川东华蓥山二叠系／三叠系界线附近粘土层中粘土矿物的类型及成因

对川东华蓥山二叠系／三叠系界线附近粘土层中的粘土矿物进行野外采样和室内X射线衍射分析,结果表明,这些粘土矿物主要由规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石组成,其中1个样品可能舍有少量不规则混层绿泥石-蒙脱石等粘土矿物。总地看来．该界线粘土层中的规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石中伊利石层的含量自下而上呈现减少的趋势,平均含量约83％,所经历的最大古地温在125-150℃之间。这些粘土矿物的构成和特征与前人在华南其他地区相同层位取得的成果总体上具有较好的一致性．显示了该粘土层成因的相同性及所具有的等时意义。不同地区粘土矿物构成的差异性（如高岭石的存在与含量）可能与二叠系／三叠系界线不整合的存在与否或间断时间有关,规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石的混层比则与埋藏历史和沉积-沉积期后的流体介质有关。     

黔西滇东地区浅海、滨海及海陆交互相二叠系-三叠系界线附近粘土岩研究

对黔西滇东地区的贵州普定高窝、贵州六枝中寨和云南宣威密德3条剖面二叠系三叠系界线附近粘土岩的大山物源成因和界线地质意义进行研究发现:在界线粘土岩中，其主要粘土矿物均为伊／蒙混层矿物，见少量高岭石、伊利石或绿泥石；碎屑物质中有六方双锥石英、锆石、长石等与火山活动有关的物质。推断该地区在晚二叠世晚期早三叠世早期至少经历一至两次强烈的火山作用，并且有多个火山喷发源。界线粘土岩中火山物质的富集与贫乏可能与剖面离火山喷发源的远近有关。粘土岩物源物质的成因均为火山喷发，火山灰伴随正常沉积物沉积而形成即凝灰沉积而形成，与华南大部分地区二叠系三叠系界线粘土岩的物源成因是一致的。     

黔西威宁岔河陆相二叠系-三叠系界线粘土岩研究--基于X射线衍射、扫描电镜分析

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等分析方法,对黔西威宁岔河陆相剖面二叠系-三叠系界线附近的粘土岩进行了研究.在界线粘土岩中,粘土矿物组合为伊-蒙混层矿物 蒙脱石 绿泥石;碎屑物质中有六方双锥石英和锆石,无球粒;多种化学成分在界线粘土岩中出现了异常.据此得出岔河剖面的二叠系-三叠系事件地层界线确定在第66f层比较合适;第66f和68a这两层粘土岩为此剖面的界线粘土岩;自第66f层底部至第68a层顶部这一段地层为二叠系-三叠系的界线层(组);界线粘土岩的成因可能是由于火山喷发、火山灰降落伴随正常沉积物沉积形成的.     

岩浆母质对蚀变粘土矿物的约束:以贵州新民剖面P-T界线附近火山灰层为例

目前对于粘土层中伊蒙混层矿物的堆垛结构、单元层含量与岩浆母质及环境条件关系的了解等,仍然十分匮乏.一定沉积环境下火山灰层中粘土矿物组合、以及伊蒙混层堆垛方式精细结构特征,可能记录了沉积(包括成岩作用) 环境对火山物质蚀变产物的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、元素地球化学分析、氧同位素分析方法等方法,对贵州新民深海相二叠系-三叠系(P-T) 界线附近蚀变火山灰层的地球化学特征、粘土矿物精细结构特征等进行了深入研究.结果表明,4个火山灰粘土层均含有2种具有R3结构、不同混层比的伊蒙混层矿物相,且均出现粘土矿物集合体取代原先的火山碎屑颗粒或在颗粒表面生长的现象,粘土矿物形成于沉积-成岩阶段因而其泥质结构被保留;样品XM-5-1和XM-5-2的Fe3+原子数分别为0.16和0.17个且具有明显Eu负异常和较低的K₂O含量,而XM-5-3和XM-5-4的Fe3+原子数均为0.14个,说明相对于前2个粘土层,后2个的岩浆母质更加偏向酸性而表现为成岩蚀变程度更强.粘土矿物的氧同位素组成为17.3‰~18.1‰,与常温下蒙脱石与海水的平衡数值相近,表明粘土矿物化学组成与海底成岩蚀变环境有关,而不同火山灰层的粘土矿物学特征则主要取决于岩浆岩母质以及成岩蚀变强度.      

广西东攀剖面二叠系顶部粘土矿物特征及古气候意义

对广西东攀剖面二叠系顶部20个样品中的粘土矿物进行X射线衍射分析。伊利石结晶度值显示这些样品形成于中晚成岩带的地质环境;伊利石、蒙脱石纵向分布规律和伊利石结晶度与伊利石含量的关系表明伊利石除陆源碎屑来源外,可能有部分为蒙脱石伊利石化而成;伊利石结晶度变化曲线和伊蒙混层类型的变化规律表明,本区粘土矿物组合与含量的变化除受到后期成岩作用的影响外,还明显地受沉积因素的控制;伊利石结晶度、伊利石化学指数、高岭石和伊利石的含量、伊蒙混层类型显示东攀剖面以9、10层界线上方5cm为界,古气候由干冷变为湿暖;水介质由偏碱性向酸性转变。     

湖北兴山大峡口浅海相二叠系-三叠系界线附近粘土岩研究

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱等鉴定分析方法,对湖北兴山大峡口剖面二叠系—三叠系界线附近的8层粘土岩研究发现,各层粘土岩中的主要粘土矿物均为伊/蒙混层矿物,并且各层中均含有数量不等的六方双锥石英和黄铁矿,非粘土矿物为石膏,个别层位中还含有粘土微球粒。该8层粘土岩均为火山物源成因,联系相应的火山事件记录表明该地区在二叠系—三叠系之交经历了多次火山活动。这些火山事件与同时段牙形石的绝灭和延缓复苏呈现一致性。频繁的火山活动是造成二叠纪—三叠纪之交生物及生态系重大转折的主导事件之一。     

贵州花溪P-T界线附近粘土矿物结构及成因意义

为了揭示贵州花溪区海相P-T界线附近粘土岩的成因及物质来源,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及差示扫描量热法(DSC),对粘土层中粘土矿物的精细结构进行了深入的研究.结果表明,样品中的粘土矿物共有两种物质来源.样品YN06质地致密,粘土颗粒具有一定的定向性,主要粘土矿物成分为伊利石和少量绿泥石.粘土矿物颗粒具有不规则的轮廓及参差不齐的边缘;样品脱羟基反应温度为590℃,表明样品中的伊利石主要为tv结构,来源于陆地机械风化作用.其余五件样品主要粘土矿物为伊蒙规则混层和伊利石以及少量蒙脱石、绿泥石,脱羟基温度均大于600℃,表明样品中的粘土矿物主要以cv结构为主,含有少量的tv结构,指示粘土岩主要来源于火山物质的蚀变并伴随部分陆源碎屑物质沉积形成.     

徐水五香坡粘土中混合层矿物的研究

五香坡粘土是由石英钠长斑岩风化而成的一种粘土。该粘土主要由高岭石、蒙脱石和伊利石组成,而且伴生了少量的混合层粘土矿物。混合层粘土矿物通过用乙二醇处理与加热至520℃(1.5h)后的X射线衍射鉴定,它们是伊利石-蒙脱石规则混合层矿物和伊利石/蒙脱石不规则混合层矿物。在粘土中发现了混合层粘土矿物,这为伊利石和蒙脱石之间的转变提供了依据。     

贵州绿豆岩中粘土矿物特征及其成因探讨

本文应用Ｘ射线衍射、红外光谱、差热分析，电子显微镜、化学分析、沉积相分析等方法，详细研究了贵州早、中三叠世间绿豆岩及其粘土矿物组成，确定了贵州绿豆岩中主要粘土矿物为伊利石、蒙脱石、高岭和伊利石／蒙脱石混层矿物。由于各地沉积环境和成岩条件的差异，分别形成伊利石粘土岩、蒙脱石粘土岩和高岭石粘土岩。探讨了绿豆及其粘土矿物的形成机理，为绿豆岩的开发利用提供了系统的新资料。     

安徽宣城红土剖面中粘土矿物过渡相及其意义

为研究长江中下游红土剖面中粘土矿物的特征及其成因意义, 对安徽宣城红土剖面中粘土矿物进行深入、系统的X射线衍射分析.结果表明, 宣城剖面各土壤层中粘土矿物成分基本一致, 主要为蛭石、伊利石、高岭石, 以及粘土矿物过渡相. 由采自剖面上部样品的X射线衍射图可知, 经乙二醇饱和后7 ?衍射峰可分解为7.15、7.60和7.92 ?三部分, 表明除了高岭石(7.15 ?)外, 还存在高岭晶层含量分别为~80%和~95%的2种高岭-蒙脱石过渡相, 并以前者为主; 剖面下部样品在乙二醇饱和后, 7 ?衍射峰可分解为7.16、7.79和8.35 ?等3个衍射峰, 其中8.35 ?峰衍射强度很小, 表明除了高岭石外, 样品中存在高岭晶层含量为~90%和~43%的高岭-蒙脱石过渡相, 后者含量甚少.甲酰胺饱和结果表明, 高岭-蒙脱石混层粘土矿物相中高岭晶层为埃洛石相.加热试验的衍射图中10 ?衍射峰强度明显增强, 证实高岭相中含有一定数量的来源于绿泥石风化的蒙脱石间层; 而10 ?衍射峰的低角度一侧没有出现拖尾现象, 则指示高岭-蒙脱石混层矿物中的蒙脱石不是简单的羟基间层蒙脱石.此外, 红土剖面中还普遍出现过渡性粘土矿物伊利石-蒙脱石混层和伊利石-蛭石混层粘土矿物.大量过渡性粘土矿物相的出现, 从成土作用的角度上说明红土沉积物经历了沉积-风化、以及多期风化作用叠加, 而且在沉积-风化成土过程中, 气候环境变化于强烈化学风化的温暖、季节性干旱和强烈风化淋滤的温暖而更加潮湿的条件.蛭石-伊利石混层粘土矿物仅发育于红土剖面上部, 表明总体上剖面上部的化学风化程度低于剖面下部.      

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。