地面LiDAR点云数据先局部后整体配准方法

针对地面LiDAR获取的庞大点云数据,提出无人工标志的地面LiDAR点云先局部后整体的配准方法。分割出待配准的两测站重叠区域小块点云,采用基于KD-Tree遍历最近邻域点集的ICP算法计算三维坐标转换参数,实现地面LiDAR点云数据的快速配准。     

3维最小二乘表面匹配泛型数学模型及在机载LiDAR条带平差中的应用

以3维表面间共轭点欧氏距离之和最小为理论基础,提出一种泛型3维表面匹配数学模型,并推导其最小二乘平差理论模型,利用该模型进行机载LiDAR点云条带平差。针对真实机载LiDAR点云数据进行条带平差对比实验,结果表明本文所提出的表面匹配模型,不仅能准确估计出相邻重叠3维表面间的正形变换参数,较好地解决机载LiDAR点云条带间配准问题,而且能同时适用于多种同名点对应准则,是一种泛型的配准模型。     

点、线相似不变性的城区航空影像与机载激光雷达点云自动配准

提出一种基于点、线相似不变性的城区航空影像与机载LiDAR点云自动配准算法。首先通过SIFT算子提取点特征并进行粗配准,同时分别基于影像和LiDAR点云提取直线特征;然后利用局部区域点特征与线特征的相似不变性,通过匹配点对搜索匹配直线对;最后采用基于扩展共线方程的2D-3D严密配准模型实现航空影像与LiDAR点云的精配准。本方法的特点是:采取了由粗到精的配准策略,通过点、线相似不变性,将基于强度的配准算法和基于线特征的配准算法有机结合,在较高的自动化程度下实现了影像与点云的精确配准。试验证明,与基于点云强度影像的自动配准算法相比,本文的算法在城市地区能够取得较好的配准结果。     

半严格模型在机载LiDAR系统自动检校中的应用研究

机载LiDAR系统检校的目的是消除系统误差的影响,提高原始点云数据的精度。在对飞行条件进行一定假设的前提下,激光扫描直接定位的严格模型可以简化为半严格模型,降低了系统检校模型对于原始观测数据的依赖。考虑到人工交互方式建立条带之间对应关系的缺陷,本文提出顾及点云特征的改进ICP算法获取条带之间的变换关系,建立了机载LiDAR系统的自动检校流程。采用包头检校场的真实LiDAR数据进行试验,结果表明本文提出的系统检校流程可以很大程度上消除系统误差的影响。     

基于DLG的LiDAR点云自动配准及精度分析

针对LiDAR数据平面精度达不到大比例尺传统测绘要求的问题,提出一种基于DLG的LiDAR点云自动配准方法。通过提取点云地物边界曲线与DLG数据曲线进行匹配,得到校正向量,实现机载LiDAR点云的全地形自动配准。本方法引入傅里叶描述子用于描述曲线特征,克服了常规方法中只提取直线特征的局限。通过对配准结果的精度统计和分析表明,能够达到较高的配准精度。     

基于模糊C均值聚类的机载LiDAR点云滤波

点云滤波是机载LiDAR数据处理的重要步骤.现有滤波算法大部分要建立点云之间的索引关系,增加了算法的复杂度;或需要对原始数据进行内插,导致原有精度损失.本文在对LiDAR点云数据的高程进行统计分析的基础上,引入模糊C均值聚类分析算法,针对大区域平坦复杂城区数据,无须建立索引或进行内插,能够快速简单地实现地面点与非地面点的分类.实验结果表明,该方法切实可行,能够较好地满足精度需求.     

基于地形变化检测的机载LiDAR滤波方法

LiDAR滤波是从其数据中提取数字地形模型(DTM)的一个主要步骤。当前的LiDAR滤波方法大都是通过单一的LiDAR点云数据来进行的,由于点云缺乏真实数据作参考,在滤波时可能会出现较大的误差。因此,提出一种基于地形变化检测的机载LiDAR滤波方法。首先将LiDAR点云数据与已有的DEM数据精确配准并统一到同一坐标系下,然后对LiDAR点云数据进行格网化组织,使LiDAR点云数据与DEM数据中相应的区域对应,最后把已有的DEM数据与LiDAR点云数据叠加进行滤波。为了验证该方法,采用城区和山区2种不同地形特点的数据分别进行试验。结果表明该方法能有效滤除城市和山地环境中的地物,并且保留地形的细节信息。     

基于共面条件的点云配准旋转角参数求解方法

针对目前LiDAR获取的点云数据配准中ICP算法迭代计算效率较低和使用标靶配准时精扫标靶费时费力等问题,提出利用扫描地物所包含的平面特征及点云数据的离散特性,通过拟合平面得到平面的单位法向量进行旋转角的求解.由于点云数据中含有误差,使用拟合平面的法向量不仅避免了对标靶的精细扫描,而且也消弱了点云误差对转换参数的影响.最后通过实例验证了本文方法的可行性与严密性.     

一种基于 K-D 树优化的 ICP三维点云配准方法

为提高三维点云数据配准精度和速度,提出一种基于K-D树优化的ICP三维点云配准方法,首先采用中心重合法实现点云数据的粗配准,然后利用K-D tree快速搜索最近点对改进传统ICP方法,完成三维点云数据精配准,该方法克服传统ICP算法中由于利用欧式距离来判断最近点所引起的工作量大、耗费时间多的缺陷,提高点云的配准速度。在此基础上利用斯坦福不同密度Bunny点云数据进行实验验证,结果表明在采用中心重合法实现三维点云粗配准的基础上,利用K-D tree优化ICP算法,能够提高点云配准的精度、速度和稳定性。     

车载联合机载LiDAR点云数据的建筑物立面精细分割

从数据量庞大且散乱的车载LiDAR点云中分割出建筑物立面数据是一项繁琐而艰巨的工作。本文提出一种结合机载LiDAR点云的车载LiDAR点云建筑物立面分割方法。该方法在空-地点云严格配准的基础上,从机载LiDAR点云中分割出每栋建筑物的顶部点云,提取建筑物顶部外轮廓线并进行规则矢量化处理,设置轮廓线缓冲区实现立面点云的粗分割;再采用基于稳健特征值的平面拟合法对单栋建筑物的每个立面进行去噪滤波,实现建筑物立面的精细分割。试验结果证明了该算法对城市场景中车载LiDAR点云处理的有效性。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

自动车辆定位导航系统中传感器的误差分析

对国界定位导航系统中几种常见的辅助传感器所产生的误差进行了分析，导出了不同传感器的误差模型。这些误差模型是估计车辆位置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器的基础，同时也为选择适当的传感器提供了理论根据。