黄土地层中CaCO3含量变化与更新世气候旋迴

深海沉积物剖面中CaCO₃含量变化与气候变迁密切相关,冰期时的高,间冰期时的低。若大陆上黄土地层中CaCO₃含量变化也有类似的性质,就更有利于气候长期变迁的海—陆对比以及探讨气候变迁的原因。本文根据陕西洛川黄土地层剖面中110多块样品的分析资料,用相关分析和方差分析,考察CaCO₃含量与黄土、古土壤形成环境的关系,并用频谱分析初步探讨约70万年来气候变迁的周期以及气候变迁的海—陆对比等问题。     

单斜辉石的 X 射线粉末法研究

辉石是最重要的造岩矿物之一。无论是研究火成岩,变质岩,还是研究深部地质或月球岩石都离不开辉石的鉴定和研究。在工艺岩石学(例如铸石学)的研究中辉石鉴定问题也极为重要,尤其是X射线粉末法鉴定。因此,近五十年来很多人对辉石的X射线粉末图进行过研究。为了研究辉石类质同象对晶格常数的影响及其和成因的关系,各种辉石(主     

地球系统演化过程中的主要矛盾──汤懋苍教授关于“气候变化地心说”的新探索

地球系统演化过程中的主要矛盾──汤懋苍教授关于“气候变化地心说”的新探索关键词地球系统演化，气候变化，冰期旋回１大冰期旋回（１０８年）与银、地磁耦合在地球的４６亿年演化史中，曾出现过７次大冰期，关于它的成因已经提出了很多假说，但都不能令人满意。汤懋苍...     

介绍冰期理论中的一个学派——天文学派

在地质历史上,气候曾发生过很大的变化,表现为冰期的反复来临。但是,冰期究竟是怎样产生、发展、而最后又消失的呢?究竟是什么因素控制着这种“神奇”的变化呢?据卡尔·萨根(1975)统计,为了回答这个问题,现在已有一百余种“冰期理论”。可惜至今还没有一种能比较完满地解释世界上气候演变的历史。大家都知道,在最近的几十年中,世界上科学技术的发展速度是非常快的,所以著名的第四纪地质学家费林特(1974)预言:关于冰期成因的新理论将会在本世纪末以前问世。     

超基性岩及与其有关的礦床

1.超基性岩的成因类型在卫国战爭以前的文献中,曾使用各种不同的名称来表示超基性岩杂岩体,如等,甚至还有(中文沒有其他的譯名--譯者註)。但所有的人在这些名詞下所理解的都是一种岩石。     

晚更新世以来的气候变迁史与地球轨道

<正> 在地质历程上,气候曾发生过显著的变化。探索这种变化的原因,是当前国际上引人注意的研究课题之一。近几十年来,人们利用深海钻孔取样,和分析氧同位素含量测定古温度等方法,发现地质历程上的气候变迁的过程,已被完整地、准确地记录在深海软泥之中。原来这些深海软泥,主要是由有孔虫、放射虫等微体生物的壳体组成的。据研究,在     

中国西藏南部珠穆朗玛峰地区第四纪气候的变迁

世界第一高峰--珠穆朗玛峰位于喜马拉雅山中段。喜马拉雅山又是世界上最高大的山脉。在那里,群峰争妍、白雪皑皑、山高谷深,地势极为险峻,藏族人民称她为“冰雪的家乡”。它的上升对我国和亚洲北部地区的气候和自然产生着巨大的影响;也是研究第四纪气候变迁的理想阵地。长期以来,关于本区复杂多变的古气候等问题曾引起了中外学者们的广泛注意。     

论硫化物型钨矿床的脉动-沉淀分带

金属矿床的原生分带问题,是近代矿床学的重要课题之一。研究这个问题,正如研究矿床地质方面的其他自然规律一样,对指导找矿勘探工作有很大的实用意义。自从1907年司泼尔(J.E.Spurr)提出金属矿床分带原理以后,五十多年来,不少矿床学者曾先后提出了这种或那种理论来解释分带现象的成因。     

我国某细脉浸染型钼矿床内的淡红沸石及其成因

淡红沸石(Stellerite)是辉沸石族矿物之一种,曾在白令海峡中的苏联铜岛、美国阿拉斯加的朱诺、芬兰和苏联东外贝加尔的一些多金属矿床发现过。前人对淡红沸石着重进行了结晶学和热分析的研究,而对其地质产状和成因以及与有关矿化的关系相对少一些。到目前为止,我国还沒有对淡红沸石进行过报导。     

西藏申扎巨型冰川终碛垅的发现及意义

青藏高原是否存在大冰盖 ?中外科学家争论了近百年 ,目前尚无定论。最近在对申扎县幅 1∶2 5万地质大调查中 ,发现申扎巨型冰川终碛垅。通过研究表明 ,该冰川终碛垅并非山谷冰川的产物 ,而属于高原冰盖或冰幅的产物。青藏高原在第四纪大冰期是否存在大冰盖的问题早在2 0世纪初出现分歧。斯文赫丁 (1899,190 2 )罗来兴等 (196 3)、崔之久 (196 4)、郑本兴等 (1976 ,1979)认为在青藏高原没有形成过大冰盖。但Ｅ·涂宁志等 (1930 ) ,Ｂ·Ｍ·西瓦村 (195 8)等认为在大冰期整个青藏高原被大冰盖覆盖着。自 1985年以来 ,德国地貌学家Ｍ·库勒多次…     

Proterozoic (pre-Ediacaran) glaciation and the high obliquity,low-latitude ice,strong seasonality (HOLIST) hypothesis: Principles and tests

Sedimentological observations and palaeomagnetic data for Cryogenian glacial deposits present the climatic paradox of grounded glaciers and in situ cold climate near sea-level, glaciomarine deposition, and accompanying large (up to 40 °C) seasonal changes of temperature, all in low to near-equatorial (< 10°) palaeolatitudes (equated with geographic latitudes). Neither the “snowball Earth” nor the “slushball Earth” hypothesis can account for such strong seasonality near the palaeoequator, which together with findings from sedimentology, chemostratigraphy, biogeochemistry, micropalaeontology, geochronology and climate modelling argue against those scenarios. An alternative explanation of glaciation and strong seasonality in low palaeolatitudes is offered by a high (> 54°) obliquity of the ecliptic, which would render the equator cooler than the poles, on average, and amplify global seasonality. A high obliquity per se would not have been a primary trigger for glaciation, but would have strongly influenced the latitudinal distribution of glaciers. The principle of low-latitude glaciation on a terrestrial planet with high obliquity is validated by theoretical studies and observations of Mars. A high obliquity for the early Earth is a likely outcome of a single giant impact at 4.5 Ga, the widely favoured mechanism for lunar origin. This implies that a high obliquity could have prevailed during most of the Precambrian, controlling the low palaeolatitude of glaciations in the early and late Palaeoproterozoic and Cryogenian. It is postulated that the obliquity changed to < 54° between the termination of the last Cryogenian low-palaeolatitude glaciation at ≤ 635 Ma and the initiation of Late Ordovician–Early Silurian circum-polar glaciation at 445 Ma.The High Obliquity, Low-latitude Ice, STrong seasonality (HOLIST) hypothesis for pre-Ediacaran glaciation emerges favourably from numerous glacial and non-glacial tests. The hypothesis is in accord with such established or implied features of Cryogenian glaciogenic successions as extensive and long-lived open seas, an active hydrological cycle, aridity and palaeowesterly (reversed zonal) winds in low palaeolatitudes, and the apparent diachronism or non-correlation of some low-palaeolatitude glaciations. A pre-Ediacaran high obliquity also offers a viable solution of the faint young Sun paradox of a warm Archaean Earth. Furthermore, reduction of obliquity during the Ediacaran–early Palaeozoic would have yielded a more habitable globe with much reduced seasonal stresses and may have been an important factor influencing the unique evolutionary events of the Ediacaran and Cambrian. The palaeolatitudinal distribution of evaporites cannot discriminate unambiguously between high- and low-obliquity states for the pre-Ediacaran Earth. Intervals of true polar wander such as postulated by others for the Ediacaran and Early Cambrian imply major mass-redistributions within the Earth at those times, which may provide a potential mechanism for reducing the obliquity during the Ediacaran–early Palaeozoic.     

中国热带MIS 3气候特征探讨

本文根据30多个古气候分析实例,探讨中国热带MIS3气候波动的相位特征、变幅特征和周期特征.MIS3为回暖期,曾出现早、晚2个暖期,晚期比早期更暖.MIS3的气候与现今的气候相比较,东部热带以热湿为主,年均温比今高1°～2℃或2°～2.5℃,年降水量比今多700mm或400～500mm;西部热带以凉湿为主,年均温与今相似或约低1.5℃,年降水量比今多700mm左右.MIS3期间出现2个冷-暖-冷的旋回,平均周期为17.5ka,这与岁差周期大体相符.中国热带MIS3的气候波动不仅有万年尺度的地球轨道周期,也有千年尺度的周期,后者与太阳辐射总量本身的变化有关.     

面对全球迅速变暖及其后果预测的第四纪研究动向

未来50—100年全球可能迅速变暖。围绕这一问题,第四纪研究出现了一些新动向:第四纪地质时期里是否出现过快速变暖阶段?在这阶段里生态环境怎样变化?有机界对气候快速变化的响应程度如何?在地质时期的高温阶段里生物界的景况怎样?等等,以期借鉴过去预测未来。不过,这里也存在这样一个问题,即“在多大程度上‘过去’是预测未来的钥匙?”     

青藏高原上新世以来植被与气候研究进展

由于青藏高原的特殊大气环流形势，夏半年受印度洋热带海洋季风──西南季风控制，向高原内部、尤其西北部，水份逐渐减弱；冬半年高原面受干冷西风环流影响，致使气候寒冷干燥。从而使高原植被由东南向西北发生递交。上新世早、中期在冈底斯山和念青唐古拉山以南地区发育常绿硬叶林，而北部则生长山地常绿针叶林，到更新世早期藏南以亚热带针阀混交林为主，北部出现灌丛和草原植被。自更新世晚期以来，青藏高原除东南部及喜马拉雅山以南的一部分地区保留部分亚热带针阔混交林外，大部分地区为高山草甸、灌丛草原或荒漠草原。      

中国北方干旱-半干旱区晚更新世以来地质环境演化特征空间模型分析

在我国北方干旱－半干旱区，以过去气候变化记录为主线，探讨了地质环境的变化过程及其分析方法；在时间尺度上，通过综合研究分别在青藏高原、黄土高原和华北平原建立了概念化的高分辨率气候指标(温度、降水)演化过程曲线，作为分区的特征演化曲线；在空间尺度上，对研究较深入的现代和全新世最佳期(７５００ａＢ．Ｐ．前后)、１８０００ａＢ。Ｐ．前后的冷期等时段的地质环境状况进行重建；利用空间分析计算机软件，对典型时段的地质环境状况进行连续空间分析，进而由分区特征演化曲线与典型时段地质环境空间分布模型耦合。这一分析对认识我国北方干旱－半干旱区今后的环境变化是十分有益的。     

Climatic reconstructions from the Eemian/Early Weichselian transition in Central Europe based on the coleopteran record from Gröbern, Germany

At Grobern (51°52'N, 12°6'E, altitude 94–98 m a.s.l., 50km north of Leipzig), a succession of lacustrine sediments has yielded a fossil coleopterous fauna permitting the reconstruction of climatic conditions through out the Eemian/Early Weichselian transition. In accord with other indicators, the Coleoptera show that this period was characterized by three major climatic oscillations during which the thermal climate fluctuated between conditions of arctic severity and more temperate conditions. During the cold episodes, the beetle faunas were dominated by species which today have exclusively northern or even Asiatic ranges. In the intervening warm periods these cold-adapted species were absent and the faunas included temperate species some of which are tree-dependent. Quantitative palaeotemperature estimates using the Mutual Climatic Range method, show that the mean July temperatures during the relatively colder intervals were 5°C to 6°C lower than during the warmer periods, but the depression of winter temperatures during the colder periods was much greater than this. Because different species of Coleoptera have different thresholds of temperature tolerance, their indications of climatic change do not always coincide with the changes in the lithology or pollen.     

核转变能与理论地质年表

本文讨论了地球内部长寿期放射性同位素衰变能的存量 ,给出地球脉动频率和频数公式 ,并据以重新建立了理论地质年表 ,解释了地球自转变化、地磁场倒转和黄赤交角变化等。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘煤中稀土元素特征

煤中稀土元素是煤地质领域研究源岩和沉积环境的良好地球化学指示剂,也是一种重要的矿产资源。运用ELEMENT XR等离子体质谱分析仪对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘石炭-二叠系和侏罗系延安组煤样中稀土元素进行测试,计算了多种化学参数并绘制了稀土元素分布类型曲线。在对稀土元素（REY）的地球化学特征分析的基础上,探讨了其物质来源。结果表明,石炭-二叠系煤中REY含量明显高于中国和世界煤中的均值,也高于上地壳值,呈铕（Eu）负异常,铈（Ce）负异常,这可能因为石炭-二叠系处于海陆交互相,与其处于强的还原环境有关;而侏罗系煤中REY含量却低于中国和世界煤中的均值,也低于上地壳值,呈轻微Eu负异常,轻微Ce正异常,侏罗系延安组主要为氧化的陆相环境,所以δCe在煤中的不亏损才会普遍存在。通过煤中稀土元素的分配模式、平面展布与其构造环境的综合分析,推测石炭-二叠系的物源为研究区西北部的阿拉善地块和北部的阴山古陆,南部的秦-祁造山带为侏罗系煤中稀土元素提供了主要的物质来源。      

Precambrian tidal and glacial clastic deposits: implications for Precambrian Earth–Moon dynamics and palaeoclimate

Over the past decade the study of Precambrian clastic tidal rhythmites — stacked laminae of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone that display periodic variations in thickness reflecting a strong tidal influence on sedimentation — has provided accurate palaeotidal and palaeorotational data. Palaeotidal records obtained from tidal rhythmites may be systematically abbreviated, however, and derived periods and frequencies can be misleading. The validity of such values, including past length of day, can be assessed by testing for internal self-consistency through application of the laws of celestial mechanics. Such a test supports the estimated length of day of h derived from the late Neoproterozoic (620 Ma) Elatina–Reynella rhythmites in South Australia, and the indicated mean rate of lunar retreat of cm/year since 620 Ma. The validity of estimated lengths of day obtained from other Precambrian tidal rhythmites remain unverified because the data sets contain only one primary value directly determined from the rhythmites. The Elatina–Reynella data militate against significant Earth expansion at least since 620 Ma, and suggest that the free nutation or ‘tipping' of the Earth's fluid core has undergone a resonance with the Earth's annual forced nutation since the Neoproterozoic. Glaciogenic deposits are readily distinguishable from ejecta resulting from impacts with Earth-crossing bodies. Palaeomagnetic data, based on the geocentric axial dipole model for the geomagnetic field, indicate that Neoproterozoic and Palaeoproterozoic glaciation and cold climate near sea level occurred in low palaeolatitudes. This enigmatic finding may imply global glaciation or an increased obliquity of the ecliptic, and is relevant to modelling the effect of ice sheet formation on the Earth's obliquity history by obliquity–oblateness feedback mechanisms. Through multidisciplinary studies, clastic sedimentology and geophysics together can make substantial contributions to understanding Precambrian Earth–Moon dynamics and global palaeoenvironments.