发挥政府职能促进震害预测工作——对合肥市长丰县科技局(地震工作办公室)震害预测工作的思考

介绍了合肥市长丰县科技局(地震工作办公室)在加强建设工程抗震设防要求管理过程中,如何拓展服务领域,推进震害预测工作的主要措施和做法,对市县地震主管部门加强一般建设工程抗震设防要求监管的途径进行了探讨.     

浅谈抗震设防管理的实践与体会

结合太原市小店区抗震设防工作的实际,浅谈对小店区各类建设工程进行抗震性能鉴定和抗震加固等工作中取得的经验与成效,进一步明确区防震减灾局做好抗震设防管理的意义。     

对建设工程依法进行抗震设防和地震1安全性评价工作有关问题的探讨

我国是一个地震多发、震灾严重的国家。防御与切实减轻地震灾害是我国一项长期而艰巨的任务。江泽民同志多次指出 ,要切实做好防震减灾工作 ,坚持经济建设同减灾一起抓。党和政府历来高度重视防震减灾工作 ,《防震减灾法》的颁布进一步规范了防震减灾工作的三大工作体系。并在震灾预防这一工作体系中明确提出 :“新建、扩建、改建建设工程 ,必须达到抗震设防要求。”“重大建设工程和可能发生严重次生灾害的建设工程 ,必须进行地震安全性评价 ;并根据地震安全性评价结果 ,确定抗震设防要求 ,进行抗震设防。”实践证明 ,依法加强建设工程抗震…     

建设工程抗震设防工作中的问题及对策

重大建设工程和可能引起严重次生灾害的建设工程,必须依法进行地震安全性评价,并依据评价结果进行设计、施工,这对于提高抗震设防能力,确保经济、社会健康可持续发展和保证人民群众生命财产的安全将发挥重要作用。但是,目前该工作存在许多问题,若不及时加以解决,将直接影响防震减灾工作的整体发展。结合工作实践和体会,提出对策。     

市级地震部门管理抗震设防要求的探索

开展对建设工程抗震设防要求的管理,是在新时期建设防震减灾三大工作体系中必须解决好的问题.山西省晋中市抗震设防要求管理先后依据有关法律法规制定出台了<晋中地区工程建设场地抗震设防标准管理办法><晋中市建设工程抗震设防要求管理办法>等,规范了审批行为,使抗震设防要求管理工作步入了法制化轨道.     

重大建设工程基本自振周期估算方法探讨

在对规范和文献资料的研究和分析的基础上,本文探讨了(超)高层建筑、巨型储油罐、大跨桥梁工程等重大建设工程基本自振周期的估算方法.在工程场地地震安全性评价工作中,可采用本文提供的重大建设工程基本自振周期估算的公式.同时,本文为长周期地震动对工程结构作用的相关参数的合理确定提供了依据.     

执法为民依法治"震"

通过对防震减灾法在实施过程中存在不善于执法和执法不严等问题的分析,提出加强地震行政执法,依法保护全社会各行各业建设工程必须达到抗震设防要求,保证防震减灾工作有序地进行,切实收到减灾成效。笔者拟从端正执法思想,规范执法行为,强化执法监督三方面综述加强地震行政执法力度对防震减灾、造福民众的重要意义。     

认真贯彻防震减灾法规不断提升城市抗震设防管理能力和水平

随着我国防震减灾法律法规的逐步健全和政府对加强公共安全的进一步重视，也给区（县）地震部门依法进行工程设防管理和地震安全性评价工作带来了新的挑战和机遇。重庆市巴南区地震局于2002年经区政府批准进入区行政审批中心，依法履行对建设工程进行抗震设防要求审批的职能，同时将地震行政审批纳入了全区建设领域基本建设管理程序中。     

南华县建设工程抗震设防管理探析

地震是群灾之首,地震灾害不可抗拒,只能防御,建设工程进行合理的抗震设防是震灾预防的关键环节,规范各类建设工程抗震设防管理是社会抵御地震灾害最为有效的途径.对南华县抗震设防管理现状和存在的问题进行深入分析后,提出了进一步规范抗震设防管理的对策意见.     

论如何审核确定抗震设防要求

为使县级以上地震部门做好审核建设工程抗震设防要求工作，介绍了确定抗震设防要求的4个依据、程序、重大重要建设工程的划分依据、活动断裂分类与分级规定等。指出，确定抗震设防要求既是一项法定的行政审批工作，又是一项严谨的科学技术工作。     

地震空区的定量判据

在中国，孕震空间已经比较广泛地应用于地震预报的实践，并多次取得实际预测强震的效果。但经过系统震例研究发现，利用孕震空间预报地震的虚报漏报率比较高。本文运用解决临界相变问题的重正化群方法所求出的孕震空间区可能发生失稳破裂，导致强震发生的判据对孕震空间的危险性作出进一步鉴别，并用突变论方法求解尖拐空变方程，预测孕震空区未来发生强震的时间和震级，并进一步确定孕震空区的危险性。对２６个中国大陆强有的孕震空     

Vadose zone modeling of dispersed waste sites in the framework of an integrated stochastic environmental transport and impacts assessment code for the Hanford Site

The system assessment capability (SAC) is the first total-system stochastic simulator to address inventory distribution, environmental release and transport, and impacts to human health and ecological, economic, and cultural resources from hundreds of radiological and chemical waste disposal sites for the entire Hanford Site in southeast Washington State. Flow and contaminant transport modeling in the vadose zone at 720 individual sites has been integrated into the SAC stochastic software framework using the STOMP code, providing the means to define release to the regional aquifer to support the SAC groundwater transport model. Important features, events, and processes including remedial actions, time-variant natural infiltration rates, and high volume aqueous-phase discharges were addressed in the software and data. A separate data extraction program, VZGRAB, was developed to enable analysts to aggregate vadose zone release data across the hundreds of waste sites in various ways following a SAC simulation to develop an improved understanding of the system performance and uncertainty aspects.     

Sensitivity of runoff and soil erosion to climate change in two Mediterranean watersheds. Part II: assessing impacts from changes in storm rainfall,soil moisture and vegetation cover

The impacts of climate change on storm runoff and erosion in Mediterranean watersheds are difficult to assess due to the expected increase in storm frequency coupled with a decrease in total rainfall and soil moisture, added to positive or negative changes to different types of vegetation cover. This report, the second part of a two‐part article, addresses this issue by analysing the sensitivity of runoff and erosion to incremental degrees of change (from ? 20 to + 20%) to storm rainfall, pre‐storm soil moisture, and vegetation cover, in two Mediterranean watersheds, using the MEFIDIS model. The main results point to the high sensitivity of storm runoff and peak runoff rates to changes in storm rainfall (2·2% per 1% change) and, to a lesser degree, to soil water content (?1·2% per 1% change). Catchment sediment yield shows a greater sensitivity than within‐watershed erosion rates to both parameters: 7·8 versus 4·0% per 1% change for storm rainfall, and ? 4·9 versus ? 2·3% per 1% change for soil water content, indicating an increase in sensitivity with spatial scale due to changes to sediment connectivity within the catchment. Runoff and erosion showed a relatively low sensitivity to changes in vegetation cover. Finally, the shallow soils in one of the catchments led to a greater sensitivity to changes in storm rainfall and soil moisture. Overall, the results indicate that decreasing soil moisture levels caused by climate change could be sufficient to offset the impact of greater storm intensity in Mediterranean watersheds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用接收函数计算地壳各向异性的可靠性分析及倾斜界面的影响*

使用接收函数研究壳幔速度间断面和速度结构已是常用的技术,但介质各向异性或倾斜的莫霍(Moho)界面,都会造成接收函数波形的复杂性。本文利用远震P波接收函数计算台站下方的地壳各向异性,通过信噪比测试和谐波分析两种方法来验证各向异性结果的可靠性。通过甘肃地震台网的两个台站记录,讨论各向异性和倾斜界面对接收函数的影响,结果显示,台站BYT(白银)下方具有各向异性,而台站WYT(渭源)下方由于可能存在倾斜界面,得到的各向异性结果则有待进一步分析。为了更好地认识倾斜界面对各向异性计算结果的影响,采用合成理论地震图,计算接收函数,然后利用合成接收函数进行各向异性分析。结果表明,计算得到的快波方向不会受到倾斜界面的影响,但是时间延迟会受到影响。     

Zircon U–Pb ages from tuff beds of the upper Mesozoic Tetori Group in the Shokawa district,Gifu Prefecture,central Japan†

Abstract The upper Mesozoic Tetori Group contains numerous fossils of plants and marine and non‐marine animals. The group has the potential to provide key information to improve our understanding of the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous biota of East Asia. However, the depositional age of the Tetori Group remains uncertain, and without good age constraints, accurate correlation with other areas is very difficult. As a first step in obtaining reliable ages for the formations within the Tetori Group, we used laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry to measure the U–Pb ages of zircons collected from tuff beds in the Shokawa district, Takayama City, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. The youngest reliable U–Pb ages from the tuff beds of the Ushimaru, Mitarai and Okurodani Formations are 130.2 ± 1.7, 129.8 ± 1.0 and 117.5 ± 0.7 Ma, respectively (errors represent 2 SE). These results indicate that the entire Tetori Group in the Shokawa district, which was previously believed to be correlated to the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous, is in fact correlated to the Lower Cretaceous. The maximum ages of the Ushimaru, Mitarai and Okurodani Formations are late Hauterivian to Barremian, late Hauterivian to Barremian and Barremian to Aptian, respectively.     

Groundwater–surface water interactions,nutrient fluxes and ecological response in river corridors: Translating science into effective environmental management

A summary is provided of the second in a series of Integrated Science Initiative workshops supported by the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme. The workshop brought together hydrologists, ecologists, biogeochemists, hydrogeologists and natural resource managers to discuss the processes that occur in hyporheic and riparian ecotones. The principal objectives were to share new ideas on the importance of biogeochemical processes that affect nutrients at the groundwater–surface water interface, to understand the impact of nutrient flux on stream (principally hyporheic) ecology, and to identify the management strategies for river corridors to mitigate the effects of nutrients applied to land and discharged via groundwater into rivers. The workshop concluded that: (1) more interdisciplinary research and environmental management practices are needed to better understand, predict and manage processes at the interface of environmental compartments; (2) the goal of environmental regulations to improve ecological health requires a holistic approach integrating our understanding of the ecological, hydrological, biogeochemical and physical processes; (3) upscaling spatially and temporally variable processes remains difficult and may hinder translation of research at micro‐scales (molecular to grain size) into macro‐scale (reach to catchment) decision‐making; (4) scientists need to better communicate existing research to river managers, while smanagers must better communicate policy and regulatory‐driven science requirements to researchers. Existing models, such as those that simulate stream–hyporheic exchange, are not widely known and rarely used by environmental managers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Physico‐Chemical and Bacterial Characteristics of Water Quality in Three Villages West of Lake Nasser,Egypt

The present study aims to investigate physico‐chemical and bacterial characteristics of Nasser Lake water and houses drinking water, as well as fish cultures and its wastewater, in three villages west of Lake Nasser, Egypt. Fifteen representative water samples (Nasser Lake, different drinking water, fish cultures, and wastewater sources) were collected from three villages (Garf Hussein, Bashaier, and Kalabsha) in the west of Lake Nasser. Physico‐chemical, total viable counts, and bacterial qualification of water were achieved. The obtained results indicated that the produced water, supposed to be for domestic use in the three villages, contained all the tested organisms. The investigated water samples of the lake and drinking water in the selected three villages are supposed to be chemically safe according to World Health Organization and to Egyptian standards for drinking water. Water pollution index (WPI) was used in this study and the result concluded that for irrigation canals from the lake to the agriculture site, fish cultures (both concrete and earth pond systems), and drainage canal of fish ponds need to be treated before it is discharged to the lake. It is better to reuse it after treatment for agricultural purposes or recycled it to the fish cultures.     

The Burren: a glacial,karstic and biokarstic expression of a limestone plateau in western Ireland

The term glaciokarst describes a landscape where both glacial and karstic processes have contributed to geomorphological evolution and has been applied to a range of environments from the high arctic to the alpine Mediterranean. Nevertheless, glaciokarstic environments globally often exhibit significant variation in geomorphological processes and landforms due to these geographical differences. The Burren, County Clare, Republic of Ireland, is often quoted as a quintessential glaciokarstic landscape. However, the Burren and other similar environments would appear to lean towards one end of the glaciokarst spectrum, where solutional and biological processes have been dominant throughout the Holocene, in contrast to ice‐dominated glaciokarsts where karstic and biokarstic processes are temperature‐limited and cryospheric processes remain the principal geomorphological agents. Holocene landscape evolution and the development of a range of meso‐, micro‐ and nano‐scale karren features on limestone surfaces appears to be largely biokarstic in origin. Karstification of many glacially scoured limestone pavements would have begun under acidic soil cover, with biological soil processes contributing to smooth, rounded cryptokarstic surface forms. Holocene soil erosion is attributed to anthropogenic activity, climatic fluctuations and the evolution of the karstic groundwater system leading to vertical soil loss through widening grikes. Exposed limestone pavements subject to subaerial conditions often exhibit extensive lichen colonization which has been shown to influence the overall rate of karstification and contribute to the development of micro‐ and meso‐scale bioweathering features. Where cryptokarstic features have been exhumed from beneath soil cover, their evolution under subaerial conditions leads to intermediate, polygenetic karren features. In light of our current understanding of the Burren landscape, it is proposed that the term glaciobiokarstic may be a better expression to encompass the biological processes that have played a fundamental role in the evolution of the Burren and similar landscapes, without neglecting the contribution of glacial and inorganic karstic processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integrated assessment for establishing an oil environmental vulnerability map: Case study for the Santos Basin region,Brazil

The growth of maritime transport and oil exploitation activities may increase the risk of oil spills. Thus, plans and actions to prevent or mitigate impacts are needed to minimize the effects caused by oil. However, tools used worldwide to support contingency plans have not been integrated, thus leading to failure in establishing priority areas. This investigation aimed to develop indices of environmental vulnerability to oil (IEVO), by combining information about environmental sensibility to oil and results of numerical modeling of spilled oil. To achieve that, a case study concerning to oil spills scenarios in a subtropical coastal area was designed, and IEVOs were calculated and presented in maps, in order to make the information about the areas’ vulnerability more easily visualized. For summer, the extension of coastline potentially affected by oil was approximately 150 km, and most of the coastline presented medium to high vulnerability. For winter, 230 km coastline would be affected, from which 75% were classified as medium to high vulnerability. Thus, IEVO maps allowed a rapid and clearer interpretation of the vulnerability of the mapped region, facilitating the planning process and the actions in response to an oil spill.     

塔里木盆地地球动力学演化与含油气系统旋回

论述了塔里木盆地的地球动力学演化过程,指出震旦-三叠纪和侏罗-第四纪是两个构造巨旋回．在这类旋回中,盆地经历了由伸展到聚敛的完整发育过程塔里木盆地的演化总体上表现为强伸展-聚敛-微伸展-强聚敛的特点盆地动力学旋回决定了油气的生运聚散过程．提出含油气系统旋口的概念．在分析寒武-奥陶系含油气系统旋回、石炭系-下二叠统含油气系统旋回和侏罗系含油气系统旋回的基础上,指出对含油气系统旋回的形成期与调整再分配期的研究更具实际意义．