江苏省土壤重金属分布特征与污染源初步研究

以24 186个表层土壤(0～20 cm)和6 127个深层土壤(150～200 cm)样品之Cd、Hg、Pb、As等含量数据为基础,研究了江苏全省土壤环境的重金属分布与主要污染特征.结果表明.全省自然土壤环境与人为活动土壤环境的重金属元素分布都不均匀,但人为活动土壤环境中的不均衡程度远高于自然土壤环境:全省农田中有1.02%的土壤受到Cd、Hg、Pb等8种重金属的严重污染,苏州市、无锡市土壤环境被重金属污染的程度相对严重;工业化、城市化进程中的人为活动及自然地质作用都是引起江苏局部土壤重金属污染的重要原因,自然成因的重金属污染土壤多呈面状、多元素、低强度、双层污染等特点,从而与人为成因的重金属污染土壤有所区别.     

基于矿物学方法评价浙江省土壤中Pb污染状况

利用土壤重金属元素环境质量矿物学评价方法,对淅江省全境土壤中不同土壤类型(或亚类)表层、不同母质表层和剖面中的Pb进行环境质量评价的结果表明,土壤中Pb的实测量和土壤对Pb的固持量决定了土壤中Pb的环境质量,浙江省土壤中Pb的污染度有正负值,说明土壤中的Pb对有些地区产生了污染,而对有些地区则没有产生污染.研究结果揭示,土壤矿物对Pb具有一定的固定与容纳能力,超过其固定与容纳能力,土壤中的Pb会对环境造成污染.这一旨在揭示土壤中重金属元素与各种矿物之间环境平衡关系的方法,可为评价土壤环境质量提供科学依据和技术支撑.     

安徽黄泛区农用地土壤重金属含量特征及环境质量评价

为科学合理地评价安徽黄泛区农用地土壤环境质量,为土地资源科学规划、土地分类管理、农业安全种植、耕地保护及土壤污染修复提供基础依据,采用综合考虑土壤背景值、环境质量标准及元素价态效应的评价方法,即土壤综合质量指数法进行区域土壤环境质量评价,并对土壤重金属超背景的成因进行分析。结果显示,研究区土壤环境质量较好,为I等清洁土壤。土壤中的重金属相对影响当量（RIE）较小,重金属含量低于《土壤环境质量：农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB 15618—2018）中相应土壤污染风险筛选值;土壤重金属测定值偏离背景值程度（DDDB）较大,71.6%的样点土壤重金属含量超过了安徽淮北—亳州平原区土壤背景值,土壤超背景的元素以Cu为主,表层土壤中Cu高背景受人类活动影响明显;土壤环境质量标准偏离背景值的程度较大（DDSB=24.5）,土壤的重金属负载容量较大,具备一定的外源重金属缓冲能力。     

用矿物学方法评价浙江土壤中Cd污染的状况

利用土壤中重金属环境质量矿物学评价的方法,对浙江省土壤中不同土类(或亚类)表层、不同母质表层和剖面上的Cd元素进行了环境质量评价。评价结果表明,土壤中Cd的实测含量和土壤对Cd的固持量决定了土壤中Cd的环境质量,浙江省土壤中Cd的污染度均为负值,土壤中Cd均没有达到产生污染危害的含量水平,土壤对Cd的固持量较高。研究结果揭示,土壤中的矿物对Cd具有较强的固定与容纳能力,土壤中的Cd不易进入食物链,也不会对地表水和地下水水体造成污染。这一旨在揭示土壤中重金属与各种矿物之间环境平衡关系的方法,可为评价土壤环境质量提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

河北平原土壤元素评价

参照土壤质量内涵的3个方面,对河北平原表层土壤元素进行了评价。研究认为:反映土壤肥力质量的肥力元素大部分处于丰富或适宜状态,只有土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、锌、钼、有效钼、有效硼等处于相对缺乏状态,其中有机质、全钼、有效钼缺乏严重;依据《土壤环境质量标准》(GB—15618—95)评价研究区土壤,其结果认为研究区土壤重金属环境质量状况良好,土壤重金属超标率非常低。同时通过对研究区重金属元素的形态分析认为:Cd的生物有效性和潜在危害性较大,是研究区最具有生态危害的重金属;反映土壤健康质量的土壤元素F处于丰富或适宜状态,I处于相对缺乏状态。     

鲁北小清河流域土壤中元素分布特征及环境质量评价

对鲁北小清河流域表层和深层土壤样品进行系统采集，分析土壤中元素全量和有效态含量，利用地球化学方法研究元素在土壤中的丰缺和分布规律，认为Se、Pb、Hg在表层土壤中明显富集，与地表污染有关。通过对表层土壤中元素有效态含量和重金属全量的研究，对区内土壤质量和土壤环境质量进行评价，结果表明区内土壤中除Mo、B、Mn出现大面积缺量区外，其他元素均在适量区以上，土壤质量良好，营养水平较高；单元素土壤环境质量除Cr、Hg、cd出现小范围的严重污染区外，其他元素未出现严重污染区，土壤环境质量较好，但多因子综合环境质量评价起始污染以上的面积已接近70％，应予以重视。     

山东淄博城市和近郊土壤元素地球化学特征及生态风险研究

以淄博城市土壤为研究对象,应用统计学方法对土壤地球化学特征进行研究,采用单因子指数和尼梅罗综合指数法对土壤环境质量进行评价,同时采用Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属的潜在生态危害进行评价,并对其产生的生态环境效应进行研究。结果表明:Hg、Cd、S、Pb、Se、Org C等元素或指标在表层土壤中的含量明显大于深层,二者间相关性较差,且表层土壤存在明显碱化特征,受到不同程度人为活动影响;单因子评价Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn都出现污染,其中Cd污染面积最大,达到5.11%,综合污染评价土壤环境质量整体良好,污染土壤占9.84%,其形成可能与工业生产和人类活动有关;潜在生态危害程度最强的重金属是Hg、Cd,局部地段已经达到强、极强潜在生态危害水平,综合重金属潜在生态危害水平整体表现为中等,其轻微、中等、强、很强生态危害的比例分别为29.32%、55.02%、12.85%、2.81%,从空间分布上来看,强、很强潜在生态危害区分布与各类工业空间布局相吻合,种植的蔬菜中Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg等重金属有不同程度超标现象,需加强对土壤及农产品进行协同监测与评价,防止土壤重金属污染加重影响人体健康。     

煤矿塌陷区复垦土壤环境质量评价

通过对煤矿塌陷区复垦土壤采样测试,研究土壤中重金属铜、锌、镉、汞、砷、铅、铬的含量对土壤环境的影响。研究结果表明:按单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,结合国家土壤环境质量标准对复垦土壤的质量进行评价:研究区内土壤环境质量良好,基本上可以达到国家土壤环境质量二级标准,安全清洁级别;参照《无公害食品蔬菜产地环境条件标准》、《绿色食品产地环境质量标准》和《有机农业生产基地环境质量标准》,对复垦土壤的农用环境进行评价:研究区内土壤全部达到绿色食品产地环境质量标准,如果选择合理的修复方法,对部分有轻微污染的土壤进行,则可以达到有机农业生产基地环境质量标准;以潜在生态危害指数RI分析,复垦区内土壤重金属潜在生态危害指数相对较低,复垦区农业生产具有良好的发展前景。     

山东省威海市区域地质背景下土壤Cd的地球化学特征

为获取威海市区域地质背景下土壤重金属元素Cd的地球化学特征,以区域表层和深层土壤Cd为研究对象进行讨论。统计分析得出Cd区域土壤背景值为0.090×10-6,基准值为0.056×10-6。区域Cd的土壤环境质量较好,全区仅3.42%的表层土壤、1.17%的深层土壤超出国家土壤质量一级标准限值,其中仅1.67%的表层土壤出现污染,超出国家土壤二级标准。研究区土壤Cd的物源主要表现为自然源和人为源两大类。自然源主导区占54.68%,自然属性特征明显,表层和深层土壤Cd的相关性较好,且Cd与其他重金属元素间具有较好的地球化学组合特征;表层土壤Cd的分布主要受母质影响,在丘陵区土壤Cd含量受中生代中酸性侵入岩的分布影响较大,而平原区受第四系沉积物影响较大,其中陆源为主的平原区土壤Cd相对含量较高,与海水有关的平原区Cd含量普遍偏低。人为源主导区占45.32%,自然属性较差,受人为源影响较大,与工矿点等人为活动密集区分布较吻合。     

冀东表层土壤中镉的环境地球化学基线

以土壤环境地球化学研究为主线,以冀东地区13 472 km2为研究区域,将土壤重金属污染元素镉的空间分布规律与环境地球化学机理研究相结合,建立区域土壤环境地球化学基线,选用合适的判别指标判识自然作用过程与人类活动过程对土壤环境的影响。通过对3 287个样品的镉含量的统计分析,结果表明,冀东地区表层土壤中镉的基线值为0.073 mg/kg,镉元素含量大于0.230 mg/kg的样品可能遭受人为污染的影响。地质累积指数分析结果显示,冀东地区49.0%的表层土壤未受镉污染,47.6%的表层土壤在无污染与中度污染之间,2.1%受中度污染,1.2%的表层土壤介于中度污染到强污染之间,只有1%受强污染。污染程度指数分析则显示,冀东地区94.5%的表层土壤未受到镉污染,98.8%的表层土壤污染程度小于2,总污染程度小于0,即总体未受到污染。     

地热系统来源有害组分的环境效应及其处理

地热能是亟待加强开发利用的可再生新能源，但地热研究者与从业者需正视与地热系统相关的各类环境问题。本文聚焦地热系统来源有害组分，从其形成机制入手，总结了其类型、存在形态和环境效应，认为地热水回灌或无干扰井下换热均不可能彻底解除地热开发利用的环境和人类健康威胁，且地热水天然排泄所导致的周边环境内水质劣化同样不容忽视。在此基础上，提出水处理是地热成因环境污染防治的重要手段之一，综述了在此领域今后应着力发展的方向。     

A bibliometric-based evaluation on environmental research in the Arab world

The Arab world’s environment is among the most vulnerable and harsh ones across the globe. This entails much efforts to mitigate the potential environmental risks. Analysing contributions of Arab scholars in environmental research in terms of quantity and quality can bring up insights on their endeavours in this regard. Bibliometric techniques are proposed to conduct such this analysis over publications originated from Arab world in a leading environmental journal “Science of the Total Environment”. Research productivity is being used as quantitative indicator, while citation rates and Hirsch index (h-index) are being used as qualitative indicators. The research outputs were compared with those obtained from non-Arab Middle Eastern countries (Iran, Turkey and Israel). Worldwide research productivity was 17,258 documents, while that from Arab countries, Iran, Turkey and Israel were 215, 34, 83 and 87 documents, respectively. The h-index of Arab world research was 31, and total citations were 3616 with an average of 16.8. The highest share of publications was recorded by Saudi Arabia (53 documents; 24.7%). Egypt and Saudi Arabia had highest h-index with 15 for each one. American University of Beirut in Lebanon was the highest productive institution (16; 7.4%). The most collaborated country with Arab world was France (29; 13.5%). In the conclusion, the study reveals a clear gap in terms of research productivity between Arab countries and other Middle Eastern countries, precisely Israel and Turkey. More research efforts through optimizing investments in environmental research, developing regional experiences and fostering international collaboration are required to eliminate these lags.     

环境公平研究进展综述

环境公平是实现社会和谐与可持续发展的重要方面,它是指人类社会在资源消费和生态健康等方面实现代内和代际公平,其核心在于优先考虑当前处于劣势的群体,本质在于要求所有人都拥有健康的环境,公平地分享地球资源.从代内和代际2个方面阐述了环境公平性理论的内涵,并从环境质量公平性、资源环境公平性和公平性评价方法3个方面总结了当前环境公平性研究国内外现状和进展,并分别分析了这3个方面研究中存在的问题,最后对如何解决环境公平问题指出研究的重点方向.     

Towards developing sediment quality assessment guidelines for aquatic systems: An Australian perspective

Sediment at the sediment‐water interface of natural and man‐made waterways forms an integral part of the ecosystem because it is affected by a continuous flux of physical, chemical and biological components between the sediment, interstitial water and the overlying water column. Aquatic sediments contain records of past and present urban and rural runoff, chemical discharges and spills. In recent years sediment quality has received increasing attention following identification of the role of sediment as both a sink for pollutants and as a contaminant source with potential impacts on the quality of receiving waters. Research has indicated that the processes leading to remobilization of contaminated sediments in upstream reaches of a waterway may, through time, exert a significant influence on water quality in the downstream reaches. This, together with the cumulative effects due to contaminant input from point and non‐point source discharges, have dramatic effects on water quality and thus on ecosystem structure and functioning.

The problems associated with elevated concentrations of many hazardous organic and inorganic compounds have resulted in the establishment of aquatic sediment quality criteria and management guidelines in many overseas countries, with the objectives being the reduction and elimination of adverse environmental effects and human health risks associated with contaminated sediments. Whereas more than 70% of the Australian population is clustered around the coastal waterways, little is known about the role of sediments as a repository of environmental pollutants and/or as a source of adverse impacts on water quality and the health of our rivers. The paucity of knowledge on the quality of aquatic sediment highlights the need for the development of coherent guidelines for sediment quality assessment and management of contaminated sites, which are consistent with Australian environmental conditions and land use features.

A comparative evaluation of sediment quality information from eight coastal rivers along the east coast of Australia, presented in this paper, indicates the possibility for establishing a framework for regional sediment quality assessment. This may be achievable by using textural and compositional attributes of bottom sediments in depositional areas to develop databases on the loading and concentration trends of nutrients and contaminants. Regional variability in sediment quality determinants are shown to reflect the influence of catchment hydrology, lithology and land use on nutrient and contaminant concentration trends. Locally, the loading and partitioning behaviour of sediment‐bound contaminants is largely controlled by the nature and the extent of interactions occurring at the sediment‐water interface within individual depositional units.

The concept of ‘Sediment Effect Zone’ is introduced to provide a compartmental approach to the characterization of aquatic sediments and depositional environments in different hydrologic zones. This approach offers a rational basis for follow‐up chemical and biological assessments to establish sediment quality standards and management guidelines. Because of the complex influences of environmental, methodological and statistical factors on defining the sediment variability, the need for implementing proper quality control measures from early stages of design of a sediment quality assessment program is highlighted.     

安徽省岳西县来榜地区土地质量地球化学评价

以安徽省西南部岳西县来榜地区为研究区,按8个点/km^2的密度采集表层土壤样品,系统分析了该区土壤样品中Cd、Hg、As、Se等21项元素的含量及相关指标特征。采用土地利用现状图斑作为评价单元,参照土地质量地球化学评价规范对来榜地区土地质量进行地球化学评价。结果表明:来榜地区土地环境综合质量状况优质,达到一等环境质量的土地面积占研究区总面积的97.14%;土壤养分综合质量中等以上的土地面积占研究区总面积的88.05%。土地质量地球化学综合等级以二等土地为主,面积占研究区总面积的66.87%;其次为一等土地,面积占研究区总面积的18.57%。研究区土壤整体缺乏硒,但部分茶叶富硒。上述结论可为研究区土地质量生态管理、土地合理规划及利用提供参考。     

Quality evaluation of groundwater in the North China Plain

This paper presents a method combining single-indicator comprehensive evaluation and influence factor identification to measure groundwater quality. This method not only reflects groundwater quality classification with clear physical significance, but also divides the possibilities of man-made pollution in regional groundwater. The paper selects 6 063 representative groundwater wells in the North China Plain to evaluate 49 groundwater inorganic and organic index and comes to a conclusion: Controlled by geological environment and hydrogeological conditions, the groundwater quality in the North China Plain deteriorates from the bottom of maintain to coastal area, with Class I to III groundwater decreasing from 49% to 3.9% while Class V groundwater increasing from 21% to 86.9%; the quality of deep groundwater is better than that of shallow groundwater; the contribution rate of manganese, total hardness, total dissolved solids and iodide in shallow groundwater to over-III type water exceeds 50%; the contribution rate of nitrite in pollution index reaches 20%; while heavy metal and organic indexes have limited impact on regional groundwater quality. The North China Plain is an important economic area in China. Over decades, it has witnessed intense human activities, and water resource quantity demanded has been far greater than quantity supplied. Due to scarce surface water resource, groundwater becomes the pillar supporting regional economic development. This has led to increasing groundwater exploitation and development. According to statistics, the exploitation degree of shallow groundwater reaches 105% in the North China Plain and 118% in the Hebei Plain; the exploitation degree of deep groundwater reaches 143% in the North China Plain and 163% in the Hebei Plain. The serious over-exploitation of groundwater brings various geological environmental problems, with the worsening of groundwater quality being a typical one. Besides impact brought by human activities, the poor quality of natural water in the North China Plain is also an important factor. Therefore, to understand the current regional groundwater quality situation and to master influence factors and influence degree can provide reliable scientific protection for regional economic development.     

区域土壤环境地球化学研究——异常成因判别·环境质量·污染程度评价的思路与方法

从概念内涵和应用目标出发,认为土壤环境地球化学质量评价应该分为质量现状和污染程度两个方面.在此基础上探讨了区域地球化学资料在土壤环境现状质量评价、异常成因识别、污染元素累积速率和土壤污染程度评价研究的基本思路和方法.     

91单动三重半合管钻具的研制与应用

为了提高松软复杂地层岩矿心采取率和岩矿心的质量,弥补普通双管钻具取心功能的不足,特别研制了91单动三重半合管钻具。介绍了钻具的结构、工作原理、组装、维护保养及在3个不同矿区5个钻孔的野外生产应用情况。应用结果表明,该钻具适宜松散地层钻进,岩矿心采取率达到了100%,同时防止了岩矿心被外界扰动,保持了岩矿心的原状性,提高了岩矿心的质量并利于岩矿心后期的运输与储藏。     

Primary study on evaluation index system for groundwater exploitation potentiality based on the niche theories

This paper presents a method combining single-indicator comprehensive evaluation and influence factor identification to measure groundwater quality. This method not only reflects groundwater quality classification with clear physical significance, but also divides the possibilities of man-made pollution in regional groundwater. The paper selects 6 063 representative groundwater wells in the North China Plain to evaluate 49 groundwater inorganic and organic index and comes to a conclusion: Controlled by geological environment and hydrogeological conditions, the groundwater quality in the North China Plain deteriorates from the bottom of maintain to coastal area, with Class I to III groundwater decreasing from 49% to 3.9% while Class V groundwater increasing from 21% to 86.9%; the quality of deep groundwater is better than that of shallow groundwater; the contribution rate of manganese, total hardness, total dissolved solids and iodide in shallow groundwater to over-III type water exceeds 50%; the contribution rate of nitrite in pollution index reaches 20%; while heavy metal and organic indexes have limited impact on regional groundwater quality. The North China Plain is an important economic area in China. Over decades, it has witnessed intense human activities, and water resource quantity demanded has been far greater than quantity supplied. Due to scarce surface water resource, groundwater becomes the pillar supporting regional economic development. This has led to increasing groundwater exploitation and development. According to statistics, the exploitation degree of shallow groundwater reaches 105% in the North China Plain and 118% in the Hebei Plain; the exploitation degree of deep groundwater reaches 143% in the North China Plain and 163% in the Hebei Plain. The serious over-exploitation of groundwater brings various geological environmental problems, with the worsening of groundwater quality being a typical one. Besides impact brought by human activities, the poor quality of natural water in the North China Plain is also an important factor. Therefore, to understand the current regional groundwater quality situation and to master influence factors and influence degree can provide reliable scientific protection for regional economic development.     

土地利用/景观格局对水环境质量的影响

土地利用/景观格局已成为影响中国水环境质量的重要因素,但目前仍然欠缺土地利用/景观格局和水环境质量之间复杂关系的深入研究。以湟水流域小峡桥断面上游为例,兼顾水环境承载力与人为活动所产生的压力,建立土地利用/景观格局对水环境质量影响的结构方程模型,计算不同土地利用/景观格局指标对水环境质量的贡献率。研究表明:点源污染是湟水流域水环境质量恶化的主要因素,其贡献率最大(37.3%);而土地利用/景观格局的4个指标(不透水面面积占比、建设用地中绿地面积占比、湿地连通性和湿地聚集度)对水环境质量的贡献率相对较大,分别为9.14%、 7.91%、 7.44%和6.96%。加大点源污染控制力度、增强湿地连通性与聚集度、增大建设用地中绿地面积并减少不透水面面积是改善湟水流域小峡桥断面上游水环境质量的有效措施。