基于细观模拟的软土导热系数数值预测模型

热环境控制是城市地下空间安全运行的有力保障,科学预测地下围岩的导热性能是地下空间环控系统热负荷评估的基础。软土是地下空间开发中一类常见土体,现有模型主要适合于预测中低含水率范围内土体导热系数的变化,而对于高含水率软土,合适的导热系数预测模型较少。基于细观模拟,本文提出了一种能有效预测软土导热系数的数值模型。该模型除了能够反映含水率、干密度等常规因素影响外,还可考虑矿物组成以及粒径分布等的影响。最后,通过与苏通GIL管廊工程中20个软土样的实测导热系数进行对比以验证数值模型的可靠性。首先借助激光粒度分析仪和X射线衍射分析测试了矿物组成和粒度分布,代入模型进行数字建模并通过细观导热模拟得到导热系数预测值。导热系数模拟预测值与实测值对比结果显示:模拟预测值基本在实测值±20%范围内,验证了本文模型的可靠性,表明了该模型在预测高含水率软土导热系数方面的潜力。此外,该模型还可以直观地展示土内各处局部热流的分布特征,这为深入认识土体导热行为的机理奠定了基础。本文研究可为软土以及土体导热系数的预测评价提供新的思路和方法。     

基于有限体积法的冻土水热耦合程序开发及验证

土体冻结和融化时的水分迁移、相变与传热是一个相互影响的耦合过程。采用基于有限体积法的开源软件OpenFOAM,编制描述土体冻融过程的水热耦合计算程序。首先,基于土体水分和热量迁移基本方程、水分相变与温度的平衡方程,同时考虑相变对水分特征参数和热特性参数的影响以及相变潜热对传热过程的影响,建立冻土水热耦合数学模型。然后,采用基于多面体网格的有限体积方法对水热耦合控制方程进行空间离散,采用全隐式向后差分方法对方程进行时间离散,由此编制冻土水热耦合计算程序。该程序具有良好的几何适应性、质量和能量守恒性,具备面向复杂问题的并行计算功能。最后,采用该程序对两组不同温度边界条件的室内土体冻结试验进行数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比,结果表明该程序可以较为准确地模拟土体冻结过程中温度场和水分场的演化特征。     

基于有限体积法的冻土水热耦合程序开发及验证

土体冻结和融化时的水分迁移、相变与传热是一个相互影响的耦合过程。本文采用基于有限体积法的开源软件OpenFOAM,编制描述土体冻融过程的水热耦合计算程序。首先,基于土体水分和热量迁移基本方程、水分相变与温度的平衡方程,同时考虑相变对水分特征参数和热特性参数的影响,以及相变潜热对传热过程的影响,建立冻土水热耦合数学模型。然后,采用基于多面体网格的有限体积方法对水热耦合控制方程进行空间离散,采用全隐式向后差分方法对方程进行时间离散,由此编制冻土水热耦合计算程序。该程序具有良好的几何适应性、质量和能量守恒性,具备面向复杂问题的并行计算功能。最后,采用该程序对两组不同温度边界条件的室内土体冻结试验进行数值模拟,并与实验结果进行对比,结果表明该程序可以较为准确地模拟土体冻结过程中温度场和水分场的演化特征。     

基于主动加热型分布式温度感测光缆的土体导热系数测量方法

主动加热型分布式温度感测技术（AH-DTS）可通过植入土体中的光缆实现不同层位土体导热系数的分布式连续测量,但AH-DTS光缆导热系数测量方法的准确性和敏感性有待进一步研究。通过室内试验,对比了碳纤维加热感测光缆（CFHC）和铜网加热感测光缆（CMHC）的热响应过程,通过数值模拟验证了光缆结构对导热系数测量结果的影响。研究结果表明：（1）CFHC和CMHC的热响应过程可通过微分法分为光缆内部传热、纤-土过渡以及土体稳定传热3个阶段,光缆结构差异导致传热速率不同,使得CFHC导热系数测量初始时刻比CMHC提前100 s;(2)光缆尺寸与比热容差异下CFHC的升温值更高,相同测温精度CFHC的导热系数测量结果较CMHC更加稳定准确;（3）增大加热功率或延长加热时间均会提高CFHC和CMHC测量土体导热系数的准确性。研究成果为该技术的进一步完善和推广提供了重要依据。     

多年冻土区铁路路基导热系数监测与分析

为分析冻融过程、 道砟覆盖及降雨对多年冻土区铁路路基土体导热系数的影响, 对青藏高原多年冻土区铁路路基试验段和天然地表土体开展导热系数、 温度、 水分原位监测。结果表明： 融化期导热系数波动均明显大于冻结期, 天然场地导热系数在冻结期大于融化期, 而无道砟覆盖路基土体和道砟覆盖路基土体的导热系数在冻结期小于融化期, 与通常的认知和温度场模拟取值相反; 道砟层的保温和阻水效应导致道砟覆盖路基土体含水量和导热系数均小于无道砟覆盖路基土体, 冻结期路基土体导热系数有减小趋势, 道砟覆盖路基土体尤为显著; 降雨入渗增大土体导热系数, 低含水量的道砟覆盖路基土体导热系数对降雨的响应最强烈。寒区路基工程数值模拟时, 应考虑水热变化对导热系数的影响, 不宜采用固定相变区间的分段函数或阶跃函数预估导热系数。     

简化线热源对ATRT计算土体导热系数的影响——数值模拟研究

不同深度土体的导热系数是精细评价浅层地热能的关键参数,基于内加热光缆的热响应测试(ATRT)是获取原位土体分布式导热系数的有效方式之一。利用有限元数值模拟软件ComsolMultiphysics,建立了二维有限元多孔介质传热模型,探究了U型布设内加热光缆条件下内加热光缆间距对实施ATRT计算导热系数的影响。结果表明:ATRT的热响应过程可以分为3个阶段,分别是光缆影响阶段、回填料影响阶段和土体影响阶段。U型布设光缆会增加土体影响阶段达到稳定时的加热时间,不利于提高ATRT计算导热系数的效率;由于简化计算的影响,U型光缆测试结果计算所得的导热系数在加热初期出现了明显高于土体导热系数的峰值,随着加热时间的增加,U型光缆布设条件下温升速率逐渐接近理想线热源温升速率,计算结果也越接近于真实值,缩小间距可以加速这个过程;随着间距增大,将误差控制在10%以内的建议加热时间将快速增大,故在实际工况中为了提高测试效率应尽量减小U型光缆的布设间距。     

地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移影响研究

地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移具有重要影响。结合地下水渗流理论、太沙基一维固结理论和溶质运移对流-弥散理论,建立了变形土体中污染物迁移三维耦合数值模型,考虑了孔隙度、渗透系数和水动力弥散系数随有效应力的动态变化。通过对实际案例进行模拟,分析了地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移规律的影响。结果表明,地下水位下降,土体有效应力增加,土体骨架压缩变形,使得孔隙度、渗透系数减小,导致水动力弥散系数增幅减小,从而延缓了污染物迁移的对流扩散过程。     

冻结过程土体导热系数影响因素及预测模型研究

为探究土体导热系数的基本规律,采用瞬态平面热源法测试了冻结过程土体导热系数。研究了土体在不同温度、含水率和干密度物理指标下导热系数变化规律,分析了这三个物理指标动态变化对土体导热系数的影响机制。基于试验数据,建立了DT、RF、GBDT、AdaBoost、SVR、BPNN共六种机器学习模型以预测土体导热系数,通过四个性能指标评估了六种机器学习模型的预测能力,并与三种经验模型进行了对比。此外,基于RF和GBDT进行了特征重要性分析。结果表明:未冻结阶段土体导热系数无显著变化。剧烈相变阶段,因含水率和干密度的不同,土体导热系数随温度的降低分别呈现出减小和增大的趋势,其中增大的趋势随着含水率的增加而增加。冻结阶段,因测试过程中土样的水分蒸发和迁移,土体导热系数随着温度的降低而减小。土体导热系数均随干密度和含水率的增加而增加。根据评估结果,六种机器学习模型中RF的表现较好(RMSE=0.036,MAE=0.028,R²=0.993,AD=0.004),明显优于三种经验模型,RF相较于经验模型也能更准确地预测出其他地区的土体导热系数,建议使用RF预测冻结过程土体导热系数。特征...     

冻土导热系数研究现状及进展

冻土导热系数是影响冻土温度及热通量变化的一个重要参数,也是研究陆地表层水热盐耦合运移的基本物理参数。根据国内外研究现状,列举了导热系数的测试方法（稳态法和瞬态法）,总结并讨论了冻土导热系数的影响因素及其变化规律,并对目前已有的导热系数计算模型进行了比较分析。现有研究认为：土壤质地、温度和含水（冰）量、孔隙度、土壤有机质等是影响冻土导热系数的主要因素,因此,冻土土导热系数随这些影响因素的变化规律方面的研究工作非常多;而关于未冻水含量、土骨架组成及冻土结构等对冻土导热系数影响的相关研究较为缺乏。通过比较分析国内外土壤热导率计算的相关模型,认为适用于常温下导热系数的模型发展趋于成熟;而现存的适用于冻土区的导热系数计算模型多以一种或几种土壤条件为前提,或者多考虑局地因素影响,模型的适用性具有局限性。考虑到多年冻土区土壤受冻融循环影响较大,以及多年冻土内部水热传输过程的复杂性,多年冻土区导热系数的计算模型仍需进一步深入研究。     

干旱半干旱地区包气带热参数模型研究

在干旱半干旱地区,包气带垂向温度梯度对其中水分运动的影响不可忽略。欲定量研究温度变化引起的包气带水分运移,需要建立水热耦合模型,而模型中热参数的确定成为模型求解的关键和难点。本文以实测数据为基础,对数据进行深入分析,提出一种以含水率为自变量推求导热系数的模型,模型中提出饱和导热系数和残余导热系数的概念,并对其可靠性、求解方法及敏感性进行了分析和验证,结果认为该模型能够方便求解水热耦合模型中的导热系数,并且可用多种方法求解,拟合精度高,实用性强。     

青藏高原含砂砾石土壤导热率实验研究

土壤导热率是土壤的基本物理参数之一,也是陆面模式的重要输入量,对研究土壤热传输、水热耦合运移有重要意义。青藏高原由于独特的地理环境备受学者关注,但目前常用的土壤水、热属性参数化方案仅仅考虑了沙土、粉土和黏土,就砂砾石重要性的认识还不足,很少有模式模拟砾石对青藏高原多年冻土和高寒草地的影响。采用便携式热导仪（KD2 Pro,DECAGON,美国）测量了青藏高原玛多和北麓河两地典型土壤在冻结和未冻结状态下不同水分条件时的土壤导热率,分析了砂砾石含量对土壤孔隙度的影响及冻结和未冻结状态下,不同水分条件下砂砾石含量对土壤导热率的影响。结果表明：当含水量高于某一阈值时,含水土壤冻结状态下的导热率高于未冻结状态下的导热率;土壤含水量对土壤导热率影响显著,导热率随着含水量的增加而增大,在含水量较小时变化更明显;砂砾石含量比重多的土壤孔隙度较小,且砂砾石含量越大的土壤在冻结状态下导热率高。以上结果表明,砂砾石对土壤导热率有显著影响,在将来的模式模拟研究中必须考虑砂砾石对土壤热属性的影响,进而提高土壤水热过程模拟的精度。     

VIC-CAS导热率和未冻水算法改进及其对多年冻土水热过程模拟的实验研究

冻土水热过程的准确模拟对于理解和预估冰冻圈变化对水资源和生态的影响具有重要意义,其中,导热率和未冻水是多年冻土水热模拟中的两个关键参数。在VIC-CAS模型的基础上,分别尝试用EBM的导热率算法和CLM 5.0的未冻水算法替换VIC-CAS模型中的导热率和未冻水算法,并利用长江源区沱沱河站的观测数据进行了数值模拟对比试验,分析了不同的导热率和未冻水算法对土壤分层温湿度模拟的影响。结果表明：EBM导热率算法对浅层土壤的温度模拟优于原算法,而在深层土壤的模拟效果变差;对浅层土壤湿度模拟改进不明显,而对深层土壤的模拟精度降低。CLM 5.0未冻水算法对土壤温度模拟影响较小,对浅层土壤的湿度模拟效果变差,但在深层土壤上优于原算法。这两种算法的对比实验为进一步改进VIC-CAS模型中冻土水热过程的算法提供了借鉴。     

基于非等温管道流竖井地基热排水固结模拟

针对新技术热排水固结法,采用非等温管道流模拟竖井中U型导热管的传热过程,考虑温度对竖井扰动区和未扰动区渗透性的影响,在COMSOL Multiphysics有限元软件中进行二次开发,建立了竖井地基热排水固结法的有限元模型。以热排水固结软基处理原型试验为例,重点分析了模型耦合、部分耦合和不耦合情况下软土地基的固结度。结果表明,相对于传统排水固结法的不耦合模型,部分耦合模型下因温度产生的孔压增量延缓了地基固结的发展,固结速率有所减慢;耦合模型下温度虽也产生一定的孔压增量,但温度有效地改善了竖井涂抹区土的渗透特性,地基的固结速率加快,固结周期缩短,与试验结果一致。     

Special features of heat flow in transform faults of the North Atlantic and Southeast Pacific

The paper reports on the morphostructure and heat flow in zones of transform faults of the North Atlantic and the Southeast Pacific, focusing on the fundamental difference between heat flow in active and inactive parts of the faults. In the active parts, which are located between segments of the mid-ocean ridge (MOR), the measured heat flow is close to that observed in the rift zones of MORs. The heat flow is considered a joint effect of the thermal conductivity of the oceanic crust and convective heat and mass transfer by thermal waters inside the oceanic crust. In the inactive parts of the faults, with distance from the MOR, the heat flow decreases to the background rates typical of thalassocratons. The sedimentation rate in a fault zone and conductive heat flow refraction resulting from the heterogeneous thermal characteristics of the geological section are the factors that deflect heat flow.     

考虑温度耦合效应的竖井地基固结有限元分析

针对塑料排水板(PVD)安装热源能提升PVD性能、加速竖井地基固结这一工程现象,基于热-水-应力 (T-H-M) 三场全耦合的有限元方法来模拟利用热源进行地基处理新技术(PVTD)。首先,以微分形式与等效弱形式分别给出T-H-M耦合控制方程,并推导出其有限元方程组。然后在多场耦合有限元软件中建立饱和土的T-H-M全耦合模型,并通过与已有解析解比较,验证了模型正确性。最后,对一个经典有涂抹区的竖井地基算例,分不耦合温度(UT)、耦合温度但不考虑其对饱和土物性影响(CT)、耦合温度考虑温度对饱和土渗透性影响(CTP) 3种情况进行固结计算分析。研究结果表明,相对于无热源竖井地基,CT情况下由于热源产生的附加孔隙水压力,固结速度略有下降;CTP情况下,由于热源有效改善涂抹区的渗透性能,竖井地基固结速率明显加快。上述研究结论从理论上较好地阐明了PVTD的作用机制。     

FDEM-TH3D: A three-dimensional coupled hydrothermal model for fractured rock

This paper proposes a three-dimensional coupled hydrothermal model for fractured rock based on the finite-discrete element method to simulate fluid flow and heat transport. The 3D coupled hydrothermal model is composed of three main parts: a heat conduction model for the rock matrix, a heat transfer model for the fluid in the fractures (including heat conduction and heat convection), and a heat exchange model between the rock matrix and the fluid in the fractures. Four examples with analytical solutions are provided to verify the model. A heat exchange experiment of circulating water in a cylindrical granite sample with one fracture is simulated. The simulation results agree well with the experimental results. The effects of the fracture aperture, fluid viscosity, and pressure difference on the heat exchange between the fluid and rock are studied. Finally, an application concerned with heat transport and fluid flow in fractured rock is presented. The simulation results indicate that the 3D fully coupled hydrothermal model can capture the fluid flow and temperature evolution of rocks and fluids.     

A three-dimensional heat transfer and thermal cracking model considering the effect of cracks on heat transfer

A simple three-dimensional heat transfer model is developed to consider the hindering effect of cracks on heat transfer. The 3D heat transfer model can also be applied to numerical methods such as the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM), discrete element method (DEM), discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA), the numerical manifold method (NMM), and the finite element method (FEM) to construct thermo-mechanical coupling models that allow these methods to solve thermal cracking problems and dynamically consider the hindering effect of cracks on heat transfer. In the 3D heat transfer model, the continuous-discontinuous medium is discretized into independent tetrahedral elements, and joint elements are inserted between adjacent tetrahedral elements. Heat transfer calculations for continuous-discontinuous media are converted to heat conduction in tetrahedral elements and the heat exchange between the adjacent tetrahedral elements through the joint element. If the joint element between adjacent tetrahedral elements breaks (ie, a crack generates), the heat exchange coefficient of the joint element is reduced to account for the hindering effect of cracks on heat conduction. Then the model and the FDEM are combined to build a thermo-mechanical coupling model to simulate thermal cracking. The thermally induced deformation, stress, and cracking are investigated by the thermo-mechanical coupling model, and the numerical results are compared with analytical solutions or experimental results. The 3D heat transfer model and thermo-mechanical model can provide a powerful tool for simulating heat transfer and thermal cracking in a continuous-discontinuous medium.     

Spatial evaluation of phosphorus retention in riparian zones using remote sensing data

Riparian zones act as important buffer zones for non-point source pollution, thus improving the health of aquatic ecosystems. Previous research has shown that riparian zones play an important role, and that land use has an important effect, on phosphorus (P) retention. A spatial basin-scale approach for analyzing P retention and land use effects could be important in preventing pollution in riparian zones. In this study, a riparian phosphorus cycle model based on EcoHAT was generated with algorithms from soil moisture and heat models, simplified soil and plant phosphorus models, plant growth models, and universal soil loss equations. Based on remote sensing data, model performance was enhanced for spatial and temporal prediction of P retention in the riparian zone. A modified soil and plant P model was used to simulate the soil P cycle of a riparian zone in a temperate continental monsoon climate in northern China. A laboratory experiment and a field experiment were conducted to validate the P cycle model. High coefficients of determination (R ²) between simulated and observed values indicate that the model provides reliable results. P uptake variations were the same as the net primary productivity (NPP) trends, which were affected by soil temperature and moisture in the temperate continental monsoon climate. Beginning in June, the monthly content increased, with the maximum appearing in August, when the most precipitation and the highest temperatures occur. The spatial distribution of P uptake rates from March to September showed that areas near water frequently had relatively high values from May to August, which is contrary to results obtained in March, April, and September. The P uptake amounts for different land uses changed according to expectation. The average monthly P uptake rates for farmlands and grasslands were more than those for orchards and lowlands, which had moderate P uptake rates, followed by shrubs and forests. The spatial distribution of soil erosion demonstrated that the soil erosion came primarily from high-intensity agricultural land in the western and central areas, while the northern and eastern study regions, which were less affected by human activity, experienced relatively slight soil erosion. From the point of view of P pollution prevention, the spatial structure of riparian zones and the spatial distribution of land use around the Guanting reservoir are thus not favorable.