绝对板块运动模型进行了比较和分析;讨论了岩石圈的西向漂移,给出了岩石圈相对于下地幔整体旋转的更精确的定量估计,即基于实测的热点参考架MHS-ITRF2005和地学模型NNR-NUVEL1A之间的整体旋转为0.26°/Ma,旋转极在(50°S, 62°E),这与由板块的受力模型给出的岩石圈的整体旋转的旋转极很接近,旋转速率大致快了10%.