古代与现代海底黑矿型块状硫化物矿床矿石地球化学比较研究

选择西南太平洋冲绳海槽现代海底烟囱硫化物矿床、日本小坂矿山上向黑矿（第三纪）和中国西南呷村黑矿型矿床（三叠纪）进行了矿石地球化学比较研究。黑矿型矿床矿石吨位－品位模式与其他火山成因块状硫化物（ＶＭＳ）矿床类似，矿田（２０－５０ｋｍ＾２）矿石吨位与单个喷气－沉积型（Ｓｅｄｅｘ）矿床相当，金属总量４－６Ｍｔ，为矿田范围内热液流体搬运的最大金属量。与洋脊环境ＶＭＳ矿床相比，岛弧裂谷环境产出的黑矿型矿床相     

川西呷村黑矿型多金属矿床成矿流体化学和热演化历史与成矿过程

川西呷村含金富银多金属矿床是典型的黑矿型Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag矿床，其形成于与岛弧裂陷相伴的“双峰式”火山活动末期，产于岛弧裂谷带内的酸性火山岩系中。矿床由下部网脉状矿和上部块状矿组成，具“双层结构”金属分带和蚀变分带特征，矿体与喷气岩-喷气沉积岩密切伴生。成矿作用可分为四个阶段，每一阶段均形成特定的矿物共生组合。本文在已往研究基础上，拟就成矿流体的化学成分和热演变历史，探讨矿床金属分带、蚀变分带机理和成矿作用过程。     

川西哩村黑矿型多金属矿床成矿流体化学和热演化历史与成矿过程

川西呷村含金富银多金属矿床是典型的黑矿型Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag矿床,其形成于与岛弧裂陷相伴的“双峰式”火山活动末期,产于岛弧裂谷带内的酸性火山岩系中。矿床由下部网脉状矿和上部块状矿组成,具“双层结构”金属分带和蚀变分带特征,矿体与喷气岩-喷气沉积岩密切伴生。成矿作用可分为四个阶段,每一阶段均形成特定的矿物共生组合。本文在已往研究基础上,拟就成矿流体的化学成分和热演变历史,探讨矿床金属分带、蚀变分带机理和成矿作用过程。     

力马河镍矿Re-Os同位素研究

四川力马河镍矿是峨眉山大火成岩省一个重要的岩浆硫化物矿床。本文通过对其主要岩、矿石类型Re、Os及其同位素组成的分析,综合探讨了成矿岩体原始岩浆性质、矿石硫化物成因、成矿机制及Re-Os同位素等时线年龄。结果表明,力马河镍矿不同类型岩矿石样品初始Os同位素组成是不均一的,富硫化物的网脉状矿石及其选纯硫化物Os同位素组成初值差异较小,其等时线年龄为265±35 Ma、与岩体锆石SHRIMP年龄263±3 Ma基本相当;硫化物含量较低的岩、矿石样品间初始Os同位素组成差异较大,其表观等时线年龄大于成矿年龄。分析认为,岩矿样品初始Os同位素组成的不均一是由含较高放射成因187Os丰度的硫化物熔体和含较低放射成因187Os丰度的硅酸盐熔体不同比例混合造成的。混合模型分析表明,硫化物含量超过30％的矿石样品初始187Os/188Os基本接近,硫化物含量低于30％的岩矿石样品初始187Os/188Os随硫化物含量上的不同差异很大,为岩浆硫化物矿床Re-Os等时线年龄可能出现多组年龄解的现象提供了一种可能的解释。成矿岩体中含放射成因187Os丰度最低的岩石样品γOs（t=260Ma）在5左右、Cu/Pd比值在7000左右,表明是基本没有受到地壳混染及硫化物熔离影响的原始岩浆结晶分异产物,估计原始岩浆Os含量在1×10－9左右,为苦橄质岩浆。矿石硫化物Re/Os比值显著高于任何赋矿橄榄岩,γOs（t=260Ma）高达110左右,综合分析揭示了力马河镍矿硫化物为二次熔离成因,模式分析认为,矿石硫化物是由原始岩浆经历R=2000左右的硫化物熔离后、其亏损岩浆再经R=200左右的硫化物熔离形成,与二次熔离相对应,成矿岩浆也经历了两次混染作用,分别为上、下地壳7％左右的混染。     

四川呷村银多金属矿床地质特征及其与日本黑矿的类比

呷村地处特提斯－喜马拉雅构造域东缘。呷村银多金属矿床产于晚三叠世义敦古岛弧带的昌台火山－沉积盆地中，矿床规模经勘查证实为超大型。呷村矿床与日本黑矿类比，在构造背景、地质特征、剖面结构及蚀变和矿化分带、矿石类型、成矿机理等方面具有极大的相似性，说明海底喷气－沉积型块状硫化物矿床，在类似的地质构造环境中均具有极大的远景。     

Re-Os同位素体系在金属矿床中的应用

Re-Os同位素体系已成为金属矿床定年和示踪的重要手段之一。文章在简述Re-Os同位素体系基本原理基础上,综述了国内外的最新研究成果,认为Re-Os同位素测试对象不再局限于辉钼矿和铜镍硫化物矿石,黄铁矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、闪锌矿等也常作为测试对象用于金矿床、铅锌矿床、沉积喷流型钴(金)等矿床的定年。地壳岩石与原始地幔相比,具有较高的187 Os/188 Os比值、γOs值以及Re/Os比值,因此,硫化物或矿石的Re-Os同位素组成和普通Os—Re/Os比值图解可以揭示斑岩矿床、金矿、铅锌矿以及铜镍硫化物矿的成矿物质来源。辉钼矿则可以通过Re含量来示踪成矿物质来源。Re-Os同位素也可与其他同位素结合(如187 Os/188 Os-87Sr/86Sr)共同判明不同端元组分对成矿的贡献。     

云南永善金沙矿区的上部铅锌矿床

笔者对金沙矿区的上部铅锌矿床（上部矿）,从含矿建造、矿体产出（产状）、形态、矿石物质组分和结构构造等特征,通过稀土元素和有机地球化学的分析对比,笔者认为金沙矿区上部矿与下部矿完全不同。上部矿床属于沉积－成岩－有机成因。     

四川呷村黑矿型矿床硅质岩的硅,氧同位素组成及其与现代海底硅质烟…

本文首次报道了川西呷村黑矿型矿床硅质岩的硅，氧同位素组成，其δ＾１８Ｏ为１２．８‰－１８．３－‰形成温度约９９－１２０℃，δ＾３０Ｓｉ为０．０‰－１．６‰，与Ｍａｒｉａｎａ和Ｇａｌａｐａｇｏｓ热液硅质烟囱的δ＾３０Ｓｉ值范围基本相当，揭示两者具相似的形成机制。     

呷村-有热矿区含矿带精细结构对比及其找矿意义

四川省白玉县呷村银多金属矿床是我国著名的VMS矿床之一,具有容矿火山岩系+硫化物矿体+喷气岩的“三位一体”特征,以及下部筒状或漏斗状网脉状矿（西矿带）和上部层状块状矿（东矿带）的“双层结构”样式。其南部有热矿区找矿虽有进展,但突破不大。为确定有热矿区的找矿方向,本文对呷村矿床和有热矿区含矿带进行了精细结构对比,认为有热北部19-31线由块状硅化流纹质火山岩+条纹条带状流纹质凝灰岩+千枚状绢云母凝灰岩组成火山喷发单元,以强烈的硅化为特征,发育大量的脉状-网脉状构造,与呷村西矿带完全可以对比;而有热南部39-55线则由块状“黄矿”矿石与流纹质火山碎屑岩组成喷气一火山单元,但缺乏重晶石、硅质岩等喷气沉积岩;以“黄矿”为主,仅形成铅锌贫矿体,与呷村矿床东矿带富含重晶石、以“黑矿”为主,形成银铜铅锌富矿体的特征有较大区别。同时,有热块状矿体上部还存在厚达70-130m的流纹质火山岩和脉状-网脉状矿体,据此认为有热矿带总体上可与呷村西矿带对比,代表热液喷流成矿系统的热水补给通道相,其中的块状（黄矿）矿体具微“双层”结构特征,有可能为早期热流成矿系统的另一个独立的“微”VMS矿床。由此判断有热矿区东部流纹质火山岩与碳质板岩的转换界面处深部存在类似呷村东矿带的以“黑矿”块状矿体+重晶石组合为代表的隐伏矿体,从而共同组成一个“下黄上黑”共两层块状矿体的“堆垛式”结构型式。寻找以“黑矿”-重晶石组合为代表的隐伏银铜铅锌块状矿体是有热矿区今后取得找矿重大突破的关键所在。     

川西呷村黑矿型矿床含矿火山岩系热液蚀变与物质-化学变化

川西呷村黑矿型矿床产于酸性流纹质火山岩系上部。矿区蚀变可分为矿化热液蚀变和区域低温蚀变，后者广布矿区；前者绕网脉矿（硅矿）形成蚀变岩筒，并具明显的蚀变分带：自内而外由石英－钡冰长石带向绢云母－石英带递变，自下而上由绿泥石带向石英－绢云母带递进。采用“惰性”微量元素方法恢复了含矿岩系原岩成分，定量估算了蚀变引起的物质－化学变化。在蚀变岩筒中，Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ强烈富集，远离蚀变岩筒，Ｃｕ略有亏损，Ｐｂ     

Sources of osmium to the modern oceans: new evidence from the Pt-Os system

High precision Os isotope analysis of young marine manganese nodules indicate that whereas the composition of modern seawater is radiogenic with respect to ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os, it has ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os that is within uncertainty of the chondritic value. Marine Mn nodule compositions thus indicate that the average continental source of Os to modern seawater had long-term high Re/Os compared to Pt/Os. Analyses of loess and freshwater Mn nodules support existing evidence that average upper continental crust (UCC) has resolvably suprachondritic ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os, as well as radiogenic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os. Modeling the composition of seawater as a two-component mixture of oceanic/cosmic Os with chondritic Os compositions and continentally-derived Os demonstrates that, insofar as estimates for the composition of average UCC are accurate, congruently weathered average UCC cannot be the sole continental source of Os to seawater. Our analysis of four Cambrian black shales confirm that organic-rich sediments can have ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios that are much higher than average UCC, but ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os compositions that are generally between those of chondrites and average-UCC. Preferential weathering of black shales can result in dissolved Os discharged to the ocean basins that has a much lower ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os than does average upper crust. Modeling the available data demonstrates that augmentation of estimated average UCC compositions with less than 0.1% additional black shale and 1.4% additional ultramafic rock can produce a continental end-member Os isotopic composition that satisfies the requirements imposed by the marine Mn nodule data. The interplay of these two sources provides a mechanism by which the ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os of seawater can change as sources and weathering conditions change, yet seawater ¹⁸⁶Os/¹⁸⁸Os varies only minimally.     

Re-Os Dating of Sulfides from the Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit at Gacun, Southwestern China

Abstract. The Re-Os isotopic compositions of sulfide ores were analyzed for the Gacun, a volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit in southwestern China, to constrain the timing of mineralization. Sulfide ores from the deposit have a wide range of Re and Os concentrations, varying from 80.2 to 1543.2 ppb and from 0.307 to 8.83 ppb, respectively, and yielded a limited field of high ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os and high ¹⁸⁷Os/188Os ratios, ranging from 1452 to 3309 and from 5.77 to 13.24, respectively. All sulfide samples yielded an isochron with an age of 217±28 Ma and an initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio of around 0.52±0.73. The Re-Os isochron age agrees with ages previously constrained by the other isotopic dating of the host rocks and fossil strata for the deposit. The rhythmic variation in ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os and ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os ratios within massive sulfide zone records a complicated process for ore-forming fluids episodically vented into the brine pool on the Mesozoic seafloor.     

古老大陆岩石圈地幔再循环与蛇绿岩中铬铁矿床成因

不同地区、不同时代蛇绿岩中不同类型铬铁矿岩的Re-Os同位素研究表明,在铬铁矿石或围岩中均存在极度亏损的具有大陆岩石圈地幔属性的物质。新疆达拉布特古生代蛇绿岩带中萨尔托海富Al铬铁矿岩的Os同位素组成为0.1109～0.1256,对应的模式年龄为3.5～0.6Ga;西藏班公湖—怒江中生代蛇绿岩带中东巧富Cr铬铁矿石及围岩Os同位素组成介于0.1175～0.1261,对应的模式年龄为1.5～0.1Ga;雅鲁藏布江中生代蛇绿岩带中罗布莎富Cr铬铁矿岩的Os同位素变化范围为0.1038～0.1266,对应的模式年龄为3.37～0.28Ga,而该带中不含矿的泽当二辉橄榄岩的Os同位素组成为0.1256～0.1261,没有古老大陆岩石圈地幔属性的物质存在,与新特提斯洋地幔Os组成较为接近。推测在蛇绿岩形成过程中,古老大陆岩石圈地幔参与循环有利于形成铬铁矿床,明确提出"熔体与古老大陆岩石圈地幔反应成矿"的假说,指出蛇绿岩带中存在的古老微陆块可能是找矿的指示标志。     

苏皖地区幔源橄榄岩捕瞄虏体的锇同位素组成、模式年龄及其意义

苏皖地区发育的新生代玄武岩中富含地幔橄榄岩捕虏体，测定了25个橄榄岩全岩的锇同位素组成。结果表明大部分样品呈亏损特征,187Os/188Os=0.119～0.129.Os同位素比值与主量成分之间有显著的相关性.采用187Os/188Os-Al2O3代用等时线方法,由截距得到初始值(187Os/188Os)0=0.109,在对流地幔的187Os/188Os比值演化线上获得模式年龄t=2.5(±0.1)Ga,为晚太古-早元古代。用样品组中最低的锇同位素组成,即187Os/188Os=0.119,计算Re亏损模式年龄,t=1.2Ga,为中元古代。表明苏皖地区新生代玄武岩中的地幔橄榄岩捕虏体具有古老的形成年龄,它们是经过显生宙减薄作用后的残余地幔的碎片。大陆岩石圈地幔的古老形成年龄与上覆地壳克拉通的古老稳定年龄相耦合。     

Age and sources of the ore at Tharsis and Rio Tinto, Iberian Pyrite Belt, from Re-Os isotopes

Re-Os isotopes were used to constrain the source of the ore-forming elements of the Tharsis and Rio Tinto mines of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, and the timing of mineralization. The pyrite from both mines has simila]r Os and Re concentrations, ranging between 0.05–0.7 and 0.6–66 ppb, respectively. ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os ratios range from about 14 to 5161. Pyrite-rich ore samples from the massive ore of Tharsis and two samples of stockwork ore from Rio Tinto yield an isochron with an age of 346 ± 26 Ma, and an initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio of about 0.69. Five samples from Tharsis yield an age of 353 ± 44 Ma with an initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio of about 0.37. A sample of massive sulfide ore from Tharsis and one from Rio Tinto lie well above both isochrons and could represent Re mobilization after mineralization. The pyrite Re-Os ages agree with the paleontological age of 350 Ma of the black shales in which the ores are disseminated. Our data do not permit us to determine whether the Re-Os isochron yields the original age of ore deposition or the age of the Hercynian metamorphism that affected the ores. However, the reasonable Re-Os age reported here indicates that the complex history of the ores that occurred after the severe metamorphic event that affected the Iberian Pyrite Belt massive sulfide deposits did not fundamentally disturb the Re-Os geochronologic system. The highly radiogenic initial Os isotopic ratio agrees with previous Pb isotopic studies. If the initial ratio is recording the initial and not the metamorphic conditions, then the data indicate that the source of the metals was largely crustal. The continental margin sediments that underlie the deposits (phyllite-quartzite group) or the volcanic rocks (volcanogenic-sedimentary complex) in which the ores occur are plausible sources for the ore-forming metals and should constrain the models for the genesis of these deposits. Received: 15 March 1999 / Accepted: 26 July 1999     

Isotope Tracing and Prospecting Assessment of Gold-Silver Deposits in Zhejiang Province

Three different types of gold and silver deposits in Zhejiang Province(Huangshan gold deposit, Zhilingtou gold-silver deposit and Haoshi silver deposit) showmarked differences in lead and strontium isotopic composition, suggesting three differentsources and geneses of these deposits. The Huangshan gold deposit features low initial Srisotope ratios and low μ values or low content of radiogenic Pb and its ore-forming materialscame primarily from the upper mantle; the Zhilingtou gold-silver deposit shows high initial Srisotope ratios and high μ values or high content of radiogenic Pb and the ore-forming materialswere derived mainly from the upper crust; and the Haoshi silver deposit has its Pb and Srisotope ratios between the above two cases with the ore-forming materials stemming from boththe mantle and the crust. The characteristic Pb isotopic composition may serve as an indicatorfor prospecting for different types of ore deposits.     

广西铜坑锡多金属矿黄铁矿的Re-Os同位素组成及成矿物质来源示踪

利用Re-Os同位素技术,对大厂铜坑锡多金属矿床中的黄铁矿进行了Re、Os同位素组成的测定,获得黄铁矿等时线年龄为（122±44）Ma。黄铁矿的N（187Os）/N（188Os）初始比值为0.56±0.12;γOs值为197.46～394.16,平均值为293.49,介于地幔与地壳之间,结合矿物中普通Os的w（Os）u对w（Re）/w（Os）比值,提出了其成矿物质来源可能为壳幔混合来源的新认识。     

中国SEDEX型矿床成矿流体硼、硅、氦-氩同位素组成研究评述

SEDEX型矿床成矿流体的研究是矿床地球化学研究的重要课题之一。正确识别系统中不同的流体来源及其混合过程,是深刻理解SEDEX型矿床形成演化的关键。系统总结了国内几个典型的SEDEX型矿床同位素研究成果,认为B和Si同位素是根据SEDEX型矿床独特的矿物组合而提出的一种示踪方法,对矿床成因和沉积环境示踪效果理想;He、Ar同位素则因为在地壳和地幔储库中有极不相同的组成,是理想的幔源流体示踪剂。鉴于SEDEX型矿床含有电气石、黄铁矿、硅质岩等特殊的矿物与岩石组合,B、Si、He-Ar同位素可能更适合SEDEX型矿床矿化流体来源研究,并指出其理论发展的薄弱之处。     

Re-Os同位素体系在蛇绿岩应用研究中的进展

Re-Os不同于由亲石元素构成的同位素体系，在原始上地幔（PUN）部分熔融过程中，母体Re是中等不相容元素，优先进入熔体相，子体Os是强相容元素，富集在残留相中，是研究蛇绿岩的极好示踪剂。在蛇绿岩应用研究中已经取得了4个方面的进展：（1）明确了熔体相的Re／Os和^187Os／^188Os比值高，而残留相的低；（2）铬铁矿中铂族元素矿物（PGM）的Re亏损年龄（TRD）证实了蛇绿岩中复杂的超镁铁岩体是多阶段部分熔融的产物；（3）现代大洋橄榄岩和玄武岩的Re-Os同位素研究表明熔体相和残留相的^187Os／^188Os比值在高于亏损地幔值（DMM）的部分是一致的，而低于DMM的存在不一致性，为研究蛇绿岩中熔体相与残留相是否存在“耦合”关系提供了新的制约因素；（4）揭示了蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中含有古大陆岩石圈地幔，这是前所未知的。虽然取得了不少进展，但是由于Re-Os同位素体系用于蛇绿岩研究的时间较短，尚存在一些问题，如显生宙蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩的定年问题，有待进一步深化研究。     

西藏日喀则蛇绿岩镁铁质岩石Re-Os同位素特征及意义

通过对日喀则蛇绿岩的镁铁质岩石进行岩石学和地球化学研究,探讨其岩石成因及源区性质,同时根据Re-Os同位素的地球化学约束来探索雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩的形成机制。研究表明,日喀则蛇绿岩镁铁质岩石微量元素的标准化配分型式与洋中脊玄武岩类似,又具有岛弧玄武岩的地球化学特征。结合微量元素和同位素特征,均表明岩石的形成与俯冲作用有关。日喀则蛇绿岩产出于远离大陆地壳的SSZ环境,其形成过程未受到陆壳的混染;同时,Re-Os同位素体系受蚀变作用的影响也不明显。日喀则蛇绿岩镁铁质岩石的Re、Os含量低,¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os同位素比值较高,主要是源区性质和俯冲作用影响的结果。特提斯洋早期发生的多次俯冲作用造成地幔源区不均一。新特提斯洋壳俯冲过程中,上述不均一地幔发生部分熔融产生的镁铁质岩浆上升,经过遭受了早期熔体/岩石作用的纯橄岩通道,发生强烈的Re-Os同位素分馏,使熔体与地幔残余Os同位素组成表现出明显的解耦现象,进而形成现今的日喀则蛇绿岩。