青藏高原南部乌郁盆地渐新世—上新世地层沉积相分析

青藏高原南部乌郁盆地是欧亚与印度板块碰撞以来冈底斯山隆升最具代表性的盆地之一,也是青藏高原南部较大的新生代残留盆地之一。沉积盆地中保存着完整的渐新世—早更新世连续沉积记录,自下而上由古新世—始新世林子宗群（典中组、年波组和帕那组）、渐新世—中新世日贡拉组、中新世芒乡组、来庆组、上新世—早更新世乌郁群（乌郁组、达孜组）,总厚度大于4180m。林子宗群为一套中—酸性钙碱性火山岩系,夹紫红色砂岩、砾岩及粉砂岩。日贡拉组主要为紫红色砂岩、砾岩,夹少量火山熔岩及酸性火山凝灰岩,为一套山间盆地沉积。芒乡组为灰色、深灰色泥岩、砂岩,夹煤和油页岩,为湖泊相—前三角洲相—沼泽相。来庆组为一套褐色安山岩、火山碎屑岩。乌郁组是一套碎屑岩,颜色呈灰色、灰褐色,夹煤及油页岩,为山间盆地辫状河—湖泊—沼泽沉积。达孜组是一套黄褐色砾岩、砂砾岩、砂岩,夹少量泥岩,发育铁质结核,为辫状河沉积。沉积相分析表明具有明显的古新世—始新世林子宗群（典中组、年波组和帕那组）、渐新世—中新世日贡拉组—芒乡组、中新世来庆组—上新世乌郁组、上新世—早更新世达孜组四个阶段式隆升—剥蚀过程。从芒乡组的潮湿炎热的气候转变为乌郁组的干燥凉爽,显然与青藏高原隆升密切相关。乌郁盆地渐新世—早更新世沉积相分析对于研究青藏高原隆升和油气等能源均具有重要意义。      

西藏西部昂拉仁错地区多桑地堑带芒乡组的特征及时代

详细描述了西藏昂拉仁错地区多桑地堑带中的芒乡组地层剖面。讨论了芒乡组的岩性组合特征、地层接触关系和沉积环境。芒乡组自下而上由冲积扇→河流→湖泊沉积构成一完整的沉积旋回。岩性岩相的横向变化不明显,略显东粗西细的变化特征,说明物源区主要为地堑东侧的地垒断隆带。首次在多桑地堑芒乡组中采获了较丰富的双壳及植物化石,并建立为Psilunio stoliczkai-Rhododendron cf.namalingense组合带。依据该生物组合带的时限并结合砂岩ESR年龄值将芒乡组归于中新统。     

西藏南木林乌郁盆地中新世植物化石层位及相关地层问题

西藏中部的南木林县乌郁盆地属于新生代山间盆地,新近纪沉积发育完整,富含植物和孢粉化石,在研究青藏高原隆升及植被—气候演化中具有重要意义。我们对Spicer等(2003)研究层位进行了孢粉分析,发现这里的孢粉组合总体是以桦科花粉占统治地位、同时又含有大量的松科花粉和丰富的蕨类孢子,明显不同于宋之琛、刘金陵(1982)所报道的以山毛榉科高含量为特征的孢粉植物群。这一发现与李浩敏、郭双兴(1976)指出的芒乡组内存在两个不同的植物化石组合的意见一致。不仅如此,综合已知的植物和孢粉资料,芒乡组甚至可能含有三个植物化石组合(层位),即下部以桦科含量丰富的组合、中部以高山栎—高山绣线菊高含量为特征的组合、以及上部以单子叶草本植物和松科为主的组合。根据植物和孢粉化石资料以及放射性同位素年代数据,芒乡组时代应属于早中新世到中中新世早期。另一方面,长期以来乌郁盆地的地层命名系统相当繁乱,在实际应用中存在许多同义不同名或同名不同义现象,盆地名称也莫衷一是,给后人的研究带来了种种不便甚至误解。参照地层规范并结合近年来化石和放射性同位素年龄数据等新的研究进展对乌郁盆地新生界地层系统进行了梳理,明确了各地层单元的名称、涵义和时代,自下而上的序列为:日贡拉组(渐新世,上部可能进入中新世)、芒乡组(早中新世晚期至中中新世早期,约18~15 Ma)、来庆组(中中新世晚期至晚中新世早期,主体年龄为15~8 Ma)、乌郁群(晚中新世至上新世,8~2.5 Ma,不排除顶部进入更新世的可能)。     

一种新的地质地貌景观类型——西藏札达盆地古格地貌的特征与成因初探

札达盆地位于西藏西南边陲,构造上处于喜马拉雅断块挠起带头部内侧,呈NW—SE走向,长约1000km,宽约70km,总面积约40000km2,海拔约4500m。盆地中地层呈明显的二元结构特征。基底岩石为三叠纪—侏罗纪灰岩、砂岩和板岩,盖层为上新世—早更新世早期沉积的固结和半固结岩石,因受喜马拉雅断块挠起运动的影响,形成NW、NE和近EW、SN向等多组节理裂隙。晚新生代以来,盆地上升,在构造节理的主导下,穿越盆地的象泉河及其支流对岩石地层进行侵蚀、切割,在雨水的淋蚀、寒冻风化的剥蚀作用下,逐渐形成现今大小不同和形态奇特的半固结砂泥岩塔林地貌景观—古格地貌,这是中国地质地貌景观的一种新类型。     

滇西南腾冲地块新构造运动阶段初步划分

滇西南腾冲地块中部的梁河盆地地层出露较好,阶梯状地貌发育,并有多期火山活动,是开展新构造研究的良好地点。综合地表调查与年代学研究结果发现,该盆地主要发育新近纪南林组与芒棒组和第四纪地层,各时代地层的沉积及变形特征都明显不同,其中最早的盆地沉积南林组地层的固结及变形程度高;芒棒组的固结及变形程度则稍差;第四纪地层没有固结或弱固结,且基本无变形。该区在地貌上共发育7级阶(台)地,各级地貌面主要形成于早更新世以来。该区的火山活动至少包括3.5~5.0Ma、2.3~2.9Ma、1.0~1.5Ma及0.5~0.7Ma四期。综合梁河盆地中地层、地貌、火山等方面的新构造运动标志,将腾冲地块的新构造运动初步划分为3个阶段:15Ma之前,盆地开始断陷,南林组沉积及掀斜变形;25~2Ma,盆地进一步扩张,芒棒组沉积及掀斜变形,并伴随火山活动;32Ma以来,盆地萎缩抬升,形成多级台地及阶地,并伴随多期火山活动。     

四川省甘孜州白玉县嘎衣穷矿区花岗斑岩的特征及其指示意义

<正>1矿区地质背景嘎衣穷多金属矿位于赠科盆地中,地理位置属于四川省甘孜州白玉县城北东40 km处,为铅、锌、银、铜多金属矿。地质构造上位于松播—甘孜褶皱系西缘,义敦岛弧带中部,德格—乡城主弧带北段。出露地层为上三叠统呷村组和勉戈组,呷村组主要为砂质板岩及中—酸性火山岩,夹灰岩及部分基性火山岩;勉戈组以砂岩、板岩及酸性火山岩为主,局部夹少量基性火山岩。     

云南陇川含油气盆地地层层序划分及地层时代探讨

陇川盆地为北东－南西向的断陷盆地。对盆地钻井岩心和地表露头剖面的沉积旋回、岩矿标志、孢粉组合及测井资料的研究，将盆地地层分为五个层序；层序１及２为芒棒组，层序３、４、５为南林组。南林组地质时代为中新世，芒棒组地质时代为上新世。孢粉组合反映出盆地古气候为热带－亚热带背景下的时凉时干的特点。     

滇西芒市盆地芒棒组软岩的水文、工程地质 特征及其对工程的影响 ——以芒究煤矿为例

滇西芒市盆地是在喜马拉雅构造运动第Ⅱ幕基础上形成的陆相沉积盆地,该盆地中的上新世芒棒组为河湖相沉积体系。根据矿区钻孔资料,芒棒组在工程地质岩组划分上属半固结软岩,可分为砂岩-砂砾岩软弱岩组、粉砂岩软弱岩组和炭质泥岩-煤层软弱岩组3类,各岩组强度依次为P砂-砾＜P粉砂＜P泥-炭。煤层为低—中灰分（15%~25%）、低硫—中硫（0.5%~2.5%）的半暗淡—半亮褐煤,有一定的自燃性。测井数据和曲线显示,煤层视电阻率中等,放射性异常曲线明显与其它围岩不同;抽水试验结果表明,渗透系数k在0.1~0.01m/d 之间 ,降落漏斗影响半径77~119m,煤矿虽然距离芒市河很近,但却无明显的水力联系,证实芒棒组整体透水性较差。矿山勘探、开采持续时间近50年,已形成了一些采空区和废弃采空区,由于距铁路优选线较远（1.5~2km）,不会对大理-瑞丽铁路建设产生明显的影响。     

一种新的地质地貌景观类型——西藏札达盆地古格地貌的特征与成因初探

札达盆地位于西藏西南边陲,构造上处于喜马拉雅断块挠起带头部内侧,呈NW-SE走向,长约1000km,宽约70km,总面积约40000km2,海拔约4500m.盆地中地层呈明显的二元结构特征.基底岩石为三叠纪-侏罗纪灰岩、砂岩和板岩,盖层为上新世-早更新世早期沉积的固结和半固结岩石,因受喜马拉雅断块挠起运动的影响,形成NW、NE和近EW、SN向等多组节理裂隙.晚新生代以来,盆地上升,在构造节理的主导下,穿越盆地的象泉河及其支流对岩石地层进行侵蚀、切割,在雨水的淋蚀、寒冻风化的剥蚀作用下,逐渐形成现今大小不同和形态奇特的半固结砂泥岩塔林地貌景观-古格地貌,这是中国地质地貌景观的一种新类型.     

一种新的地质地貌景观类型——西藏札达盆地古格地貌的特征与成因初探

札达盆地位于西藏西南边陲,构造上处于喜马拉雅断块挠起带头部内侧,呈NW-SE走向,长约1000km,宽约70km,总面积约40000km2,海拔约4500m.盆地中地层呈明显的二元结构特征.基底岩石为三叠纪-侏罗纪灰岩、砂岩和板岩,盖层为上新世-早更新世早期沉积的固结和半固结岩石,因受喜马拉雅断块挠起运动的影响,形成NW、NE和近EW、SN向等多组节理裂隙.晚新生代以来,盆地上升,在构造节理的主导下,穿越盆地的象泉河及其支流对岩石地层进行侵蚀、切割,在雨水的淋蚀、寒冻风化的剥蚀作用下,逐渐形成现今大小不同和形态奇特的半固结砂泥岩塔林地貌景观-古格地貌,这是中国地质地貌景观的一种新类型.     

新疆其木干剖面新近纪沉积序列与西昆仑隆升的耦合

位于西昆仑山前塔西南地区的其木干剖面发育连续完整的新近纪地层,总厚1831.3m.从古近系—新近系的微角度不整合接触界面向上依次出现中新统乌恰群的克孜洛依组、安居安组和帕卡布拉克组,上新统的阿图什组和西域组底部.其木干剖面克孜洛依组至阿图什组整体为1个二级层序,可划分为9个三级层序.通过细致分析沉积相与层序发育特征,揭...     

宁夏中南部中新世构造活动的地质证据及其意义

通过区域性新生界的对比及不整合面分布的研究,发现宁夏地区中新世曾发生过两次构造运动,一次发生于早中新世,另一次发生于中中新世晚期,但以后者明显,分布也最广。其中前者集中在六盘山以西地区,后者分布在查汗布拉格—三关口—青铜峡—固原(查-固)断裂沿线。宁夏中北部大部分红柳沟组是在受中新世构造运动影响的环境下沉积的。发生于早中新世的构造运动集中体现在六盘山以西的地区和甘肃部分地区,该期运动使渐新统清水营组变形,由于这些现象多发生于海原断裂附近,因此推测在早中新世海原断裂就可能已活动了。而发生于中中新世晚期的运动体现在如下几个方面,在贺兰山中南段西侧发现了中中新世晚期的逆冲推覆活动,堆积了厚度较大的同构造沉积(红柳沟组);在查-固断裂沿线发现了由于中中新世晚期的构造活动而形成的红柳沟组与清水营组之间的角度不整合面,这些说明在该期青藏高原的变形前锋已到达查-固断裂,也就是鄂尔多斯西缘地区,早新生代盆地因此解体;与此同时盆地内部红柳沟组向上逐渐变粗,也说明中中新世晚期较强烈的构造运动已影响到了该区,香山地区开始隆起并分割了早先的盆地,使之成为背驮盆地。宁夏中南部并入到青藏高原东北缘逆冲构造楔之中,该逆冲构造楔中新世向北东扩展的原因可能是由于高原北部在同期显著的隆升运动使得逆冲楔顶角超过临界值,而向前扩展的,查-固断裂是早期类似于目前海原断裂的青藏高原变形前缘,整个高原东北部的扩展并不是前展式,而是一种没有特定顺序的变形。上述这些现象否定了前人认为宁夏地区第三系的变形发生在上新世末期—更新世以后的观点。     

先锋盆地小龙潭组巨厚煤层煤相特征

通过２９个煤样的显微组分观察和定量分析,结合氯仿沥青“Ａ”族组分分析和饱和烃气相色谱分析,对先锋盆地上第三系中新统小龙潭组（Ｎ１ｘ）巨厚煤层的煤相特征进行了研究。结果表明该厚煤层形成期间泥炭沼泽经历了一次大的由浅变深、又由深变浅的水深变化,总体上属于低位沼泽。该厚煤层具有以陆生高等植物为主、以水生高等植物为辅的混合生源,山间盆地优越的气候水文条件、良好的聚集场所和充足的成煤原始物质最终在中新世早期稳定下沉的泥炭沼泽环境中形成了巨厚煤层     

Sedimentary characteristics of Cenozoic strata in central-southern Ningxia,NW China: Implications for the evolution of the NE Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Cenozoic sedimentary deposits in central-southern Ningxia province, NW China are an important record of Tertiary tectonic events along the evolving Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau’s northeast margin. Shortly after the onset of the Indo-Eurasia collision to the south, a thrust belt and adjoining foreland basin began to form during 40–30 Ma. The Eocene Sikouzi Formation developed in a distal setting to this basin, in normal fault-bound basins that may have formed in a forebulge setting. Subsequent deposition of the Oligocene Qingshuiying Formation occurred during a phase of apparently less intense tectonism and the previous underfilled foreland basin became overfilled. During the Early Miocene, contractional deformation was mainly distributed to the west of the Liupan Shan. This resulted in deformation of the Qingshuiying Formation as indicated by an unconformity with the overlying Miocene Hongliugou Formation. The unconformity occurs proximal to the Haiyuan Fault suggesting that the Haiyuan Fault may have begun movement in the Early Miocene. In the Late Miocene, thrusting occurred west of the southern Helan Shan and an unconformity developed between the Hongliugou and Qingshuiying Formations proximal to the the Cha-Gu Fault. Relationships between the Miocene stratigraphy and major faults in the region imply that during the Late Miocene the deformation front of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau had migrated to the Cha-Gu Fault along the western Ordos Margin, and the Xiang Shan was uplifted. Central-southern Ningxia was then incorporated into the northeast propagating thrust wedge. The driving force for NE propagation of the thrust wedge was most likely pronounced uplift of the northeastern plateau at the same time. Analysis of the sedimentary record coupled with consideration of the topographic evolution of the region suggests that the evolving fold-and-thrust belt experienced both forward-breaking fold-and-thrust belt development, and out-of-sequence fault displacements as the thrust wedge evolved and the foreland basin became compartmentalised. The documented sedimentary facies and structural relationship also place constraints on the Miocene-Recent evolution of the Yellow River and its tributaries.     

Miocene formations and NE-trending right-lateral strike–slip tectonism in Thrace,northwest Turkey: geodynamic implications

In the Thrace Peninsula, Neogene units were deposited in two areas, the Enez Basin in the south and the Thrace Basin in the north. In the southwesternmost part of the peninsula, upper lower–lower upper Miocene continental to shallow marine clastics of the Enez Formation formed under the influence of the Aegean extensional regime. During the last stage of the transpressional activity of the NW-trending right-lateral strike–slip Balkan–Thrace Fault, which had controlled the initial early middle Eocene deposition in the Thrace Basin, a mountainous region extending from Bulgaria eastwards to the northern Thrace Peninsula of Turkey developed. A river system carried erosional clasts of the metamorphic basement southwards into the limnic depositional areas of the Thrace Basin during middle Miocene time. Deposition of fluvial, lacustrine, and terrestrial strata of the Ergene Formation, which conformably and transitionally overlie the Enez Formation, began in the late middle Miocene in the southwest part and in the late Miocene in the north‐northeast part of the basin. Activity along the NE-trending right-lateral strike–slip faults (the Xanthi–Thrace Fault Zone) extending from northeast Greece northeastwards through the Thrace Peninsula of Turkey to the southern shelf of the western Black Sea Basin began during the middle Miocene in the northern Aegean, at the beginning of the late Miocene in the southwest part, and at the end of the late Miocene in the northeast part of the Thrace region. Although the Neogene deposits in the Thrace Basin were evaluated as the products of a northerly fault, our data indicate that the NW-trending northerly fault zone became effective only during the initial stage of the basin development. The later stage deposition in the basin was controlled by the NE-trending Xanthi–Thrace Fault Zone, and the deposits of this basin progressively evolved north/northeastwards during the late Miocene. During the late early Miocene–late Miocene interval, extension within the Thrace region was part of the more regional Aegean extensional realm, but from latest Miocene time, it has been largely decoupled from the Aegean extensional realm to the south.     

Tectonic Control of the Volcano-Sedimentary Sequence of the Chapala Graben,Western Mexico

The Chapala graben forms part of a regional system of intra-arc and half-grabens located along the western and central portions of the Mexican Volcanic Belt. Results of a stratigraphic and tectonic study of the thick, widespread volcano-sedimentary sequence around the Chapala graben are reported. The study has concentrated on the distribution of lacustrine deposits and on the stratigraphy, geochronology, and deformation of the sequence. The volcano-sedimentary record suggests a probable link between the Tepic-Zacoalco and Chapala grabens through a basin system developed during late Miocene and early Pliocene time. The stratigraphic sections show a southward spatial migration of the basin (and lake) system. The main unit of the volcano-sedimentary succession is the Chapala Formation, which has been affected by northeast tilting, unlike the lacustrine deposits to the east in the Chapala plain (e.g., Ixtlan area), where the sequence is essentially flat lying. Two distinct units with different structural attitudes, separated by an angular unconformity, can be distinguished in the Chapala Formation. Based on differences between the stratigraphic sections and structural attitudes, we propose a model for development of the Chapala graben that involves a combination of left-lateral and extensional deformation, together with volcanic and erosional processes, all of which have contributed to shape the basin. Furthermore, we suggest that Lake Chapala is the remnant of a large Jalisco paleo-lake in west-central Mexico.     

伊朗Kashan地区古近系库姆组层序地层及盆地演化特征

库姆组沉积时期伊朗Kashan地区为中伊朗盆地库姆盆地东南方向的弧后边缘海盆地,以浅海相的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩沉积为主.受构造运动与全球海平面旋回变化控制,大部分地区的库姆组形成了5个三级层序S1～S5,上覆上红组底部蒸发岩层,在这5个三级层序之下,盆地沉降中心位置还可见S0a和S0b层序.对格架中层序地层特征的动态演化分析后认为,Kashan地区在库姆组及其上、下地层沉积时期经历了7次重要的地层演化阶段:低水位充填期、初次海侵期、沉降充填期、孤立泻湖期、再次海侵期、构造抬升期、完全孤立期.     

伊朗Kashan 地区库姆盆地层序地层及沉积体系分布

中伊朗库姆盆地 Kashan(卡山)地区是中国石化海外重要的勘探区块,并首钻ARN-1井成功。该区是始新世中期—中新世中期形成的一个弧后边缘海盆地,其库姆组以浅海相的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩沉积为主。依据野外露头、钻井、测井、地震等资料建立了库姆组层序地层格架,划分为2个二级层序（SS1和SS2）和5个三级层序即S1—S5。并通过层序地层的划分对比分析了该区各层序的沉积体系的演化及展布特征,主要为三次海侵形成三期沉积体系：即S1层序为初次海侵期（A,B段,C1亚段）,S2层序为沉降充填期（C2,C3,C4亚段）,S3—S5再次海侵期（D—E段）。最后探讨了油气勘探意义。     

新疆叶城晚新生代山前盆地演化与高原北缘的隆升—Ⅰ地层学与岩石学证据

叶城晚新生代山前盆地的岩性主要由中新世的细粒泥岩和砂岩（乌恰群）,上新世的砂岩夹薄层砾岩（阿图什组）及上新世－更新世的粗粒砾岩（西域组）构成。中新世的沉积以细颗粒泥砂岩为主,表明物源区较远,古流域坡度较小,搬运距离较长。古流向分析显示物源区位于南和偏南方,此时昆仑山的地势起伏尚不大。到上新世的阿图什组沉积时,开始出现砾石沉积,反映西昆仑山已经开始有规模地隆升。西域砾岩的沉积标志着作为物源区的西昆仑山民有相当的高度,随着山系的隆升,基底岩石被暴露和剥蚀。