南昌市土壤环境质量评价

选取As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、F、Se、Cl、P、S 13种元素作为评价因子,采用尼梅罗综合污染指数法,参照国家土壤环境质量标准和土壤背景值,用四种评价标准分别对南昌市规划区进行土壤环境质量评价,划分为安全、警戒、轻度污染、中度污染和重度污染五个等级.由于浅层背景值人为活动作用较大,以浅层背景值为评价标准,评价结果以警戒和轻度污染为主;而深层背景值受人为活动干扰较小,以深层背景值为评价标准,则评价结果表现为轻度和中度污染为主.     

多目标地球化学填图中土壤环境质量评价方法的探讨

通过对北京城近郊土壤中Cd污染两种不同评价方法的对比研究发现，在对某一区域进行土壤环境质量评价时。若研究区内存在不同质地的土壤，则由于不同质地土壤的自净能力的不同，应采用不同的评价标准进行分区评价。建议多目标地球化学填图中进行土壤环境质量评价时，采用本方法。     

煤矿塌陷区复垦土壤环境质量评价

通过对煤矿塌陷区复垦土壤采样测试,研究土壤中重金属铜、锌、镉、汞、砷、铅、铬的含量对土壤环境的影响。研究结果表明:按单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,结合国家土壤环境质量标准对复垦土壤的质量进行评价:研究区内土壤环境质量良好,基本上可以达到国家土壤环境质量二级标准,安全清洁级别;参照《无公害食品蔬菜产地环境条件标准》、《绿色食品产地环境质量标准》和《有机农业生产基地环境质量标准》,对复垦土壤的农用环境进行评价:研究区内土壤全部达到绿色食品产地环境质量标准,如果选择合理的修复方法,对部分有轻微污染的土壤进行,则可以达到有机农业生产基地环境质量标准;以潜在生态危害指数RI分析,复垦区内土壤重金属潜在生态危害指数相对较低,复垦区农业生产具有良好的发展前景。     

铁矿区复垦土壤重金属含量变化趋势及其污染评价

通过齐大山矿区不同复垦年限土壤重金属含量变化的趋势,应用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:未复垦土壤重金属含量(除As外)均高于辽宁省背景值,随复垦年限的增加,矿山复垦土壤重金属含量多数呈先增加后减少的趋势。以国家《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)为评价标准,Ni处于警戒级;Cd在未复垦地区处于警戒级,复垦后处于安全级;其他元素皆处于安全级。以辽宁省土壤背景值为标准,产生潜在生态危害的主要为Hg和Cd;Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr和As属轻微危害水平;复垦后总的潜在生态风险程度由中等变为轻微。     

河南省济源市典型地区土壤污染调查评价

河南省济源市土壤受污染面积达117.19km2,污染源主要为铅锌等金属矿产选矿冶炼厂。通过对典型地区土壤取样发现主要污染因子为Pb,结合土壤检测数据,利用Surfer8软件的Kriging局部内插值的等值线绘制方法得到土壤表层Pb的水平分布规律,圈定污染分布范围;将Pb在土壤中不同层位含量的均值绘制成按取样深度变化的曲线,得到土壤中Pb的垂直分布规律,Pb在土壤垂向剖面上深度为17.23cm处达到土壤环境质量二级标准临界值。在查明土壤污染分布特征与规律的基础上,根据土壤环境质量评价标准,进行评价分级,为该地区土壤修复提供技术依据。     

河北平原表层土壤重金属环境质量及污染评价

土壤环境质量评价是了解土壤环境质量状况、采取保护措施的重要前提,本文用土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995),对河北平原表层土壤重金属环境质量进行了评价,结果表明:河北平原表层土壤环境质量优良,一、二级土壤分别占全区93.02%和6.62%。同时又根据重金属元素的环境地球化学行为,采用富集因子,有效地区分了重金属污染的自然影响和人为影响,结果显示,河北平原表层土壤人为污染的面积较大,但以轻微污染为主。     

理想点法在太原盆地土壤重金属污染等级评价中的应用

根据重金属元素污染等级评价标准,利用理想点法对太原盆地土壤重金属进行了污染等级评价。评价采用2种方式,一种是将分级标准中的参考值列入评价标准,作为污染等级最大的一级标准处理;另一种是不考虑参考值,仅考虑分级标准中一级～五级的评价标准值。用方式一进行评价得到的结果使太原盆地整体污染情况均有削弱,而方式二能较好地区分开各区污染程度高低,更能够具体地反映污染的实际情况,不容易造成污染信息的损失。评价结果表明,污染程度较低的点集中在边远山区,污染程度较高的点集中分布在汾河流域。从城市分布方面来看,太原市、榆次市、汾阳—孝义一带污染较为严重,太谷、祁县次之,清徐、交城、文水、平遥的土壤环境相对清洁。     

甘肃省白银市区土壤环境质量评价

对白银市区土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg的分布、存在形式和在水体中的含量进行分析,认为该区土壤、水体已受到Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg等重金属污染.按国家土壤环境质量标准,白银市土壤中Cd的环境质量均未达到Ⅰ级标准,Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级污染面积占研究区面积的82.39％,污染比较严重;Hg、Pb、Zn、Cu的Ⅲ级及其以上污染区面积分别占研究区的7.35％、5.59％、14.67％、5.71％.通过2000年与2007年白银市土壤重金属元素背景值对比发现,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg的污染增速明显,并有逐渐扩大的趋势.对Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg的成因来源进行了初步探讨,认为有色金属冶炼、加工和重化工是主要污染源,其次为燃煤、生活垃圾及汽车尾气排放.     

南京栖霞山铅锌矿地区土壤重金属污染评价

针对不同的土地利用类型选用不同的采样方式和评价标准,对南京栖霞山铅锌矿地区土壤重金属污染特性和现状进行调查和评价。研究区主要土地利用类型有露天采矿区、菜地和风景区栖霞寺。露天采矿区和菜地土壤采用梅花布点采样方式,栖霞寺由于属于山地,采用随机布样方式;评价标准参考国家土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618—1995)的要求,对矿区和栖霞寺林区土壤采用土壤环境质量三级标准进行评价,对菜地土壤采用二级标准评价。调查分析结果表明,矿区、菜园和栖霞寺土壤中铅、砷、镉和锌等重金属污染严重,其部分土壤中存在铜的轻度污染,而未受铬污染;内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果均大于3,属于重度污染;污染严重区集中在选矿厂、矿口和坑道排风井口等周围,并且污染程度随着远离矿区而逐渐减小。     

贵州省九城市远景规划区土壤污染的内梅罗指数评价

通过贵州省主要城市环境地质调查项目中土壤污染的调查,据《国家土壤环境质量标准》GB15618-1995中有机及无机一级指标作背景值进行综合污染指数计算,采用内梅罗（N.L.Nemerow）指数法进行评价,大致了解目前贵州省土壤遭受污染程度及级别。     

基于土壤重金属污染风险管控的土壤质量评价:以某县级市为例

近年来农用地土壤质量受重金属污染影响进而导致农产品受到威胁的问题愈发严重,然而关于土壤质量评价的研究很少考虑土壤污染状况,忽略了土壤污染风险对土壤质量的影响。本文以某典型制造业县级市为例,在以土壤理化性质为主要指标的土壤肥力状况评价基础上,对研究区土壤重金属进行污染风险管控类型划分。通过建立分段函数将土壤污染风险管控类型划分结果引入土壤质量评价体系,对农用地土壤质量进行评价。结果表明：研究区土壤理化指标的变异系数从大到小为速效磷(AP)含量>土壤电导率(SEC)>全磷(TP)含量>土壤有机碳(SOC)含量>阳离子交换量(CEC)>全氮(TN)含量>pH。土壤肥力状况随地势降低和河流增加呈现升高的趋势,高肥力区主要分布在平原区西北部和平原区东北部,低肥力区主要分布在东南部丘陵山区和西部低洼区,肥力过渡区环绕低肥力区分布。农用地土壤污染风险管控类型的划分结果表明,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn 8种重金属中至少有88.89%的Cd样点和98.61%的Cr样点属于优先保护类,11.11%的Cd样点、1.39%的Cr样点属于安全利用类,该区重金属污染以Cd为主。土壤质量评价结果表明,土壤质量总体分布与土壤肥力状况分布规律类似,但由于受土壤污染风险的影响,研究区西南部低质量土壤范围向东扩张,东南部低质量土壤分布范围更小,更密集化。上述研究结果说明,引入土壤污染风险管控类型划分结果一般会对土壤肥力状况作减幅修正,并在一定程度上改变原土壤肥力状况的空间分布格局。     

土地质量地球化学评价成果与若干问题探讨:以浙江省金华市汤溪镇为例

为进一步总结完善丘陵盆地区中大比例尺土地质量地球化学调查评价方法技术,2013年在中国地质调查局的支持下,选择浙江省金华市汤溪镇农用地分布区开展了试点调查和采样密度对比试验。基于调查数据进行了土壤酸碱度(p H)、土壤养分丰缺、土壤环境质量和土壤质量地球化学综合评价与分级,探讨了丘陵盆地区野外采样密度。结果表明:区内土壤p H值低、酸性土壤广泛分布;土壤养分元素氮、磷、钾普遍缺乏;土壤环境质量总体较好,仅局部地区出现重金属元素超标;土壤质量地球化学综合等级以一等、二等为主,优良土地面积占调查区的92. 6%,土壤酸性强、养分缺乏是影响调查区土地质量的主要原因,建议采取适当措施调控土壤酸碱度、补充土壤养分;丘陵盆地区中大比例尺土地质量地球化学调查应适当提高土壤采样密度,有效控制土地利用图斑,以便于调查成果在土地资源管护中的应用。     

Metal content and environmental risk assessment around high-altitude mine sites

Gold mining activities in Apolobamba area, northwest of La Paz, Bolivia have created serious environmental concern and great risk to human health. The current methods used to extract gold are too primitive resulting in metal contamination of soil and water. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the degree of metal pollution, and (2) assess the risk to human health and environment in the Apolobamba area. Soil, water, sediment samples, and mine spills were collected and analyzed. Metals including Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg concentrations were higher in surface soils than in subsurface soils indicating active atmospheric deposition of metals. Sediment samples had elevated levels of metals probably from mine spills discharged into the Sunchulli River. Surface soils in the Sunchulli community show the highest levels of Pb and Hg in all soil samples and may pose a risk to the health of the human population and environment.     

The safety study of heavy metal pollution in wheat planted in reclaimed soil of mining areas in Xuzhou, China

This study was conducted to evaluate crops cultivated in reclaimed soils from subsidence areas that had been reclaimed in the Liuxin mining area, Xuzhou, China, to determine if such crops were safe. To accomplish this, heavy metals such as Hg, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and As (metalloid) concentrations in different parts of wheat planted in the research area were detected. The single contamination index method and comprehensive contamination index method were used to estimate the level of heavy metal pollution in rhizosphere soil. Besides, the distribution of heavy metal concentrations in different organs of wheat of the research area was compared, and the enrichment coefficients of Cd and Cr, which as the primary pollutants, in different parts of wheat were determined and used to yield curve estimation, after which a Cd regression equation was constructed. Finally, a kind of visible expression method of heavy metal pollution in wheat was explored. The results showed that the rhizosphere soil of the research area reached the local standard, but as different organs of wheat differed in the ability of enrichment of heavy metals, the Cd and Cr concentrations in wheat grains exceeded the national food hygiene standard. The distribution and migration tendencies of Cd and Cr concentrations in different organs of mature wheat were consistent in reclaimed sites, but differed in control site. The Cd regression equation passed the model verification. The results of risk evaluation of Cd and Cr in the wheat grain revealed that the single contamination index of the three sites reached light to severe level, and the comprehensive contamination index ranged from light to medium pollution level. This research is of important practical value for monitoring the safety of plant grown in mining areas.     

TOPSIS法在土壤环境质量评价中的应用

TOPSIS法作为一种多目标决策方法,可应用于土壤环境质量综合评价中。介绍了TOPSIS法的原理和算法步骤,并以福州市表层土壤为例,探讨了TOPSIS法在土壤环境质量评价中的应用。研究结果表明,TOPSIS法结合土壤环境质量标准不仅能确定各评价对象环境质量等级,同时也能进行多个对象评价和不同评价对象间质量的优劣比较。TOPSIS法在土壤环境质量综合评价中具有较高的合理性和适用性。     

建设场地污染土综合评价方法探讨

污染土的污染程度评价内容包括土壤物理力学性质的变化、对建筑材料的腐蚀性评价、对环境（人与植物）影响的评价。目前国内土木工程界仅关注前两类指标的评价,环境评估时仅关注第三类指标的评价。而对污染的建设场地而言,单一指标的评价方法欠全面。本文探索建设场地污染地基土的综合评价方法,以客观、全面评价污染土的污染程度,为后期修复与处置提供科学的依据。     

Distribution and speciation of mercury in soil in the area of an ancient mercury ore roasting site,Frbejžene trate (Idrija area,Slovenia)

In the initial period of mining activities in the Idrija basin (the16^th and the first half of the17^th centuries), Hg ore processing was performed at various small-scale roasting sites in the woods surrounding Idrija, by roasting ore in earthen vessels. The recovery rate of this method was very low; about half of Hg was lost, causing soil contamination and considerable amounts of waste material that could potentially leach Hg into the surrounding environment. The main aims of present geochemical study were to determine the contents, vertical distribution and speciation of Hg in soils at the roasting site at Frbej?ene trate in order to verify the extreme pollution of ancient Hg ore roasting sites in the Idrija area and to establish their significance in the wider spatial contamination of soils and aquatic systems. Soil sampling was performed at the area of the former roasting site. The organic matter-rich surface soil layer (SOM) and underlying mineral soil were sampled at 63 sampling locations. Mercury speciation was performed using Hg thermo-desorption-AAS to distinguish cinnabar from potentially bioavailable forms. The results indicate extremely high Hg concentrations with a maximum of 37,000 mg/kg in SOM and 19,900 mg/kg in mineral soil. The established Hg median in soil was 370 mg/kg and in SOM 96.3 mg/kg. Spatial distributions of Hg in SOM and soil showed very high Hg contents in the central area and decreased rapidly with distance. The results of Hg thermo-desorption measurements indicated the presence of cinnabar (HgS) and Hg bound to organic or mineral soil matter. A significant portion (35–40%) of Hg in the investigated soil and SOM samples was comprised of non-cinnabar compounds, which are potentially bioavailable. It has been shown that soils contain high amounts of potentially transformable non-cinnabar Hg, which is available for surface leaching and runoff into the surrounding environment. Therefore, contaminated soils and roasted residues at the studied area are important for persistent Hg release into the aquatic ecosystem.     

基于可见—近红外反射光谱的典型农田重金属污染风险分类研究

对于人为因素或自然因素造成的农田土壤重金属元素污染,需要进行大面积的土壤环境质量调查和分类管控,然而传统的采样测试方法存在工作量大、代价高等问题。可见—近红外（Vis-NIR）反射光谱是一种快速低成本获取土壤理化信息的手段。为研究Vis-NIR反射光谱预测模型划分土壤重金属污染风险类别的能力,文章以典型人为污染地区（浙江温岭）和典型地质高背景地区（广西横县）的390份农田土壤为样本,测定8种重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）的含量和pH值,并测定土壤Vis-NIR光谱。使用偏最小二乘（PLS）和支持向量机（SVM）算法建立回归模型,对土壤重金属含量和pH值进行预测,并基于预测值进行土壤重金属污染风险分类。结果显示,温岭土壤主要污染元素Cd和Cu的光谱模型回归预测偏差（RPD）分别为1.23和1.19,预测机制与有机质有关。横县土壤主要污染元素As和Cd的RPD分别为1.98和1.93,预测机制与铁氧化物和粘土矿物有关。地质高背景土壤重金属与铁氧化物的正相关性普遍较强,使得光谱模型对重金属含量预测准确度较高。温岭和横县土壤pH值的光谱模型RPD分别为1.76和1.68。土壤重金属污染风险光谱分类的总体 准确度分别为75.0%~100%（温岭）和80.0%~100％（横县）。将Vis-NIR光谱与遥感技术相结合,对农田土壤重金属污染风险进行快速分类总体是可行的。     

Copper, nickel and zinc contamination in soils within the precincts of mining and landfilling environments

This study determined copper, nickel and zinc concentrations in soils within the precincts of a copper-nickel mining and urban landfilling environments, and used obtained values to appraise the degree of soil contamination and pollution based on geoaccumulation index, contamination factor and pollution load index. Mean concentrations of copper (252.4?mg/kg), nickel (153.0?mg/kg) and zinc (30.4?mg/kg) in soils around the mining area were considerably higher than those around the landfill (4.3, 0.91, and 13.7?mg/kg, respectively, for copper, nickel and zinc). The mining area was moderate to heavily contaminated with copper, nickel and zinc (1?<?I _geo?<?4), whereas the landfill area was moderately contaminated (1?<?I _geo?<?3). In both areas, the level of copper contamination was higher than that of nickel and zinc. Contamination around the mining environment was attributed to mining activities whereas around the landfill area, migration of leachate from the disposed waste could have been responsible.