基于国家海洋治理和全球气候变化的我国海洋灾害防治

为建立和完善现代化的海洋灾害防治体系,提高我国海洋治理和应对全球气候变化的能力,文章以全球治理和国家治理为背景,在明确致灾因子、承灾体、灾害以及灾害风险和管理等基本概念及其内涵的基础上,分析全球气候变化背景下我国海洋灾害及其风险的特征以及海洋灾害防治的关键性和基础性科学问题,并提出我国构建海洋灾害防治体系的建议。研究结果表明:在全球气候变化的影响下,我国沿海地区的海洋灾害风险复杂多变且有所提升;提出以群-环-域为主体的体系架构,研究全球气候变化与区域海洋的响应和反馈、全球气候变化背景下海洋灾害与风险的特征和规律以及综合海洋灾害风险评估和海洋灾害防治等问题;在我国构建海洋灾害防治体系的过程中,应加强科学研究以及技术和信息支撑、促进区域和全球联动联防以及提高全社会对海洋灾害的认知和防范水平。     

新型传感机器人带你去感知深海

海洋是地球最大的生态系统，人类在探索海洋的过程中一直面临着巨大的挑战。现在，一种传感机器人将推动人类对海洋的探索跨进新的篇章。     

国际蓝碳合作发展与中国的选择

海洋储存了地球上93%的CO_2,是全球最大的碳库。发挥海洋固碳、储碳作用,对应对全球气候变化具有重要意义。《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《巴黎协定》是2020年后国际气候治理的基础,为国际蓝碳合作指明了方向,也提供了国际法依据。当前,国际蓝碳合作从科学研究向纳入国际气候治理方向不断推进,不少国际组织和国家已着手推动蓝碳国际规则制定。中国蓝碳资源分布广泛,特色鲜明,蓝碳发展起步阶段里中国的参与不仅是对全球应对气候变化的重要贡献,更有助于通过蓝碳合作增强我国在全球气候治理和海洋治理领域的影响力和话语权。我国蓝碳发展应从国内、国际两个方面着手。在国内夯实基础、补足短板,加强蓝碳基础研究和实践,建立蓝碳评估标准,加快蓝碳人才队伍建设。在国际上积极参与现有国际蓝碳计划,在"21世纪海上丝绸之路"等机制框架下开展双、多边蓝碳合作,推动全球蓝碳治理,从积极参与向适时引领发展。     

海洋负排放技术及其生态治理功能前瞻

工业革命以来,人类活动导致的以二氧化碳为代表的温室气体持续排放,被认为与全球气候变化密切相关,引发诸多极端气候事件,导致海平面上升、海水酸化、海水暖化等一系列环境负面效应。海洋是地球最大的活跃碳库,增汇潜力巨大。为应对全球气候变化,人为干预海洋生态系统、促进其对大气二氧化碳额外吸收封存的海洋负排放技术体系成为国际研究热点。根据负排放技术的应用场景,目前海洋负排放技术体系涵盖侧重于生态保护和修复的滨海湿地蓝碳、侧重于环境友好型养殖产业的海水养殖环境碳汇和借助生态工程技术手段的负排放工程增汇。海洋负排放技术在实现人为增汇的同时,有望通过促进海洋生物的生长和繁殖、提高海洋生态系统的稳定性和抗干扰能力、促进海洋生态系统内部及其与陆地生态系统之间的资源循环利用,发挥其生态治理功能,从而应对海洋环流改变、海水酸化脱氧等全球海洋环境恶化以及人类活动污染的局部胁迫。     

“数字海洋”科学工程建设设计研究

海洋是开放复杂巨系统,"数字海洋"是人类认识研究海洋、开发利用海洋以及建设保护海洋的有效工具与方法手段.海洋的复杂性以及人海关系调控的复杂性使得"数字海洋"是一项科学工程.文章以"数字海洋"作为科学工程的视角,提出"数字海洋"科学工程框架、"数字海洋"科学工程建设的层次和重点领域,并从系统工程角度对"数字海洋"科学工程建设提出管理建议.     

以生态修复为导向的海洋生态补偿模式研究

如何妥善处理海洋开发利用与海洋生态系统损失之间的矛盾关系是我国沿海城市面临的重大挑战。文章分析了海洋生态补偿模式现状及其存在的问题,认为单纯收取生态补偿金并不能实质性解决海洋开发活动带来的海洋生态损失问题,实施生态修复是降低和减缓海洋生态系统损失的主要手段;建议利用海洋生态系统服务货币化来连接海洋生态损失与海洋生态修复,量化用海单位所造成的海洋生态损失和生态修复所带来生态系统功能增益,进而指示海洋生态损失与海洋生态修复是否达到平衡;进一步提出以生态修复为导向的海洋生态补偿模式的技术框架,为落实与完善海洋生态补偿制度提供参考。     

海洋热点纵横

<正>碳捕获技术或将使海洋"中毒"目前提出的减缓全球变暖的地球工程方法之一是在海洋中加入大量铁,以促进浮游植物生长,从而能捕获更多的碳。但是此种方法可能带来致命的"副作用"。在太平洋北部海域进行的新实验发现,水中的浮游植物会产生名为软骨藻酸的分子,这种神经毒素会给沿海地带的动物和人类带来毒害。     

基于人类命运共同体的我国海洋防灾减灾体系建设

随着全球气候变化加剧,海洋灾害发生的可能性变得越来越大,为了减少海洋灾害造成的损害后果,以及能够在共同面对海洋灾害风险中承担起大国责任,我国需要建立完善的国内海洋防灾救灾体系与灾害防御国际合作机制。通过阐述海洋灾害防御的国际合作模式,分析当前我国参与的国际合作以及其中存在的问题,进而对如何完善我国海洋灾害防御国际合作机制以及构建具有中国特色的海洋灾害风险管理体制进行探讨,以期得到稳定的海洋环境,更好地构建海洋命运共同体与人类命运共同体。     

国家管辖范围外海洋遗传资源获取与惠益分享的制度选择和发展前瞻

保护地球生物资源的国际性公约——《生物多样性公约》对遗传资源作出指引性的规定。海洋遗传资源作为其中的一类,可以存在于国家管辖范围外水体及海床、底土。处于不同空间位置的海洋遗传资源如果适用不同的法律制度,需要明确水体、海床与底土界线划分。从《联合国海洋法公约》、《生物多样性公约》、《名古屋议定书》和《波恩准则》关于海洋遗传资源的规定来看,现行国际法框架下针对此问题可以有多种方案,且部分规定存在非适用性的问题。面对未来,需要从海洋遗传资源界定、惠益分享方式等方面设计具体制度,确保国家管辖范围外海洋遗传资源为全人类共享。     

数字海洋应用服务系统构建及关键技术研究

我国首次探索了"数字海洋"从科学概念到工程实体的建设实践,经过系统建设和运行过程取得了显著成果,同时存在的问题逐渐显现出来.本研究总结了数字海洋原型系统存在的问题,在此基础上,开展了数字海洋应用服务系统系统架构设计,功能研发以及关键技术研究.通过实践证明,系统在数据共享、信息集成和可视化表达等方面具有良好的应用前景.     

Regulating wave and tidal energy: An industry perspective on the Scottish marine governance framework

The emerging ocean energy industry, which seeks to utilise waves and tides to generate electricity, is developing in many jurisdictions. The UK, and Scotland in particular, is strongly interested in these technologies, and has made considerable efforts to reform its marine governance processes to better meet the needs of innovative new marine industries. This paper provides an industry perspective on this regulatory framework, reporting on the experiences of ocean energy project and technology developers. Semi-structured interviews with companies with practical experience with Scotland's regulatory framework provide evidence of a number of legal and regulatory challenges, as well as interesting insights into how developers are interacting with new marine governance systems. The paper details the findings of these interviews and offers some suggested directions for future research.     

海洋支撑碳中和技术体系框架构建的思考与建议

海洋在全球气候变化及应对方面发挥了重要作用,国际上正在从增汇和减排两个技术体系层面探索实践海洋对碳中和的支撑作用.本文立足中国海洋碳汇资源扩增和海洋可再生能源开发,从滨海湿地、渔业碳汇、微生物碳汇、海底碳封存、海洋可再生能源、耦合优化及前瞻性技术方面,构建了海洋支撑碳中和的技术体系,并对未来技术发展进行展望.建议加强海...     

The ocean and international environmental law: swimming,sinking, and treading water at the millennium

Various images help capture the status and trends of international law and policy efforts to protect the ocean environment. While “treading water” and “sinking” partly describe legal conditions at the millennium, this paper examines seven challenges in the international environmental law field which at the very least promise to make for a “hard swim” in coming decades. Those challenges include: coping with the proliferation of negotiated instruments; overcoming political opposition to environmental commitments; clarifying the jurisprudential underpinnings of international environmental law; sorting out the relation of environmental ethics, science and the rule of law; fleshing out the principles of sustainable development; addressing practical problems of implementing international responsibilities; and visioning future paths of ocean governance.     

Overcoming complexity in illegal,unregulated and unreported fishing to achieve effective regulatory pluralism

Globally, illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing challenges economic development, as well as food and human security, and has done so for many years. Despite the implementation of legal responses to IUU fishing by the international community and many States, the problem continues. While political will, the vastness of oceans and limited human and financial resources hamper the effectiveness of these responses, fragmentation has also prevented effective control. IUU fishing is addressed by legal controls across fishing, shipping, labour and criminal law and existing research on IUU fishing has tended to focus on individual aspects of these, yet evidence indicates their interconnectedness. This research addresses a gap, critically analysing the range of international legal frameworks together. Within this context, this paper explores and analyses the how fragmentation of legal instruments, lack of interaction between actors and regimes, and piecemeal implementation of the law limits the control of IUU fishing drawing on the concept of regulatory pluralism to appropriately address the challenges.     

大洋科学钻探特点与发展趋势——基于国际大洋发现计划科学框架的对比分析

大洋科学钻探计划是地球科学领域迄今为止历时最长、成效最大的国际科学合作计划。自1968年以来,先后经历了深海钻探计划、国际大洋钻探计划、综合大洋钻探计划和国际大洋发现计划4个阶段。进入国际大洋发现计划,IODP工作组两次发布科学框架,文章对两个科学框架进行了对比分析。大洋科学钻探的特点和发展趋势是坚持解决重大科学问题,由地球拓展到太阳系,重视技术和大数据,以及扩大社会影响和宣传。这给我国发起国际大科学计划提供了启示,一要注重科技创新,运用大数据等先进技术;二要加强科学管理,促进开放和共享;三要重视提升影响力,扩大宣传和影响。     

Understanding El Niño — The importance of Grey Literature in Coastal Ecosystem Research and Management

Access to information about past states of the environment and social systems is fundamental to understand, and cope with, the challenges of climate change and over-exploitation of natural resources at the onset of the 21st century. The loss of (old) data is a major threat to understanding better and mitigating long-term effects of human activities and anthropogenic changes to the environment. Although this is intuitively evident for old and local literature of any kind, even present-day international publishing of papers without the underlying raw data makes access to basic information a crucial issue. Here, we summarise experience resulting from a EU-funded International Science & Technology Cooperation (INCO) project (CENSOR) addressing Coastal Ecosystem Research and Management in the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) context. We show that indeed “Grey Literature” is still one of the most important sources of knowledge about natural science research and management of natural resource systems in Latin American countries. We argue that public archiving of original data of present-day research and old (Grey) Literature and easy public access are important for appreciating today's global environmental challenges caused by human activities, both past and present.     

International legal options for the control of biofouling on international vessels

Shipping represents a threat as a vector for the transfer of non-indigenous marine species through the discharge of ballast water and biofouling of vessels’ external structures and internal piping. While considerable attention has been given to the management of ballast water, there currently exists no international legal instrument with which to control biofouling.A number of existing legal mechanisms may be applicable in the context of coastal States’ rights under international law. However, existing mechanisms are insufficient to regulate all aspects of the biofouling problem to ensure comprehensive management of the issue. There is, therefore, a need for the development of a comprehensive international agreement to address this gap. The issue of biofouling on international vessels has now been included on the work programme of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). As a contribution to discussions on how to address this particular issue at an international level, this article provides an analysis of the options available through the IMO to address this issue.Having defined the specific “threat scenario” with regard to hull fouling, the article will consider: (i) the international legal framework that has been established to regulate the harmful impacts of international shipping; (ii) the range of practical measures that are available to manage biofouling on vessels; and (iii) international legal options available to States to address the threat of biofouling posed by international shipping.     

Renewable energy from the ocean

Growing concern over the threat of global climate change has led to an increased interest in research and development of renewable energy technologies. The ocean provides a vast source of potential energy resources, and as renewable energy technology develops, investment in ocean energy is likely to grow. Research in ocean thermal energy conversion, wave energy, tidal energy, and offshore wind energy has led to promising technologies and in some cases, commercial deployment. These sources have the potential to help alleviate the global climate change threat, but the ocean environment should be protected while these technologies are developed. Renewable energy sources from the ocean may be exploited without harming the marine environment if projects are sited and scaled appropriately and environmental guidelines are followed.     

AI南海主权证据链知识管理系统构建研究

维护并管理我国南海主权,建设系统、科学、实用的AI主权证据链云系统,应对长远而复杂的南海形势,具有重大的战略意义.鉴于南海主权证据链,需要在国际法、国际政治和国际关系的复杂系统中运行作用,具有知识交叉、学科复杂、形势多变的特点;南海突发事件、国际舆情事件需要我国快速反应,科学决策具有人工智能特点的南海主权证据链知识管理智慧云系统,满足预警决策需求.因此,基于南海争端的复杂长远性、危机突发性等特点,本文在开展国家项目南海云系统构建研究中提出,进行南海主权证据链系统知识管理原理与实践研究,以期通过主权证据链知识管理云系统应对南海长期复杂的斗争.未来运用AI南海主权证据链知识管理智慧云系统,还需要进行大量的算法研究与设计.