中国大陆及周边地区的水平应变场

推导并建立了块体的两种弹性运动方程：块体的整体旋转与均匀应变方程和块体的整体旋转与线性应变方程. 应用统计学原理,使用西域、青藏和华北块体上的GPS站速度数据,对这两种弹性运动方程与刚体运动方程模拟块体站速度的无偏性和有效性进行了统计检验. 检验结果表明,块体的整体旋转与线性应变方程是描述块体运动的最优模型. 将中国大陆划分为10个块体,应用块体的整体旋转与线性应变方程和块体上的GPS站速度估计了各个块体上的旋转与应变参数,按照1°×1°的间距计算了中国大陆及周边地区上1005个点的应变参数,分析了中国大陆及周边地区应变场的基本特征. 用本文方法得到的主压应变方向与地质学方法和测震学方法得到的主压应力轴方向具有很好的一致性(华南块体除外).     

基于欧拉矢量的中国大陆地壳水平运动自适应拟合推估模型

中国大陆地壳运动除具有整体趋势外,还具有十分复杂的局部变化特征,因此建立中国大陆地壳运动模型应当同时顾及板块的长期运动趋势和小范围的局部运动变化.本文将欧拉矢量模型作为地壳运动的趋势项模型,将局部变化信息作为信号项模型,采用趋势变化与随机变化相结合的拟合推估法进行解算.拟合推估模型的信号向量易受先验协方差函数的误差影响,本文采用方差分量估计构造自适应因子调整随机信号的先验协方差阵,从而自适应地调整信号向量与观测向量的先验权比,达到平衡随机观测误差和随机信号对形变参数估值影响的目的.计算结果表明,基于欧拉矢量的拟合推估模型更好地顾及了位移场的整体变化趋势和局部运动特征,提高了中国大陆地壳水平运动场的计算精度.     

曲线坐标系下的块体运动与应变模型研究

本文建立了顾及地球扁率和局部切标架随点变化特性的椭球坐标系下的刚体运动模型和块体运动与应变模型,以及球坐标系下顾及局部切标架随点变化特性的严密的块体运动与应变模型,分析了球坐标系下块体运动与应变模型及椭球坐标系下的块体运动与应变模型间的差异;通过计算具体讨论了地球扁率和曲线坐标系的局部切标架随点变化特性对欧拉矢量与应变张量的影响.结果表明：地球扁率对刚体欧拉矢量和应变参数的影响甚小,具体计算时可以不予考虑,但曲线坐标系的局部切标架随点变化特性对两者的影响较大,在建模过程中需要顾及,常用的Savage模型需要修正.     

利用GNSS连续观测资料分析川滇地块与断层活动的方法与尝试

本文利用GNSS连续站的资料分析2016、2017年川滇块体和巴彦喀拉块体速度场、应变场特征,认为道孚、西昌和马尔康附近应力积累相对集中。分析GNSS连续站点的相对速度发现,川滇块体内GNSS连续站的运动状态呈明显的顺时针旋转,巴彦喀拉块体也有顺时针旋转态势。此外,利用块体相对运动求解鲜水河断裂运动速率,鲜水河断裂西部的运动速率比东部稍大,约有2—3mm/a的差异。相比2016年,2017年鲜水河断裂运动速率变小,有利于缓解鲜水河断裂应变能的积累。     

基于GNSS观测的阳江地区形变特征分析

地壳形变监测与分析是研究区域构造活动性的重要手段.利用阳江地区GNSS观测资料,系统分析了各GNSS站点速度场、站点间基线时间序列及区域应变率场的数据;根据获取的阳江地区现今地壳水平运动状态,综合研究了阳江地区地壳形变特征.结果表明:阳江地区各GNSS站点水平运动方向都为东南向,与华南块体运动方向一致;东北部站点运动速...     

柴达木-祁连山地块内部震间上地壳块体运动特征与变形模式研究

以青藏高原北缘及东北缘的柴达木-祁连山地块内的活动断裂、由断裂所围限的微小块体为研究对象,系统收集整理区内活动断裂定量参数和GPS速度场等资料,使用球面应变率计算方法分析研究区内GPS 速度场得到现今构造应变率场,讨论区内最大剪应变率、面膨胀率与旋转率等参数与区域构造变形之间的关系;同时,依据区内详实的活动断裂资料建立精细的微小活动块体模型,利用Backslip模型反演断裂所围限的各个块体边界断裂的滑动速率、块体内部统一应变率及块体欧拉运动学参数等,并与活动构造方法获得的滑动速率做对比;最后,讨论研究区内由GPS速度场所揭示的地壳运动变形模式.结果表明:(1)柴达木-祁连山地区地壳运动,在沿着山脉走向上具有带状区域分块运动特征,大范围内具有弥散变形特征;(2)青藏高原北部变形场应是通过不同断裂差异性相对运动、区域内部逆冲挤压和块体旋转共同作用的结果.从鄂拉山到古浪民勤一带具有强烈的逆冲活动,其两侧地壳块体分别具有逆向旋转的运动性质;(3)在研究区东部GPS速度场所呈现顺时针旋转的形态,应是处于不同地块边界处的中下地壳与地幔介质差异驱动机制对上地壳块体所产生的作用,并以近地表断层应变率积累形式表现的结果,是祁连山地块、阿拉善块体、鄂尔多斯地块等大型块体推挤旋转影响下的复杂运动学形态.     

川滇地区下地壳流动对上地壳运动变形影响的数值模拟

根据活动断裂分布和区域流变结构建立川滇地区三维有限元模型， 采用上地壳为弹性介质，下地壳和上地幔为Maxwell体的粘弹性模型，模拟川滇地区地壳现今运动和应力分布，探讨川滇地区地壳运动变形的动力学机制. 通过4种不同边界条件和深度分层结构有限元模型的计算结果的对比，认为川滇地区绕喜玛拉雅东构造结顺时针旋转的地壳运动模式主要受川滇地区特殊的边界动力作用控制，川滇菱形块体下地壳流动对上地壳的拖曳作用亦不容忽视. 同时，川滇地区各块体的现今地壳运动场和应力场还受到区域主要活动断裂带的影响， 呈现分块特征.      

台湾地区地壳形变的弹性块体位错模型

在经典的非震形变位错模型中,地壳形变被认为是活动块体刚性运动和上部断层锁定影响的叠加,本文对此模型进行了改进: (1) 用活动块体整体运动和内部线性应变、旋转的贡献代替活动块体刚性运动的贡献;(2) 用分层介质地壳模型代替半无限介质模型计算断层锁定的影响. 利用改进后的非震形变位错模型,拟合了台湾地区1990～1995年间GPS观测资料. 结果显示,在东部海岸山脉区,约有30 mm·a^-1的汇聚率被奇美断层消耗掉,运动速度从奇美断层向北迅速衰减. 在西部平原地区,南部断层是岛内锁定最为强烈的断层,该地区相应的也是史上灾害性地震多发的地区. 根据反演结果计算出的应变率与旋转率分布与前人结果在大部分地区一致,主应变率场显示台湾大部分地区存在近NW-SE方向的主压应变,主压应变方向呈扇形分布. 旋转率场显示台湾东部和南部地区存在着逆时针旋转率,而西部和北部地区则为顺时针旋转率.     

青藏块体东北缘近期水平运动与变形

利用青藏块体东北缘地区13、1年GPS观测资料，给出了本区地壳水平运动速度场及视应变场分布图，提出了由位移观测值直接求解块体旋转和变形参数的方法，初步研究了本区构造块体运动与变形特征.结果表明：①本区存在整体性向东-东南方的运动(速率约mm/a)；②南部的甘肃-青海块体的运动较快，而北部的阿拉善块体的运动较慢，二者运动速率相差近6mm/a，祁连-海原断裂带左旋走滑运动显著.③自西向东存在北北东-北东东向压性运动；④阿拉善块体、甘肃-青海块体内部存在北西西向张性变形，阿拉善块体的整体张性变形更显著，鄂尔多斯块体西侧的块体交接地带为压性运动.     

板内块体现今刚性运动模型研究

应用欧拉矢量方法,建立了板内块体运动模型。根据运动模型,应用全国ＧＰＳ地壳运动监测网２期观测结果,计算了我国大陆板内块体的现今运动量。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.