山东省沿海冬春季海陆大风对比分析

利用山东省划分的沿海12个海区代表站和部分海岛站资料,6艘渤海和黄海救助船资料,验证了2010年11月以来冬春季海区大风过程(≥6级)中,烟台北部沿海和威海南部沿海站大风资料的可用性,并对渤海湾、渤海中部海区、黄海北部海区和山东沿海大风进行了对比分析,得到以下结论:(1)渤海湾海区,滨州北部和东营北部沿海站均比海面风速偏小。(2)渤海中部海区,当天气系统为低槽冷锋时,东营东部、潍坊北部、烟台北部和烟台西部沿海站均比海面风速偏小。(3)黄海北部海区,在统计时段内,成山头站非常接近海面风速,其次是长岛县大黑山比海面风速小3 m·s-1左右。     

浙北沿岸海域海面风场反演方法的研究

高质量的海面实况风场是海洋气象监测和预报的基础,卫星反演的大陆沿岸海域海面风场的准确率不高。文章基于反映近地面风速廓线变化的指数律公式,利用浙江北部沿岸海岛或滩涂上布设的中尺度自动站来反演附近海面风场,并使用客观分析方法将反演的离散风场值转换到中尺度网格上,从而获得完整的高分辨率海面风场。指数律中参数α值对于反演风场的准确率至关重要,它主要受到下垫面状况以及大气层结状态的影响,而后者的影响较前者更大。文章使用多个风塔站的风廓线率值进行了反演风场的误差试验,结果表明:目前单一风速廓线还无法取得最优的反演效果,有必要分季节使用多站风速廓线。使用混合风速廓线得到的总体样本的平均偏差为0.04 m·s~(-1),平均绝对误差为1.51 m·s~(-1),均方根误差为2.01 m·s~(-1)。对海面反演风场的优化可以将总体样本的平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别降低到1.28和1.68 m·s~(-1)。     

强台风纳沙 (1117) 近地层风特性观测分析

根据琼州海峡两岸2个梯度塔和1部车载风廓线雷达共同获取的强台风纳沙 (1117) 实测风速资料,分析强台风纳沙影响期间大风特性,发现以下观测事实和变化规律:位于台风移动路径右侧的测风站,其风向呈顺时针方向旋转,台风眼区经过的测风站,其最大风速接近35 m·s-1,且风向旋转超过180°,台风外围大风区经过的测风站其最大风速达到30 m·s-1,风向旋转73°;大风风切变过程可用对数函数和指数函数拟合,对数函数和指数函数对光滑下垫面的拟合效果更好,且对数函数拟合效果要略优于指数函数;阵风系数随风速增大而减小,但风速达到6级以后,阵风系数不随风速大小产生趋势变化,阵风系数与下垫面粗糙度有关,在粗糙下垫面上阵风系数会偏大;大风阵风系数随高度变化可用指数函数来描述,且对来自光滑下垫面的近地层大风阵风系数拟合效果更好。该观测个例的大风风切变指数与GB/T 18710—2002的推荐值存在差异——粗糙下垫面的大风风切变指数大于标准推荐值,而来自光滑下垫面的大风风切变指数则小于GB/T 18710—2002的推荐值。     

辽东半岛和山东半岛地形对黄、渤海大风影响的数值模拟试验

利用WRF模式和地形有无的2种试验方案,对2010年11月26—27日由东移发展的蒙古气旋引发的黄、渤海偏南大风转偏北大风天气过程中,辽东半岛和山东半岛地形对大风强度和分布的影响进行了数值模拟试验。(1) 辽东半岛地形对渤海偏南大风和黄海北部偏北大风、山东半岛地形对渤海海峡和黄海北部的偏南、偏北大风均有增幅作用。其中,渤海东北部偏南大风及山东半岛东北部海域偏北大风增幅最大达4 m/s,而山东半岛东北部海域偏南大风和辽东半岛东部海域偏北大风增幅都为2 m/s。(2) 地形作用加大了海岸线附近的垂直运动和温度梯度,有利于黄、渤海中尺度强风区的形成和发展。特别是,在辽东半岛东部和山东半岛东北部造成了强风中的极大阵风。(3) 地形的强迫作用局部改变了黄、渤海沿岸强风区的分布。地形强迫产生与环境风场同向的扰动时,风力局部增大;反之,风力局部减弱。      

变分方法在渤海海域ASCAT风场订正中的应用

利用渤海观测站风场对ASCAT风场进行检验,发现其风速、风向均有较大误差,尤其在渤海中部以外的海域可信度相对较低。为提高ASCAT风场在渤海海域的精度,基于变分方法,利用渤海观测站风场对2017年9月—2018年2月的ASCAT风场进行订正,得到空间分辨率为12.5 km×12.5 km的订正风场。并对辽东湾、渤海湾、莱州湾、渤海中部和渤海海峡5个海域风场的订正误差进行检验,结果表明:ASCAT风场订正后精度提高显著,风速平均偏差从4 m·s-1减小为1 m·s-1,风向平均偏差从-30°~30°减小为-7°~4°,可见变分方法对渤海ASCAT风场有很好的订正效果,尤其对误差较大的渤海湾订正效果最为明显。对2017年12月18日的一次大风过程进行订正分析,结果表明:订正风场可以很好地反映沿岸风场信息和大风过程中的风速极值区,并能动态监测大风变化过程。变分方法解决了海面观测数据空间分辨率低、ASCAT数据精度低的问题,能够实时监测海上大风,且对大风预报有很好的指导意义,能够为海洋模式提供更精确的初始场。     

关于是否漏记大风现象的判据的讨论

本文选用了本省六个台站的日最大风速≥10.0m·s~(-1)及日瞬时极大风速≥17.0m·s~(-1)的资料进行了统计,分析了日最大风速与日瞬时极大风速的相关关系,提出了当日最大风速≥14.0m·s~(-1)时,即有可能产生瞬时风≥17.0m·s~(-1)的大风现象。     

城市化对辽宁省近地面风速的影响分析

利用1979—2018年辽宁省逐月风速资料和再分析资料,结合卫星遥感分类方法,并采用UMR(urban minus rural)方法和OMR(observation minus reanalysis)方法定量分析了城市化对辽宁省近地面风速的影响。研究表明:近40年辽宁省年和四季风速均呈减小趋势,城市站的减小速率明显快于乡村站,UMR值的变化趋势为-0.11 m·s~(-1)·(10 a)~(-1),城市化影响贡献率为73.3%;空间分布上,辽宁中北部城市群减小趋势较明显,南部和东南部风速减小相对缓慢;UMR方法计算的城市化影响呈现自西向东逐渐增强的纬向分布形势。再分析资料的减小趋势与乡村站的减小趋势较接近,春季风速的减小速率最明显;OMR值的变化趋势为-0.10 m·s~(-1)·(10 a)~(-1),对应的城市化影响贡献率为66.7%,利用两种方法计算得到的城市化影响和贡献率较一致,均能在一定程度上反映城市化对风速的影响。空间分布上,再分析资料显示渤海海峡风速呈微弱增加趋势,风速减小的高值区位于渤海北部和黄海北部。两种方法计算的城市化影响空间分布均呈现为西部和南部受城市化影响较小、中东部受城市化影响较大,一致性较好。     

QuikSCAT和ASCAT卫星反演风场在中国南海北部的适用性研究

对QuikSCAT和ASCAT原始轨道10 m反演风场与浮标资料在中国南海北部的统计检验分析结果表明:两套卫星资料在中国南海北部具有较好的适用性,QuickSCAT反演风速偏高0.46 m·s~(-1),ASCAT反演风速在近海偏高0.45 m·s~(-1),在开阔海域偏高0.07 m·s~(-1)。超过半数的QuickSCAT反演风向误差30°。在近岸海域,ASCAT反演风向误差30°的超过56%,在开阔海域,误差绝对值30°的达到64%。小风时卫星反演风速偏大,大风时卫星反演风速明显偏小,且白天的偏差大于夜间;在5~10 m·s~(-1)风速条件下,两者的一致性较好。用WRF模式模拟的近海风能资源存在高估的可能,卫星资料对近海风能资源评估是个有益的补充,本文对卫星反演风场误差的分析结果也可以为卫星反演风场的资料同化提供参考。     

下垫面物理过程在一次北京地区强冰雹天气中的作用

北京地区下垫面具有地形和城市边界层的双重性造成了天气变化的多样性.结合2005年5月31日发生的强冰雹天气个例,分析了下垫面物理过程在北京强对流天气中的作用.结果表明,山区的地形、城市边界层对雹云发生发展的不同阶段以至冰雹的落区、强度等都有相当大的影响.其中,此次降雹的初始回波是在西部山区地形的热力环流和动力强迫下局地触发的;城市下垫面热力作用形成的地面中尺度风场辐合线以及所造成的上升运动和能量、水汽的聚集,是对流回波在城市中心上空明显增强的主要原因;北部山区的喇叭口地形、西部山区的迎风坡抬升作用对局地强对流的发生、入境积云的发展亦有重要影响.     

湖北省不同地形条件下风随高度变化研究

为了揭示湖北省不同地形条件下风速随高度的变化特征,利用黄冈龙感湖、大悟仙居顶和钟祥华山观70 m测风塔1年的完整测风资料,采用线性分析、最小二乘法拟合等方法,对不同地形条件下风速切变指数的日变化、季节变化、年变化以及不同风速段内的变化特征进行了分析。研究发现华山观处风速随高度的变化最大,龙感湖次之,仙居顶处最小;且切变指数随高度的上升有不同的变化趋势,其日变化曲线接近正弦波形;季节性差异明显;在大风情况下,风速的垂直切变指数与一般情况下相比,均出现显著减小。结果表明,在复杂地形条件下,地形和下垫面对风速的垂直变化存在显著的影响。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on