超高压榴辉岩金红石中高场强元素变化的控制因素及其地球动力学意义

利用LA-ICP-MS对CCSD-MH超高压榴辉岩中金红石进行了详细的原位微区微量元素组成分析.金红石中高场强元素Nb和Ta含量主要受全岩Nb、Ta和TiO₂含量控制, Zr、Hf含量比较稳定基本不受全岩含量影响.粒间金红石中, 同一颗粒金红石核部Zr含量系统高于边部, 而边部则出现了明显的Pb和Sr富集特征.CCSD-MH榴辉岩中金红石与全岩的Nb/Ta比值呈现明显的不一致性.全岩Nb/Ta比值明显低于金红石且与全岩TiO₂含量负相关, 而金红石的Nb/Ta比值与全岩Nb、Ta含量和Nb/Ta比值没有明显的相关关系.金红石和全岩之间非完全耦合的Nb/Ta组成表明, 金红石并非形成于原岩的结晶过程中而是在超高压变质作用过程中形成, 尽管金红石是榴辉岩中Nb、Ta含量的主要载体矿物, 但金红石的Nb/Ta比值并不一定能完全代表全岩的特征, 而与全岩Nb、Ta和TiO₂的含量有关.粒间金红石核部Zr含量所记录的温度与粒径之间具有明显的正相关性, 反映金红石中的Zr在其形成后没有封闭.粒间金红石所表现出的明显的边部富集Pb和Sr的特征, 反映了后期流体活动对金红石组成的影响.这些研究结果为金红石中Zr在高温下的扩散作用和后期流体活动的影响提供了重要证据, 这可能是利用金红石Zr含量地质温度计计算的苏鲁-大别榴辉岩变质温度(598~827℃) 偏低的主要原因.      

滇西澜沧黑河地区超高压变质岩中金红石微量元素特征

为研究黑河地区金红石微量元素特征及榴辉岩型金红石矿床的成矿地质条件,本文选取滇西澜沧黑河地区榴辉岩、石榴多硅白云母片岩中的金红石进行LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析。结果表明金红石微量元素呈现阶梯式三级分布特征,最富集Nb、Ta,其次是Zr、Hf,含量较少的元素有Ba、Rb、Sr、Th、REE;榴辉岩、榴闪岩类原岩属于变质基性岩类,含蓝晶石榴闪岩原岩属于玄武质凝灰岩类,石榴多硅白云母片岩类原岩属于泥质岩类;榴辉岩中金红石Nb/Ta比值均要高于其全岩Nb/Ta比值,金红石Nb、Ta含量与变质作用过程中元素在各矿物间的分配系数有关;采用金红石Zr含量温度计获得黑河地区榴辉岩的峰期变质阶段金红石形成温度为578～605℃,峰期变质作用后的退变质流体会造成金红石中Zr的再平衡。此外,黑河地区具备榴辉岩型金红石矿床形成的成矿物源、成矿作用的物理化学条件以及成矿的物质基础,有一定的找矿潜力。     

CCSD主孔揭示的东海超高压榴辉岩中的金红石：微量元素地球化学及其成矿意义

金红石是榴辉岩中的主要含钛副矿物。中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔100-2000m岩心样品中,金红石榴辉岩、多硅白云母榴辉岩和蓝晶石榴辉岩中都程度不等地含有金红石。金红石既可以与其它矿物一起包裹在主要变质矿物中,也可以呈粒间矿物,但在榴辉岩经受角闪岩相退变质作用过程中,金红石亦会退变为榍石。本文利用电子探针除了分析了金红石的主要元素外,还仔细测量了Nb、Cr、Zr含量。结果显示,Nb平均含量为147ppm,最高含量为670ppm,Cr的平均含量为614ppm,最高含量为3630ppm,低Nb特征(<1000ppm)显示榴辉岩原岩为镁铁质岩石;此外,三类榴辉岩也具有不同的金红石Nb、Cr地球化学特征,即金红石榴辉岩中的金红石表现为低Cr(<500ppm)、Nb变化大(0-670ppm)的特征,多硅白云母榴辉岩中的金红石以中等Cr含量(500-1200ppm)、Nb变化较大(0-480ppm)为特征,而蓝晶石榴辉岩中的金红石显著富Cr(2000-3630ppm),而Nb则非常贫乏(<140ppm)。在总共289个金红石Zr含量数据中,大部分Zr含量分布在150-240ppm之间,均值约为200ppm;利用Zacketal.(2004)提出的金红石温度计,计算得到金红石的形成温度介于690℃和7870℃之间。研究结果表明,金红石的微量元素分析是研究榴辉岩原岩特征及其钛成矿作用的实用方法之一。     

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔榴辉岩中金红石微量元素地球化学特征

本文利用电子探针分析了中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔各种类型榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr和Zr含量。Zack等(2002)的金红石Nb-Cr图解表明榴辉岩的原岩均为镁铁质岩,但不同类型榴辉岩具有不同的地球化学特征,即:1金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石的Nb和Cr含量大致相同,主孔中上述榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量与区域上小焦金红石矿区金红石榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量基本相同。总体来讲,区域和主孔榴辉岩中金红石以低Nb为特征,反映它们的原岩为镁铁质岩石。2蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石具最高的Nb和Cr含量,其Nb和Cr均值分别为720×10-6和712×10-6,多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石比金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石富集Cr。利用Zack等(2004)提出的金红石地质温度计,计算得出金红石榴辉岩的金红石形成温度介于608~746℃,石英榴辉岩的金红石温度介于629~680℃,钛铁矿榴辉岩金红石的形成温度介于629~704℃,蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩的金红石形成温度为600℃,角闪岩的金红石形成温度为629℃。一种可能的解释是,榴辉岩在折返过程中退变质作用明显,流体活动强烈,导致金红石中Zr扩散丢失,金红石中Zr含量不同程度地受到角闪岩相退变质过程中再平衡作用的影响,致使计算的温度偏低。     

超高压变质过程中的元素地球化学行为——CCSD主孔榴辉岩的矿物化学研究

中国大陆科学钻探主孔位于江苏东海县,苏鲁超高压变质带的南部.该钻孔的0～2050m深度获取了六种不同类型的榴辉岩和少量石榴石辉石岩岩心,它们是典型的基性超高压变质岩,为研究大陆深俯冲过程中的元素地球化学行为提供了非常好的样品.本文对各种超高压变质矿物的微量元素成分进行了系统的原位微区分析,结合全岩化学成分和矿物主量元素成分,深入地研究了超高压变质岩的微量元素赋存特征、分配规律、控制因素,及其对变质条件和流体.岩石相互作用的限定意义.结果表明,超高压榴辉岩中的LREE和Sr主要赋存在磷灰石、帘石和单斜辉石中,HREE赋存在石榴石中,Ba、Rb和Cs等LILE赋存在多硅白云母中,Ti、Nb和Ta等HFSE主要赋存在金红石、钛铁矿中,V、Sc、Co和Ni等元素大多赋存在石榴石和单斜辉石中.研究表明,全岩化学成分和矿物组成、及其含量的变化明显控制着超高压矿物的微量元素含量和分布形式.本研究也获得了如下重要的认识:超高压变质矿物之间的微量元素分配达到了化学平衡,并具有与地幔榴辉岩矿物之间类似的分配系数,表明榴辉岩的峰期变质温度很可能达到900℃～1000℃.部分高Ti和高Fe-Ti榴辉岩中的石榴石和绿辉石有明显的稀土元素成分环带,表明超高压变质岩经历了快速折返过程.金红石的Zr含量明显受到全岩成分和退变质作用影响,并不仅仅与形成温度有关,不是可靠的温度计.在超临界流体的作用下,榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Ta发生了明显的分异,导致其Nb/Ta比值增大,由此推测俯冲到地幔深处的大量榴辉岩是地球内部高Nb/Ta比值的物质源区.在榴辉岩的不同程度退变质阶段,参与变质反应的流体具有不同的来源、成分和流体活动规模.     

苏北榴辉岩中金红石的微量元素地球化学特征

本文利用电子探针分析了苏北地区三类榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr和Zr含量，在Zaek et al．（2002）的金红石Nb-Cr图解中，三类榴辉岩的原岩均为镁铁质岩，但它们具有不同的地球化学特征，即（1）小焦G类金红石榴辉岩中金红石的Nb含量最低，平均值为68ppm，而其它两类榴辉岩中金红石的Nb含量较高，平均值介于192～255ppm；（2）蓝晶石榴辉岩具有极高Cr含量，均值6106ppm，而许沟P类榴辉岩中金红石的Cr含量也较高，均值1233ppm，金红石榴辉岩中金红石Cr含量最低，均值为183ppm。利用Zaek et al．（2004）提出的金红石地质温度计，计算得出许沟P类榴辉岩的金红石形成温度介于600～751℃，平均温度689℃；演马厂M类榴辉岩的金红石温度介于507～641℃，平均温度557℃；小焦G类金红石榴辉岩金红石的形成温度介于541～673℃，平均温度613℃；新扬昌G类蓝晶石榴辉岩的金红石形成温度介于541～655℃，平均温度603℃。一种可能的解释是，榴辉岩在拆返过程中退变质作用明显，流体活动强烈，导致金红石中Zr扩散丢失，金红石中Zr含量不同程度地受到角闪岩相退变质过程中再平衡作用的影响，致使计算的温度偏低。     

麻粒岩相金红石微量元素体系

麻粒岩是研究地壳演化最重要的变质岩类,金红石作为麻粒岩中常见的副矿物之一,深入探究其微量元素体系特点,可为大陆地壳演化研究提供新的视角.根据麻粒岩金红石的基础数据（显微结构、微量元素、离子替换方式）以及地壳常见造岩矿物的微量元素特点,初步探讨了麻粒岩变质过程中微量元素行为和扩散效应.麻粒岩金红石Zr含量可记录不同阶段的变质温度,但次生锆石和钛铁矿可对其Zr含量有较大影响,作为孤立体系（不与锆石和石英平衡）的金红石不能用于温度计算;金红石Nb、Ta、Cr和V不仅受全岩成分控制,还与变质过程中黑云母、钛铁矿、蓝晶石等矿物的形成和分解紧密相关;金红石与富Fe矿物之间有强烈的Fe扩散效应.深入理解麻粒岩变质过程中金红石微量元素行为,可为限定大陆地壳变质演化和动力学过程提供重要的矿物学信息.      

金红石中锆含量温度计及其微量元素地球化学特征

Zack et al.(2004a)、Watson et al.(2006)以及Tomkins et al.(2007)(在2GPa条件下)的金红石中锆含量温度计计算结果显示,徐淮地区中生代侵入杂岩所含榴辉岩类包体所经历的榴辉岩相变质的温度范围分别为776～1099℃(平均898℃)、663～923℃(平均750℃)和714～981℃(平均804℃),这些温度结果可能并非榴辉岩相峰期变质温度;其角闪岩相退变质作用过程中保存的温度范围分别为555～777℃(平均697℃)、541～663℃(平均6170C)和588～714℃(平均667℃),这些结果不能代表角闪岩相退变质再平衡后的温度,而只能代表角闪岩相退变质作用过程中某-阶段的温度.微量元素地球化学特征研究表明,榴辉岩类包体所含金红石中的某些微量元素(如Nb、Ta、Cr、Fe、V等)含量与其原岩有继承和对应关系,其原岩主要为镁铁质岩石;榴辉岩类包体与其寄主岩石中部分高价态/高场强元素(HFSE)呈相互消长的关系.榴辉岩的形成与扬子地块和华北地块之间的俯冲,碰撞作用有关.     

金红石榴辉岩——一个可能的超球粒陨石Nb/Ta储库

Nb,Ta的硅酸盐地球质量不平衡问题争论由来已久,备受关注。近年来研究发现,含金红石的榴辉岩Nb/Ta往往高于球粒陨石值(Nb/Ta=17.5),暗示其可能是平衡地球Nb亏损的独立储库。而洋壳玄武岩部分熔融实验表明Ta比Nb更倾向进入金红石晶格,这意味着作为俯冲洋壳部分熔融残留相的榴辉岩Nb/Ta不可能高于原岩。为了解释地质观察和实验结果之间的矛盾,系统分析了中国大陆科学钻探工程(CCSD)主孔、先导孔及附近地表榴辉岩的矿物微量元素。结果发现:榴辉岩中的Nb,Ta主要存在于金红石之中,其他矿物中含量极少;Nb,Ta之间存在着强烈分异(Nb/Ta=5.3～96.2),并总体上具有超球粒陨石的特征;韭闪石和多硅白云母的Nb/Ta平均分别为48.6,21.8,显示了很强的Nb,Ta分异能力;其他矿物如石榴石、绿辉石、绿帘石、磷灰石等的Nb、Ta含量及Nb/Ta都很低,对Nb-Ta分异不造成影响。认为导致Nb-Ta分异的不是金红石,而应出现在洋壳俯冲过程中金红石相出现之前的脱水和部分熔融阶段。富含Ti的角闪石(韭闪石)和白云母可能对Nb-Ta分异起到了决定性的作用。等金红石相出现之后,由于其对Nb,Ta的绝对控制作用,此前阶段的分异结果便被固定在金红石中而继承下来。因此,含金红石的榴辉岩常常表现出超球粒陨石Nb/Ta的特征,与金红石不能有效地分异Na,Ta的实验结果之间并不矛盾。在不均匀的上地幔中含金红石的榴辉岩是可能的超球粒陨石Nb/Ta储库之一。     

阿尔金环形山榴辉岩岩石地球化学及地质意义

调查研究发现,阿尔金南缘环形山榴辉岩呈透镜体状产于新元古代石榴石二长花岗片麻岩中,岩石经退变质作用,白眼圈构造发育,石榴石变少,石英及金红石等矿物较少,未见峰期矿物组合。绿辉石被次透辉石及角闪石替代,岩石为榴辉岩、榴闪岩及斜长角闪岩。主量及微量元素地球化学分析显示:主量元素Al2O3、TiO2、MgO、P2O5及稀土Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf、Zr/Nb、La/Nb、Y/Nb特征比值与洋脊玄武岩一致;稀土标准化模式图、微量元素原始地幔标准化图及MORB标准化图指示岩石具洋脊玄武岩特征,原岩可能为地幔岩经15%~30%的部分熔融形成。结合榴辉岩围岩年龄、变质作用等分析认为,该榴辉岩为似洋脊玄武岩的基性岩浆侵入花岗岩后,于500 Ma左右发生大陆俯冲折返形成。     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔榴辉岩中石榴石和绿辉石原位激光探针分析及其成岩成矿指示意义

本文以中国大陆科学钻探主孔0～2000m岩芯中的榴辉岩为对象,运用EMPA和LA-ICP-MS技术,系统测定了榴辉岩中石榴石和绿辉石的主量与微量元素组成,并据此讨论了它们的成岩成矿意义.研究结果表明,CCSD主孔榴辉岩中石榴石富重稀土和Sc、Y、Co,而绿辉石则富中稀土和Pb、Sr、V,石榴石和绿辉石的高场强元素(特别是Nb、Ta)含量均很低.石榴石存在不同程度的Ce负异常,指示榴辉岩的形成过程中卷入有地表氧化条件下形成的风化沉积物.石榴石具有低的Zr/Y比值,绿辉石普遍具有高的Sr含量,这些特征说明榴辉岩(特别是高钛榴辉岩)的原岩可能为遭受过壳源物质混染与交代的富集地幔部分熔融的产物.高钛与低钛榴辉岩中石榴石和绿辉石在主量及微量元素组成上存在一定差别,总体而言,高钛榴辉岩中石榴石具高的MgO含量和较高的MgO/TFeO比值,以及较高的稀土和Sc含量,而绿辉石则相对富TFeO、MnO,并具有较高的Sr、Zr、Hf含量.高钛榴辉岩中石榴石和绿辉石常出现不同程度的Eu正异常,Cr含量均显著低于低钛榴辉岩.综合分析表明,高钛榴辉岩的原岩最可能为富斜长石的辉长质侵入岩,原岩组成的差异应是导致二类榴辉岩中石榴石和绿辉石矿物化学组成存在差异的主要原因.     

HFSE systematics of rutile-bearing eclogites: New insights into subduction zone processes and implications for the earth’s HFSE budget

The depleted mantle and the continental crust are generally thought to balance the budget of refractory and lithophile elements of the Bulk Silicate Earth (BSE), resulting in complementary trace element patterns. However, the two high field strength elements (HFSE) niobium and tantalum appear to contradict this mass balance. All reservoirs of the silicate Earth exhibit subchondritic Nb/Ta ratios, possibly as a result of Nb depletion.In this study a series of nineteen orogenic MORB-type eclogites from different localities was analyzed to determine their HFSE concentrations and to contribute to the question of whether subducted oceanic crust could form a hidden reservoir to account for the mass imbalance of Nb/Ta between BSE and the chondritic reservoir. Concentrations of HFSE were analyzed with isotope dilution (ID) techniques. Additionally, LA-ICPMS analyses of clinopyroxene, garnet and rutile have been performed. Rutile is by far the major host for Nb and Ta in all analyzed eclogites. However, many rutiles revealed zoning in Nb/Ta ratios, with cores being higher than rims. Accordingly, in situ analyses of rutiles have to be evaluated carefully and rutile cores do not necessarily reflect a bulk rock Nb and Ta composition, although over 90% of these elements reside in rutile.The HFSE concentration data in bulk rocks show that the orogenic eclogites have subchondritic Nb/Ta ratios and near chondritic Zr/Hf ratios. The investigated eclogites show neither enrichment of Nb compared to similarly incompatible elements (e.g. La), nor fractionation of Nb/Ta ratios relative to MOR-basalts, the likely precursor of these rocks. This indicates that during the conversion of the oceanic crust to eclogites in most cases, (1) HFSE and REE have similar mobility on average, possibly because both element groups remain in the down going slab, and (2) no significant fractionation of Nb/Ta occurs in subducted oceanic crust. With an average Nb/Ta ratio of 14.2 ± 1.4 (2s.e.), the investigated eclogites cannot balance the differences between BSE and chondrite. Additionally, as their average Nb/Ta is indistinguishable from the Nb/Ta of MORB, they are also an unlikely candidate to balance the potentially small differences in Nb/Ta between the continental crust and the mantle.     

Zr-in-rutile thermometry of eclogites from the Karakaya Complex in NW Turkey: Implications for rutile growth during subduction zone metamorphism

Eclogites occur as a tectonic slice within a metabasite-phyllite-marble unit of the Karakaya Complex in northwest Turkey. The high-pressure mineral assemblage in eclogite is mainly composed of garnet + omphacite + glaucophane + epidote + quartz. Trace element characteristics of rutile and Zr-in-rutile temperatures were determined for eclogites from the Karakaya Complex. Core-rim analyses of rutile grains yield remarkable trace element zoning with lower contents of Zr, Nb and Ta in the core than in the rim. The variations in Zr, Nb and Ta can be ascribed to growth zoning rather than diffusion effects. The Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios increase with a decrease in Ta and Hf contents, which could be ascribed to the effect of metamorphic dehydration in subduction zones on rutile Nb/Ta differentiation. The rutile grains from eclogites in the Karakaya Complex are dominated by subchondritic Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios. It can be noted that subchondritic Nb/Ta may record rutile growth from local sinks of aqueous fluids from metamorphic dehydration.The Zr contents of all rutile grains range between 81 and 160 ppm with an average of 123 ppm. The Zr-in-rutile thermometry yields temperatures of 559–604 °C with an average temperature of 585 °C for eclogites from the Karakaya Complex. This average temperature suggests growth temperature of rutile before peak pressure during the subduction. However, some rutile grains have higher Zr contents in the outermost rims compared to the core. Zr-in-rutile temperatures of the rims are about 20 °C higher than those of the cores. This suggests that the outermost rims would have grown from a distinct fluid at higher temperatures than that of the cores. Moreover, Zr contents and calculated temperatures in both inclusion rutile and matrix rutile from eclogites are identical, which suggests that eclogites within the Karakaya Complex belong to the same tectonic slice and underwent similar metamorphic evolution.     

Trace element distribution in mineral inclusions in zoned garnets from eclogites of the Atbashi Range (South Tianshan)

Ion microprobe data for minerals from the eclogites of the Atbashi Range (South Tianshan) constrain the distribution of trace (Rb, Sr, Ba, Cr, V, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, U, Th, and Y) and rare-earth elements (REE) in zoned garnets and mineral inclusions in them. This study showed that garnets from the Atbashi eclogites are the main hosts for heavy REE; epidotes are important hosts for REE, Y, Sr, Th, and U; and omphacites are depleted in almost all trace elements compared with the bulk-rock compositions. Garnet, as well as epidote and omphacite inclusions exhibit systematic rimward depletion in a number of trace elements, which is related to the depletion of the rock matrix in these elements during crystallization. Deviations from this trend, including the enrichment of garnet rims in HREE and strong variations in the REE contents of garnets and mineral inclusions, can be explained by metamorphic reactions involving the destabilization of REE-bearing minerals. Our data suggest that the mobility of trace elements under eclogites-facies conditions is mainly controlled by the stability of certain minerals.     

碎屑金红石:沉积物源的一种指针

近年来,碎屑金红石的研究已成为沉积物源区分析的一个新前沿。金红石的地球化学组成,尤其是Cr,Nb,Zr等微量元素的含量,对其母岩的形成条件和所经历的地质过程都具有重要的指示意义,同时,碎屑金红石在沉积、成岩过程中表现出极高的稳定性,因而是物源分析的理想指针矿物。首先介绍金红石的矿物学和地球化学基本性质,分析不同来源的金红石典型特征,重点阐述碎屑金红石在物源分析中运用的5个方面:①金红石重矿物比值;②金红石矿物化学成分Cr-Nb判别图解;③金红石Zr含量温度计;④金红石的U-Pb和(U-Th)/He定年;⑤金红石Lu-Hf同位素。综合上述5个方面的物源分析研究,可以获取金红石的母岩类型、形成温度及后期所经历的热演化史等信息。碎屑金红石的物源研究处于起步和探索阶段,仍存在一些亟需解决的问题。     

榴辉岩型钛矿化的地球化学制约

根据对国内外已发表的榴辉岩地球化学资料的统计分析,表明榴辉岩中TiO2含量与全铁(TFeO)具正相关性,而与MgO, 特别是MgO/(MgO TFeO)比值具负相关性.按TiO2含量的高低,可将榴辉岩区分为高钛型(TiO2＞2.0%)、中钛型(TiO2=0.60%～2.00%)和低钛型(TiO2＜0.6%)三类,文章重点讨论了高钛与低钛榴辉岩地球化学特征的差异.与低钛型榴辉岩相比,高钛型榴辉岩相对偏基性,富铁,贫镁,并具有较高的高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等)和亲铁元素(如V、Co、Ni等)含量.原岩恢复显示低钛榴辉岩的源岩有两种类型,其一为洋壳俯冲形成的蛇绿岩残片,另一为富钙质的沉积泥灰岩.高钛型榴辉岩的源岩则具OIB特征,可能为富集地幔部分熔融或上涌的软流圈地幔物质与地壳物质混染的产物.榴辉岩中的钛矿化主要受源岩因素制约,此外,岩浆结晶分异对其也有一定影响.     

新疆哈密黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床成岩成矿作用

黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床赋存于橄榄岩、苏长岩、辉长岩和闪长岩组成的镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体中,赋矿岩体包含至少4套岩石组合。不同类型岩石微量元素和稀土元素原始地幔标准化配分模式指示,该矿床明显亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素和Cr元素,富集Sr及大离子亲石元素;(La/Yb)N=1.08～2.70,δEu=0.50～2.57;含矿岩石Cu/Pd比值和Ti/Pd比值大于原始地幔值,表明不同类型岩石是高镁玄武质岩浆在深部分异结晶演化的产物。根据橄榄石和全岩化学组成可估算出母岩浆MgO含量约为12%。成矿岩浆深部演化过程中,富硅的地壳混染组分和外来流体的加入可能促成了岩浆中的硫饱和;深部熔离的不混溶硫化物珠滴被上升岩浆携带,富集在橄榄岩和苏长岩的底部。     

Rutile occurrence and trace element behavior in medium-grade metasedimentary rocks: example from the Erzgebirge, Germany

Metamorphic textures in medium-grade (~500–550°C) metasedimentary rocks from the Erzgebirge give evidence of prograde rutile crystallization from ilmenite. Newly-crystallized grains occur as rutile-rich polycrystalline aggregates that pseudomorph the shape of the ilmenites. In-situ trace element data (EMP and SIMS) show that rutiles from the higher-grade samples record large scatter in Nb content and have Nb/Ti ratios higher than coexisting ilmenite. This behavior can be predicted using prograde rutile crystallization from ilmenite and indicates that rutiles are reequilibrating their chemistry with remaining ilmenites. On the contrary, rutiles from the lowest grade samples (~480°C) have Nb/Ti ratios that are similar to the ones in ilmenite. Hence, rutiles from these samples did not equilibrate their chemistry with remaining ilmenites. Our data suggest that temperature may be one of the main factors determining whether or not the elements are able to diffuse between the phases and, therefore, reequilibrate. Newly-crystallized rutiles yield temperatures (from ~500 to 630°C, Zr-in-rutile thermometry) that are in agreement with the metamorphic conditions previously determined for the studied rocks. In quartzites from the medium-grade domain (~530°C), inherited detrital rutile grains are detected. They are identified by their distinct chemical composition (high Zr and Nb contents) and textures (single grains surrounded by fine grained ilmenites). Preliminary calculation, based on grain size distribution of rutile in medium-grade metapelites and quartzites that occur in the studied area, show that rutiles derived from quartzites can be anticipated to dominate the detrital rutile population, even if quartzites are a minor component of the exposure.     

Constraints from eclogite and MARID xenoliths on origins of mantle Zr/Hf–Nb/Ta variability

New trace-element data of rutile in kimberlite-borne ~1.85 Ga eclogite and pyroxenite xenoliths from the central Slave craton, as well as ~110 Ma MARID xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton, provide constraints on the origins of lithospheric and sublithospheric mantle variability in high field strength element ratios. Rutiles in eclogites and pyroxenites have Zr/Hf ranging from 20 to 62 and Nb/Ta ranging from 10 to 40. Rutiles in MARID xenoliths have Zr/Hf from 24 to 33 and Nb/Ta from 10 to 41. Calculated whole-rock Zr/Hf is suprachondritic for eclogites with suggested gabbroic protoliths and subchondritic for boninite-like eclogites; the latter is consistent with cpx-controlled depletion in the protolith source. Within each eclogite type, positive correlations of Zr/Hf with La/Lu and negative correlations with Lu/Hf likely reflect fractionation of cpx and/or plagioclase during crystallisation of the protoliths. Zr/Hf–Nb/Ta relationships of some MARID-type rocks, which are products of lithospheric mantle metasomatism, and eclogite xenoliths plot on a silicate differentiation trend, whereas other samples have higher Nb/Ta at a given Zr/Hf. Fractionation of a few percent rutile from an HFSE-rich mafic melt can generate a trend towards strongly increased Nb/Ta at minimally changed Zr/Hf in the residual melt. Superposition of rutile fractionation on the effects of silicate differentiation, which fractionates Zr/Hf more strongly than Nb/Ta, can explain the Zr/Hf–Nb/Ta relationships of most eclogites from the central Slave craton as well as those of MARID rocks, metasomatised peridotites and group II kimberlites. By contrast, Zr/Hf–Nb/Ta relationships suggest that Group I kimberlites are mixtures between depleted peridotite and carbonatite. Thus, high Nb/Ta is a signature of lithospheric processes and may not be important in deeply subducted eclogites that bypass extended residence in the lithosphere. Conversely, considerable primary Zr/Hf variability was inherited by the eclogites, which is indicative of the compositional diversity of ancient subducted oceanic crust, which is expected to have generated substantial heterogeneity in sublithospheric basalt sources.