黑潮延伸体海域海平面变化及其与比容变化的关系

使用AVISO高度计海面高度异常、SODA的温、盐和混合层深度资料,研究黑潮延伸体(KE)海域海平面变化及其与海水比容变化的关系.1993-2007年KE上游区海平面上升,而比容海平面则微弱下降;两者均具有年代际和年际变化,在年际尺度上的差异显著.KE下游区海平面年代际变化明显,而比容海平面表现出显著的年际变化特征.海...     

黑潮延伸体海域海平面年际变化及其与海流的关系

利用黑潮延伸体海域海平面异常(SLA)数据和SODA海流资料,分析海平面和海流的年际变化特征,以及两者之间的关系。分析发现黑潮延伸体SLA的第二模态是黑潮大弯曲模态,存在29个月的准两年显著振荡。该海域海平面具有显著的年际变化,且与ENSO和PDO密切相关,2002-2004年的黑潮大弯曲期间,海平面与Nino3指数的相关系数为0.74。海平面年际变化和海流关系密切,黑潮延伸体主轴两侧海平面具有显著的季节和年际变化,急流呈大弯曲路径(1993-1996、2002-2004)时,流轴稳定流速大,流轴影响深,急流主轴南侧海平面较高,达到年际变化的最大值,主轴两侧海面高度梯度大。非弯曲期间,急流主轴南压,海流强度减弱,此期间海平面低,主轴两侧海面高度梯度较小。黑潮延伸体上游区海平面变化受黑潮大弯曲影响更为显著。上下游区的海平面和比容海平面的年际变化较为相似,黑潮延伸体海域海流和比容效应共同调控该区域海平面变化。     

温州沿岸平均海平面变化特征分析

根据温州沿岸龙湾、瑞安、鳌江3个水文站的潮位长序列(1971～2008年)观测资料,进行统计分析,得出温州沿岸海平面年际及年内变化特征,并且得出了温州浅滩工程灵霓大堤合拢前后,各验潮站海平面的变化特征.分析结果表明:海平面年际变化3站呈现上升趋势,尤以鳌江站上升速率最大,且3站不同时期均有各自变化规律;三站9月份的海平...     

太平洋海平面变化特征及影响因素分析

采用经验模态分解法对太平洋沿岸验潮站的月平均海平面资料进行处理,结合T/P高度计资料、Church(2004)重构SSH资料、Ishii(2005)月均海温资料,研究太平洋海平面年际、年代际变化以及资料长度内海平面变化趋势。太平洋沿岸海平面总体呈上升趋势,平均上升速率为1.4 mm/a,趋势项分布有明显的区域性和纬度特征。ENSO对太平洋地区海平面年际变化有显著影响,海平面年际变化与Nino3指数在西(东)太平洋为负(正)相关,海平面年际变化与Nino3指数的相关性在热带太平洋最大,并随着纬度升高相关性减弱,且不同地区年际变化有滞后ENSO时间不等的最大相关。海平面年际变化与PDO指数在西(东)太平洋为负(正)相关,海平面与PDO的相关性分布有区域性和随时间演变特征。年代际变化对目前使用卫星高度计资料分析海平面长期趋势项的预测有直接影响,可能完全掩盖海平面长期变化趋势。     

海南岛龙湾港滨珊瑚重金属含量的年际变化

采用等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP AES)技术,测定了1986—1997年海南省琼海市龙湾港(19°20′N、110°39′E)滨珊瑚中的Fe、Cu、Al、Ba、Zn、Mn、Cd、Ni 、Cr重金属含量。结果表明,1993 年珊瑚中 Fe的含量高出其平均值的1.03倍,受到了较明显的Fe污染。另外,珊瑚中的Fe含量在1994、1995年,Cu在1986年,Mn在1993年,Zn在1995年的含量高出各自平均值的0 5~1倍,受到相应重金属的轻微污染。然而,与广东省电白县大放鸡岛滨珊瑚、南沙珊瑚礁沉积物中的重金属含量相比,龙湾港在近12年中海洋珊瑚受重金属的污染不显著。运用多元统计的分析方法,探讨了重金属之间、重金属与降雨量和径流量之间的相关性,并对重金属的污染来源提出一些看法。     

IPCC AR4模式对热带气旋热力控制因子的模拟评估

海平面温度是影响热带气旋活动重要的大尺度环境热力控制因子,根据1948-1999年热带地区(30°S-30°N)海平面温度(SST)的气候场、线性趋势、年代际变化与年际变化的空间结构特征,分别就24个IPCC AR4模式的模拟性能进行评估.结果表明,虽然24个IPCC AR4模式对SST气候场的模拟性能都比较好,但大部...     

中国海和泰国湾海域海平面的经向涛动

卫星高度计遥感海面高度距平资料(1992-2012年)的分析结果证实中国海(渤、黄、东海及南海)和泰国湾作为一个半封闭的狭长水域,其海平面存在显著的南北经向涛动。涛动呈现明显的季节性,冬季南高北低,夏季北高南低,以渤海和泰国湾的海平面高差作为涛动的测度,其多年平均波动幅度达63cm,较差超过80cm。时间序列分析显示,在季节尺度上这一涛动几乎完全受东亚季风的支配,表明东亚季风的局地强迫是造成季节涛动的主要原因。进一步的分析发现,除季节波动之外研究海域海平面的经向涛动还存在明显的年际变化。不过,与季节尺度的波动有所不同,经向涛动的年际变化不仅是东亚季风区局地作用的结果,而且与太平洋海盆尺度的大气强迫有关,其作用与季风在同一数量级。涛动的年际变化大致滞后各气候因子两个月。采用多输入线性模型做偏相关分析筛选的结果显示,除东亚季风指数之外,研究海域的海平面涛动指数主要与太平洋的南方涛动指数(SOI)和西太平洋遥相关指数(WP)相关。这表明外部强迫既来自热带,也来自中纬度。南方涛动所导致的赤道海域海平面的东西向年际涛动,以及中纬度西风急流年际波动对西北太平洋海平面的作用,都有可能导致研究海域海平面经向涛动的年际变化,其机制有待进一步探讨。     

海平面年际变化研究进展

对影响中国近海海平面年际变化的气候模态(包括ENSO和PDO)做了回顾。指出目前海平面年际变化研究的热点和难点问题,如区域海平面加速上升、自然变率和人为因素对海平面变化的相对作用大小和区域海平面年际变化的可预测性等。     

格陵兰岛附近海域海平面变化的初步研究

利用17年5个月的卫星高度计资料,探讨格陵兰岛附近海域海平面的季节变化和年际变化特征,结果表明,该区域海平面变化存在显著的季节信号和年际信号。近20a来,格陵兰岛附近海域海平面的平均上升速率为1.7mm/a,小于全球海平面的平均上升速率。该海域的海平面变化存在很强的区域性,通常多年平均海面高度异常(SSHA)大的海区,海平面上升速率也大;多年平均SSHA低的海区,海平面上升速率则较小。EOF分析表明第一模态为季节模态,整个海域第一空间模态的位相相同,说明该海域海平面的季节变化趋势是相同的。该区域的SSHA与海冰面积指数呈负相关,海平面的季节变化受海冰面积大小的影响显著。SSHA与经向风应力距平的低频分量具有很好的正相关性,与纬向风应力距平的低频分量具有不显著的负相关,说明该海域海平面的年际变化受风应力的影响显著。     

热带太平洋海平面低频变化

本文选取ECMWF ORAS4再分析数据对1959-2015年热带太平洋海平面的低频变化进行了分析。热带太平洋海平面年际变化第一模态反映了ENSO爆发阶段的海平面变化,热带东、西太平洋变化反相,其时间序列与Niño3.4指数高度相关。海平面第二模态则体现了El Niño爆发前后热带太平洋暖水的输运过程。El Niño爆发前热带西太平洋暖水聚集的位置,以及爆发后暖水向赤道外输运的位置在两类El Niño事件中均有所不同。此外,ENSO的周期在近半个世纪发生了显著的年代际变化,这一变化与热带太平洋的年代际变化有关。热带太平洋的年代际变化对海平面趋势变化也有着显著的影响。卫星高度计观测到的近20年海平面的快速上升（下降）正是由20世纪90年代后热带太平洋频繁的位相转换引起的。     

西南印度洋中脊热液产物稀土元素组成变化及其来源

对西南印度洋中脊热液区不同热液产物稀土元素(REE)进行了分析,探讨了热液产物形成过程中稀土元素组成变化及其来源。研究结果表明:不同热液产物稀土元素总量变化范围从3.47×10-7到4.80×10-5,轻重稀土比值(LREE/HREE)从2.06到6.16,表明轻重稀土有较大程度分异,δEu异常(δEu=0.86~3.88)和δCe异常(δCe=0.40~0.86)显示热液产物中REE呈Eu富集和Ce亏损特征。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式呈现两种类型:(1)呈轻微富集LREE的平坦模式,REE大于2×10-5;(2)呈显著富集LREE和正Eu异常模式,REE小于5×10-7。模式1类似于洋壳火山岩REE配分模式,而模式2与西南印度洋中脊黑烟囱REE模式相似,也与典型洋中脊热液喷口流体和硫化物LREE富集和正Eu异常模式类似。热液产物中稀土元素含量变化和模式特征以及Mg与LREE极强正相关关系可能反映了西南印度洋中脊硫化物形成在热液流体与海水混合沉淀的初始阶段,后期经历了广泛的热液流体再循环和海水蚀变过程。     

Ferromanganese Nodules and their Associated Sediments from the Central Indian Ocean Basin: Rare Earth Element Geochemistry

The rare earth element (REE) distribution in nine deep-sea ferromanganese nodules and their associated siliceous sediments from the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) have been studied to elucidate the REE relationship among them. Total REE concentration varies from 398-928 ppm in the nodules and 137-235 ppm in the associated sediments, suggesting two- to four-fold enrichment in the nodules compared to associated sediments. REE of nodules and their associated sediments show a positive correlation, suggesting REE are supplied from a common source such as seawater. The positive correlation between REE of nodules and sediments from the CIOB is contrary to the competitive scavenging of REE between nodules and sediment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. REEs in the nodules are carried by Fe, P, and Ti, whereas in the sediment they are carried by P and Mn phases. A similar REE fractionation pattern with middle REE enrichment over heavy and light REE in both the nodules and their associated sediment suggest fractionation is independent of REE abundance and their carrier phases.     

厦门湾底栖生物稀土元素的含量及其分布与环境意义

用ICP-MS法测定了厦门湾及邻近海域底栖大型藻类、软体动物、节肢动物中15种稀土元素的含量,研究了底栖生物稀土元素的组成及其分布与生态环境意义.结果表明,大型藻类稀土含量介于0.780～49.1μg/g,其中绿藻类的稀土总量最高,平均为24.3μg/g.软体动物稀土元素含量在0.365～21.6μg/g,以双壳类的稀土总量最高,平均为12.9μg/g.节肢动物稀土元素含量最低,范围是0.154～0.807μg/g.各类底栖生物的稀土配分特征总体上都表现为轻稀土元素的富集,其中铈、镧、钕在总稀土元素中所占的比例较高.多数底栖生物的北美页岩归一化稀土元素分布模式具4分组效应,但不同类别之间存在一定差异.底栖生物稀土元素含量及其分布模式表现出种类之间及地理分布上的差异,这对生态环境监测中种类的选取具有重要指导意义.     

Ferromanganese Nodules and their Associated Sediments from the Central Indian Ocean Basin: Rare Earth Element Geochemistry

Abstract

The rare earth element (REE) distribution in nine deep-sea ferromanganese nodules and their associated siliceous sediments from the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) have been studied to elucidate the REE relationship among them. Total REE concentration varies from 398–928 ppm in the nodules and 137–235 ppm in the associated sediments, suggesting two- to four-fold enrichment in the nodules compared to associated sediments. REE of nodules and their associated sediments show a positive correlation, suggesting REE are supplied from a common source such as seawater. The positive correlation between REE of nodules and sediments from the CIOB is contrary to the competitive scavenging of REE between nodules and sediment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. REEs in the nodules are carried by Fe, P, and Ti, whereas in the sediment they are carried by P and Mn phases. A similar REE fractionation pattern with middle REE enrichment over heavy and light REE in both the nodules and their associated sediment suggest fractionation is independent of REE abundance and their carrier phases.     

马来半岛彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物稀土元素特征及其物源示踪

通过对马来半岛东部彭亨河28个站位和吉兰丹河22个站位表层沉积物进行稀土元素（REE）测试，对比分析了稀土元素的组成特征和分布规律，探讨了稀土元素组成的控制因素和物源示踪意义。结果表明，彭亨河沉积物稀土元素含量介于24.88～304.29 μg/g之间，平均含量为165.22 μg/g，吉兰丹河沉积物中稀土元素含量介于126.02～281.40 μg/g之间，平均值为181.15 μg/g。彭亨河大部分沉积物上陆壳(UCC)标准化模式为重稀土相对轻稀土富集，吉兰丹河沉积物轻重稀土无明显分异。沉积物源岩和矿物组成对两条河流的REE组成起到了重要的控制作用，化学风化对彭亨河REE组成的影响大于吉兰丹河，而彭亨河沉积物粒度组成显著差异也导致了其REE含量变化范围更大。δEu_UCC-(Gd/Yb)_UCC关系图中彭亨河和吉兰丹河沉积物分区明显，表明其可作为定性判别两条河流来源的有效指标，并可用于海区沉积物来源的示踪和定量识别。     

Rare earth elements in suspended and bottom sediments of the Mandovi estuary, central west coast of India: Influence of mining

Rare earth elements (REEs) in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) of the Mandovi estuary indicated that the mean total-REEs (∑REE) and light REE to heavy REE ratios are lower than that of the average suspended sediment in World Rivers and Post-Archean average Australian shale. High ∑REE were associated with high SPM/low salinity and also with high SPM/high salinity. Although the ∑REE broadly agree with SPM levels at each station, their seasonal distributions along transect are different. SPM increased seaward in the estuary both during the monsoon and pre-monsoon, but consistently low at all stations during the post-monsoon. The mean ∑REE decreased marginally seaward and was <25% at sea-end station than at river-end station. Spatial variations in ∑REE are maximum (64%) during the pre-monsoon. Strong to moderate correlation of ∑REE with Al, Fe and Mn in all seasons indicates adsorption and co-precipitation of REEs with aluminosilicate phases and Fe, Mn-oxyhydroxides. The ratio of mean ∑REE in sediment/SPM is low during the monsoon (1.27), followed by pre-monsoon (1.5) and post-monsoon (1.62). The middle REE- and heavy REE-enriched patterns with positive Ce and Eu anomalies are characteristic at every station and season, both in SPM and sediment. They also exhibit tetrad effect with distinct third and fourth tetrads. Fe-Mn ore dust is the most dominant source for REEs. However, the seasonal changes in the supply of detrital silicates, Fe-Mn ore dust and particulates resuspended from bottom sediments diluted the overall effect of salinity on fractionation and distribution of REEs in the estuary.     

Distribution of rare earth elements and neodymium isotopes in suspended particles of the tropical Atlantic Ocean (EUMELI site)

We analyzed the REE, Mn and Al concentrations and Nd isotopic ratios in marine suspensions collected on filters (0.65 μm porosity) with in situ pumping systems in the tropical northeastern Atlantic (20°N, 18–31°W). Previously we reported the same parameters on large sinking particles collected with moored sediment traps at the sites. Shale-normalized REE patterns of the filtered suspensions are characterized by a larger light REE (LREE) to heavy REE (HREE) enrichment compared to the trapped material and a Ce anomaly that evolves positively with depth. Depth profiles of REE/Al show maximum values at 50–100 m, where the Mn/Al ratio also reaches a maximum. The profile of the Nd isotopic ratios of the filtered suspensions shows variations similar to those of the seawater. These results suggest that the filtered suspensions preferentially scavenge the LREE, especially Ce, and that the particulate Mn oxides are potential REE carriers. The relationship between the Ce anomaly and the Ce/Al ratio demonstrates that the particulate Ce anomaly is formed by (1) the LREE adsorption onto the particulate Mn oxides in the surface water, (2) Ce(III) oxidation to insoluble Ce(IV)O₂ and (3) preferential desorption of strict trivalent REE from the Mn oxides in deep water. Estimated authigenic Nd contents, using Nd isotopic ratios, decrease with depth. This is consistent with the adsorption of the REE in surface water and their desorption in deep water, suggested by the Ce anomaly formation. All the results show that the suspended particles record more clearly the authigenic REE contribution than the trapped material does. The suspended matter plays a key role in the scavenging of particle-reactive elements.     

Rare earth elements in the phosphatic-enriched sediment of the Peru shelf

Apatite-enriched materials from the Peru shelf have been analyzed for their major oxide and rare earth element (REE) concentrations. The samples consist of (1) the fine fraction of sediment, mostly clay material, (2) phosphatic pellets and fish debris, which are dispersed throughout the fine-grained sediment, (3) tabular-shaped phosphatic crusts, which occur within the uppermost few centimeters of sediment, and (4) phosphatic nodules, which occur on the seafloor. The bulk REE concentrations of the concretions suggest that these elements are partitioned between the enclosed detrital material and the apatite fraction. Analysis of the fine-grained sediment with which the samples are associated suggested that this detrital fraction in the concretions should have shale REE values; the analysis of the fish debris suggested that the apatite fraction might have seawater values. The seawater contribution of REE's is negligible in the nodules and crust, in which the apatite occurs as a fine-grained interstitial cement. That is, the concentration of REE's and the REE patterns are predominantly a function of the amount of enclosed fine-grained sediment. By contrast, the REE pattern of the pelletal apatite suggests a seawater source and the absolute REE concentrations are relatively high. The REE/P₂O₅ ratios of the apatite fraction of these samples thus vary from approximately zero (in the case of the crust and nodules) to as much as approximately 1.2 × 10⁻³ (in the case of the pellets). The range of this ratio suggests that rather subtle variations in the depositional environment might cause a significant variation in the REE content of this authigenic fraction of the sediment.

Pelletal glauconite was also recovered from one sediment core. Its REE concentrations closely resemble those of the fish debris.     

广东近岸海湾表层沉积物的稀土元素特征及其物源示踪

本文对广东省近岸10个典型海湾的表层沉积物进行了系统的稀土元素(rare earth elements,REE)测试和分析,以期发现沉积物的物源组成特征及其控制因素。研究结果表明,同一海湾内沉积物的稀土丰度差异不明显,但不同海湾之间具有一定的差别(133.58—251.77mg.kg 1)。球粒陨石标准化配分曲线表现出轻稀土(La到Eu)富集、重稀土(Gd到Lu)亏损、δEu负异常等典型的陆源沉积物特征;PAAS(Post-Archean Australian Shale)标准化配分模式显示出明显的中稀土(Sm到Ho)富集特征,与已报道的国内河流沉积物REE特征相似。海湾沉积物与入海河流沉积物及流域内的原岩组成特征的比较说明,后者对海湾沉积物的控制作用明显。REE配分曲线的一致性和中稀土富集特征表明海湾沉积物主要来自汇入海湾的山溪及河流输入的沉积物。     

东海内陆架泥质区表层沉积物稀土元素的分布特征

通过对东海内陆架泥质区30个表层沉积物样品中的稀土元素、主微量元素、TOC、CaCO3、沉积物粒度进行了分析,讨论了影响稀土元素分布的原因。结果显示东海内陆架中ΣREEs为182.8～221μg/g,均值为206.5μg/g,明显高于黄土、黄河及雅鲁藏布江中稀土元素的含量,与长江、瓯江中稀土元素含量接近。稀土元素的球粒陨石标准化配分模式及(La/Yb)N比值显示,轻稀土显著富集,存在显著的δEu异常。稀土元素上地壳标准化配分模式显示稀土元素与上地壳之间不存在显著的分馏,稀土元素存在显著的"四分性"。稀土元素与粒径、有机质、CaCO3之间不存在相关性,表明研究区中稀土元素含量不受上述3个因素的控制。元素比值及稀土元素上地壳标准化配分模式显示研究区稀土元素主要源于长江。