试论尾矿库安全监测的现状及前景

尾矿库作为矿山生产的重要元素,同时也是矿山的重大危险源和环境污染源。近年来,国内外尾矿库安全事故频频发生,且呈现不断上升的趋势,不但使企业经济蒙受损失,更对人民的生命财产安全与和谐的生态环境造成严重的危害,尾矿库的安全问题已经成为岩土工程防灾减灾的重要研究课题。本文论述了尾矿库的安全现状及其危害性,列举了国内外重特大尾矿库溃坝灾害的案例并对典型案例发生的原因进行了简要分析,说明了国内目前采用的几种尾矿库安全监测方法的原理、成效及其局限性,指出了实时全天候监测技术的必要性、特点以及所要面临的技术理论问题。     

关于磷石膏尾矿库安全专篇的研究

磷石膏尾矿库是以磷石膏渣堆积起来形成的尾矿库,其安全问题一直是磷化工企业及安全生产管理部门非常关心的问题。根据《尾矿库安全监督管理规定》,尾矿库工程在设计阶段应该编写安全专篇,需要对尾矿库及尾矿坝稳定性、尾矿库防洪能力及排洪设施和安全观测设施的可靠性进行充分论证。3个方面的内容紧密联系,其是否安全可靠决定着尾矿库是否安全运行。针对磷石膏尾矿库的安全专篇问题,分析了专篇中的关键技术内容,对防洪计算、稳定性计算和安全监测分析等方面的本质问题进行了探讨,并将这三者作为一个系统进行分析总结。通过对湖北某磷石膏尾矿工程安全专篇的编写与分析,对具体的技术方法给出了说明。目前尾矿库工程安全问题受到了广泛的关注,其结果提供了比较完整的具体经验,采用的方法和得出的结论对相关工程可以起一定的借鉴作用。     

层次分析法（AHP）在尾矿库安全运行分析中的应用

尾矿库是用于堆存金属非金属矿山进行矿石选别后排出尾矿的场所,是一种高势能的人造泥石流源,一旦发生事故将会严重威胁到库区周边环境和下游居民的生命及财产安全。考虑到我国小型尾矿库数量多、安全度水平低以及尾矿库发生事故的复杂性、多样性及不确定性等特点,根据影响尾矿库安全运行的因素建立层次结构模型,运用Delphi法构造相关因素的各层次判断矩阵,应用定性与定量相结合的层次分析法进行分析,最后确定出各影响因素的权重并进行总排序。结果表明,在尾矿库运行期间排洪系统对其整体安全影响最大,其次为筑坝堆存系统、尾矿库管理与维护、回水系统和尾矿输送系统。该研究结果可以为相关单位制定合理的安全防范措施提供必要的参考价值,从而有针对性的消除各种事故隐患,提高安全管理水平,确保尾矿库的安全运行。     

实现科学管理确保两库安全生产

结合马钢集团南山矿业公司尾矿库安全管理工作实践,分析了尾矿库安全工作的特点及其重要性,介绍了安全生产管理工作的具体做法、有益的探索和成功的经验,提出了加强安全检查,狠抓隐患整改,推行现场管理,建立安全防护体系的建议,努力寻求一条实现科学管理,确保尾矿库安全生产的有效途径.     

山东省尾矿库遥感调查与环境影响分析

矿山尾矿库存在巨大的潜在危害,是不可轻视的环境风险源。为实现对山东省尾矿库的遥感监测与分析,利用我国遥感14号、24号、5号和高分2号等卫星高分辨率遥感图像,对全省矿山尾矿库进行全面的遥感解译,摸清了现有尾矿库的类型、数量、位置、规模及使用状态。截至2015年12月,山东省共有尾矿库585座,以铁矿和金矿尾矿库为主,主要集中在胶东地区(烟台、青岛和威海),经野外实地验证,遥感调查结果全部正确; 从尾矿库占用和破坏土地、尾矿废水污染、粉尘污染以及地质灾害隐患等方面分析了尾矿库对环境的影响,建议相关部门予以高度重视,及时排查尾矿库的隐患。     

尾矿库下游安全距离预测的探讨

鉴于目前尾矿库下游安全距离没有试验数学模型,导致尾矿库下游的安全距离难以确定。借用泥石流预测数学模型,以探索较为合理的安全距离计算,为尾矿库库址选择、安全评价及主管部门监管提供一种具有一定科学依据的预测计算方法。     

辐射井技术在尾矿库降排水工程中的应用

尾矿库是我国重大危险源之一,而尾矿库内的浸润线又是坝体安全的重要指标之一,为有效排出尾矿中的水,降低尾矿库内浸润线,本文通过辐射井技术在尾矿库降排水工程中应用的多个成功工程实例,归纳、总结并提出该技术在尾矿库应用过程中的设计思路、施工要点及工艺方法等。     

某尾矿库工程渗透性分析

对尾矿库的的渗透性进行分析,通过钻孔和井探针对不同岩性分别作注水试验、渗水试验、抽水试验及压水试验得出渗透系数,解决尾矿库的渗漏问题。在运营过程中做好库区排水措施,增加库区水向下游排泄量,并在下游地段或泉眼处做好地下水位监测及水质监测工作,以防库区含金属离子造成地下水污染。     

昆明海口头石山尾矿库工程地质问题及处理

头石山尾矿库存在坝址地基土稳定性差和库址渗漏等地质问题,认真研究处理,以确保尾矿库设计合理和坝体安全及投入使用后运行正常。     

尾矿库项目对地下水的影响

0 概述 尾矿库是矿山企业的重要环保设施,对防止尾矿流失、加强尾矿水的自然净化及径流调节都有重要的作用,从而具有保护资源、改善环境、综合利用的多重效益.但同时,作为一个复杂的自然-人工系统,尾矿库的安全有效性受多种内外因素的影响,管理不当容易引发各种安全环保问题,因而尾矿设施与环境问题越来越引起人们的关注,对尾矿库环境行为及污染防治措施的深入了解和研究势在必行[1].     

超压真空密实技术在尾矿库治理中的应用研究

超压真空密实技术是近几年发展起来的软土处理技术,采用独特防淤堵排水板、结合增压技术,用于矿山尾矿库的加固治理,提高尾矿库安全,避免事故的发生。     

冲击矿渣堆的人工冻结技术研究及合理采矿技术的进展

The tailing dump of concentrating mills is specific ground massifs in permafrost areas, which -impacts on geological environment heavily. The deposits are important, namely, the sources of the rare metals in the Norilsk industrial area. The engineering process of the permafrost tailing dump mining is discussed in this paper based on the study of the artificial cryogenesis.     

大厂铜坑矿区鲁塘尾矿库地质灾害危险性评估

鲁塘尾矿库为单斜构造,由石炭系、二叠系灰岩组成。崩塌、滑坡地质灾害危害小,岩溶、地面塌陷及地下水污染危害性中等。对各种灾害提出针对性防治措施。     

Ecological-geochemical evaluation of the state of surface water streams in the impact area of the tailing dump of the Urupsky Ore Mining

Surface waters are subject to intense contamination with trace elements in ore mining areas. A complex study was performed for the state of waters and bottom sediments from the Bogachukha and Urup Rivers in the area of the abandoned tailing dump of the Urupsky Ore Mining. The impact exerted by the tailing dump on the concentration of elements in the water, suspended particulate matter, and bottom sediments of the rivers is evaluated. The major contaminants of surface waters and bottom sediments, as well as the forms of their element distribution are revealed.     

Characterization of Kolar gold field mine tailings for cyanide and acid drainage

The gold mining process at Kolar gold field (KGF) mines has generated about 32 million tons of tailings. Gold was extracted from the mined ores using cyanidation technique that involved dissolution of gold in the ore by water soluble alkali metal cyanides (example, sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide). Of the several dumps that received the mine tailings only the Kennedy’s Line dump was active prior to closure of the KGF mines in the year 2000. The Kennedy’s Line dump received sulfide bearing tailings in slurry form that comprised of spent ore and process water bearing soluble alkali metal cyanide. Depending on the pH of the tailing slurry, the free cyanides may exist as aqueous hydrogen cyanide that can escape to the atmosphere as hydrogen cyanide gas or occur as soluble cyanide (CN⁻) ions that can be leached by infiltrating water to the sub-surface environment. Additionally, the presence of pyrite minerals in the Kennedy’s Line dump makes them susceptible to acid drainage. This study examines the potential of gold tailings of Kennedy’s Line dump to release cyanide ions (CN⁻) and acid drainage to the sub-surface environment by performing physico-chemical and leaching tests with tailing samples collected from various depths of the dump, sub-surface soil samples beneath the dump and groundwater samples from vicinity of Kennedy’s Line dump. The chemical mechanisms responsible for the ambient cyanide and pH levels of the tailing dump, sub-surface soil samples and groundwater are also inferred from the laboratory results.     

矿业开发活动的高分辨率遥感影像解译标志

以IKONOS 1m分辨率遥感影像为例,对矿业开发活动中按露天开采面、开采硐口、固体废弃物、尾矿库、中转场地、矿山建筑等进行分类研究,总结以上六类地物在高分辨率遥感影像上的解译标志。     

Geochemical behaviour of some heavy metals of the Grot flotation tailing, Southeast Serbia

Grot tailing dump has the highest altitude of all tailing dumps in the Republic of Serbia. About 5.5 million tons of hydrocycloned sand was deposited in the tailing dump. This material was formed by flotation processing of ore from the Blagodat ore field. Vegetation was not developed in any part of the tailing. Minerals determined by X-ray diffraction analyses of representative samples form the tailing are quartz, clay minerals, calcite, feldspars, hematite, siderite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite. No regularities were noticed in their quantitative distribution. Statistical analysis of chemical fluctuations of lead, zinc, copper, arsenic and manganese concentrations showed that those with the highest concentrations are usually found on the central plateau. Lead displays the largest concentration range in the whole tailing. Maximal concentrations are found on the central and minimal in the south-western plateau. Zinc concentrations are up to 5,000 mg/kg, except in the central plateau where they reach extreme several times higher values. Copper concentrations are increased in the central plateau. In other parts of the tailing, concentrations are uniform and several times lower. Arsenic concentrations are mostly uniform, with the exception of extreme values in the north-western parts of the central plateau. Manganese shows uniform concentrations, somewhat increased on the south-eastern plateau. Chemical heterogeneity of the tailing material was influenced by the chronological discontinuity of the deposition and resedimentation. Resedimentation was the main cause of the fluctuation in the concentrations of the most mentioned heavy metals.     

Physicochemical numerical simulation of extraction of critical elements from polluted objects

Physicochemical numerical simulation of the “water-rock” system open to atmospheric gases was carried out to study leaching of rock-forming and critical (As, Mo, W) elements from the tailing dump and polluted soil of the industrial site of metallurgical plant. It was shown that (a) results of simulation of polluted soil leaching are of an order of magnitude similar to those shown by laboratory experiments [2], (2) with growth of rock-water mass ratio (decrease of water exchange), the intensity of pollutant leaching from polluted soil decreases: 0.067–0.00009 mg As/kg water from 1 kg soil, 16.5?0.84 mg Mo/kg water from 1 kg soil, 79–0.037 mg W/kg water from 1 kg soil; (c) ecological hazard of element leaching from tailing dump by rain waters decreases with time.     

MAPGIS在矿产资源开发遥感调查统计中运用研究

以IKONOS 1m分辨率影像数据为例,对在高分辨率遥感影像下解译的露天开采面、开采硐口、固体废弃物、尾矿库、矿山建筑、中转场地等进行分类入库统计研究,以提高工作效率,从而更好地为国土资源管理部门管理矿产资源开发、整顿和规范矿业秩序服务。