仿蝠鲼航行器游动规律智能控制与优化方法

固化的游动策略导致仿生航行器难以在变化的水下环境中保持高效率运动,以仿蝠鲼航行器为研究对象,提出了基于深度强化学习的仿生航行器胸鳍摆动智能控制方法,实现了航行器对高效摆动规律的自适应控制和优化。仿真示例表明：与初始给定的游动策略相比,优化后的游动策略在航行速度上提升了 14.46%,在游动能效上提升了 24.48%,从而验证了该方法在仿生航行器游动规律自适应控制与优化设计中的有效性。     

仿金枪鱼三维建模及流场受力分析

以鱼体和鱼鳍作为研究对象,在流场中进行数值模拟分析对于研究鱼类本身游动的高速、高效的游动机理和仿生工程上的应用具有十分重要的意义。以金枪鱼为仿生对象,以目前常用的回转体型水下机器人为对比对象,在三维软件Solidworks中结合金枪鱼的运动与形体特征建立鱼体模型和回转体机器人模型,并将建立的模型转换格式后导入Fluent软件中,在来流方向设置为与模型方向相平行的流场中进行有限元数值计算。计算中物理场采用中心差分插值方法,流动模型采用RNG两方程模型,结合具体参数进行了推导计算。计算结果表明,与常用的回转体型水下机器人相比,仿金枪鱼可有效的减小其在水中航行的阻力,提高推进效率。而且,仿生机器鱼在设计中应着重于头部、尾鳍及鱼体流线型部分的设计,其中为最大程度上减小仿生机器鱼运动时的阻力,应更侧重于仿生机器鱼体的流线型外形的优化设计。数值计算结果为仿生机器鱼的结构设计提供了一个良好的力学基础,对于减小运行阻力、提高仿生机器鱼的运动控制水平具有较高的指导意义。     

基于视觉定位的水下机器人无通信高精度编队技术研究

水下机器人集群技术是目前水下机器人技术领域的发展热点之一.针对以往基于通信的水下机器人编队存在的编队精度低、队形保持困难等问题,提出了基于水下矢量光图案及视觉定位的水下集群编队方法,并通过水池试验分别验证了视觉定位以及水下密集编队的功能和相关指标.试验结果表明:水下视觉定位能够达到不大于3％的定位精度和不小于2 Hz的...     

智能材料在水下仿生机器人驱动中的应用综述

基于智能材料的柔性仿生水下机器人的研究是当今水下机器人研究的热点之一。智能材料驱动的水下仿生机器人具有微型化、柔性化、智能化、低噪声以及易于主动产生复杂运动等特点,其外形结构更加符合生物学特性,和传统驱动方式相比具有较大的优越性,近年来在水下机器人领域得到了较快的发展。本文对几种应用于水下机器人中常见的智能材料的驱动原理进行了比较,在此基础上介绍了国内外近年来利用上述几种智能材料作为驱动器研制的各种机器人。对机器人的外形结构和驱动模式作了简要介绍,重点对机器人驱动效率进行了分析和比较,分析了几种驱动材料性能的优劣。最后,指出了当前仿生水下机器人发展存在和需要解决的问题。     

水下无人集群协同态势感知技术要点初探

水下无人集群的作战运用与相关技术研究方兴未艾,水下无人集群协同态势生成是水下无人集群作战的基础,是水下无人集群协同决策和协同打击的重要前提。此外,水下无人集群作战效果的评估也需要通过对战场态势的再认知来评价。从水下无人集群的作战使用出发梳理了水下无人集群态势生成的需求, 分析了在态势生成过程中态势要素表示、目标识别、态势推理以及群体认知等方面面临的主要困难,最后针对性地提出了技术路线和实现路径,为后续更深入和广泛的研究提供了思路。     

水下微小无人机集群发展综述

水下微小无人机集群具有体积小、功耗低、集群智慧等特点，可广泛应用于船舶故障排查、水下防恐安全检查、海底采矿、海底通讯中继等领域。CoCoRo，M-AUEs，SmarmDiver 等典型水下微小无人机集群成功实现了海洋生物行为模拟、海洋生态环境监控、水底搜索等功能。水下微小无人机集群在多传感器搭载及数据融合、水下通讯、定位、集群控制等技术上还需进一步完善，我国应加强在该领域的研究开发。     

水下滑翔机器人运动分析与载体设计

水下滑翔机器人是一种新型水下机器人,具有噪声低、航行距离远、续航时间长、成本低等特点。分析了水下滑翔机器人的驱动机理和运动实现,给出了水下滑翔机器人典型运动的仿真结果,并以正在设计的一水下滑翔机试验样机为研究对象,描述了样机的整体结构布局,详细研究了浮力调节机构、俯仰调节机构和横滚调节机构的实现方法,并就样机中各执行机构的设计实现进行了论述。     

基于连杆机构综合的水下仿生推进装置设计

海洋动物在长期的进化过程中形成了高超的游泳能力,科学家和工程师希望通过对海洋动物的运动机理分析研发新型的高性能仿生推进装置。本文利用海龟扑翼运动的机理,设计一种基于四杆机构的仿海龟推进装置,并进行了运动分析。通过对海龟的扑翼运动进行分析,获取了海龟水翼在游动过程中的运动规律;运用机构综合的轨迹创成和刚体导引方法,设计了四连杆机构,使固连在连杆上的翼片能够近似实现海龟水翼的运动轨迹和姿态。文中计算了该机构的运动轨迹、姿态和角速度等运动参数,进行了机构的运动学仿真,该研究对于仿海龟推进装置设计和分析有借鉴意义。     

能实现水下“飞行”的海洋之翼

近日科学家设计了一套能够实现水下"飞行"特殊的装备。这套装备看起来很像跳伞运动员的滑翔衣,在手臂和腿部之间特别设计出像蜘蛛网状的翅膀,使得穿戴者能够如蝠鲼一样在水里滑翔。这款海洋之翼的设计理念是由法国人纪尧姆·比纳德提出,并与水肺公司共同设计制造。日前自由潜水     

水下机器人作业机械手的研究与发展

水下作业机械手是水下机器人核心组成部分，研究第二、第三代水下机械手技术是水下机器人的重要课题，本文仅就水下作业机械手当前的发展状态，设计原则及智能化技术的研究，提出有关看法，仅供研究水下机械手课题展开讨论。     

Control performance in the horizontal plane of a fish robot withmechanical pectoral fins

The mechanism of locomotion of aquatic animals can provide us with new insight into the maneuverability and stabilization of underwater robots. This paper focuses on biomimesis in the maneuvering performance of aquatic animals to develop a new device for maneuvering underwater robots. In this paper, guidance and control in the horizontal plane of a fish robot equipped with a pair of two-motor-driven mechanical pectoral fins on both sides of the robot in water currents is presented. The fish robot demonstrates high performance in terms of maneuverability in such activities as lateral swimming. The use of fuzzy control enables the fish robot to perform rendezvous and docking with an underwater post in water currents     

水下机器人标准体系框架构建探索

水下机器人作为一类特种机器人,日益成为探索海洋奥秘、开发海洋资源的重要工具,被称为海洋高技术的皇冠,正逐步成为国家间海洋技术竞争的制高点。水下机器人标准体系最直接的作用是指导、规范水下机器人标准制定工作,使人们清楚水下机器人标准化工作方向和重点,有助于推动水下机器人研发和产业化进程,促进快速、健康发展。文章在介绍国内外水下机器人标准制订的基础上,探讨水下机器人标准体系框架构建思路,提出标准体系建设路径,明确水下机器人标准化工作范围和领域,并构建了水下机器人标准体系序列结构、三维结构、层次结构3种框架模型,为构建我国水下机器人标准体系提供了有价值的参考。     

Survey of underwater robot positioning navigation

Underwater robot positioning and navigation achieve autonomous underwater robot movement based on the premise that positioning obtains the coordinates of the relative position of the underwater robot using a sensor, and navigation yields a known location to the destination path planning. Due to the location of an underwater robot and the complex and changing environment in which it operates, it is difficult to achieve precise positioning using the traditional positioning method. This paper systematically analyzes and summarizes several typical localization and navigation methods of underwater robots, such as multisensor information fusion technology, underwater acoustic localization and navigation methods, GPS buoy, underwater vision, SLAM and coordinate localization and navigation of multiple underwater robots. Multisensory information fusion technology integrates the advantages of the above methods, enhances the system stability and robustness, overcomes the disadvantages of traditional positioning and navigation, and enables the autonomous navigation and positioning of underwater robots. Underwater acoustics enable flexible and convenient positioning, whereas GPS can achieve high-precision and high-positioning navigation information, and visual positioning effectively overcomes the problem of error accumulation. Multirobot cooperative positioning resolves the problem of positioning failure caused by the collapse of a single system and completes complex tasks that cannot be completed by a single robot, thus enhancing the stability and robustness of the system. This paper systematically describes the realization of these methods, presents an actual analysis of their respective advantages and problems, and discusses the development of the field of research prospects and application prospects.     

Mechanics and control of swimming: a review

The bodies and brains of fish have evolved to achieve control objectives beyond the capabilities of current underwater vehicles. One route toward designing underwater vehicles with similar capabilities is to better understand fish physiological design and control strategies. This paper has two objectives: 1) to review clues to artificial swimmer design taken from fish physiology and 2) to formalize and review the control problems that must be solved by a robot fish. The goal is to exploit fish locomotion principles to address the truly difficult control challenges of station keeping under large perturbations, rapid maneuvering, power-efficient endurance swimming, and trajectory planning and tracking. The design and control of biomimetic swimming machines meeting these challenges will require state-of-the-art engineering and biology.     

Environmental factors influencing aggregation of manta rays (Manta birostris) off the northeastern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula

Manta rays inhabit tropical, subtropical and temperate waters. Aggregation sites of manta rays have been recognized worldwide, but the reasons for this behavior are still poorly understood. This study describes environmental factors influencing aggregation sites of the giant manta ray (Manta birostris) off the northeastern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. Observations of manta rays were obtained from scientific surveys conducted during 2006–2011. Environmental data were obtained from satellite imagery. The maximum entropy (Maxent) method for habitat modeling was used to determine the effects of environmental conditions on the species and predict suitable habitat for manta rays in this region. Primary productivity and distance to the coast were the most influential variables, suggesting that aggregation occurs in highly productive coastal waters. The distribution of manta rays predicted by the Maxent model showed that the most suitable habitat within the study area is located off the northeastern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, more precisely, northeast of Isla Holbox and northwest of Isla Contoy. Seasonal patterns of distribution suggest that the most suitable conditions are present from July through September.     

A navigational primitive: biorobotic implementation of cycloptic helical klinotaxis in planar motion

A broad diversity of microorganisms and larval aquatic animals swim along a helical trajectory. Helical movement toward or away from stimuli involves the detection of gradients, alteration of the helical trajectory, and gradient tracking. Using sensory and neural circuitry models from swimming simulations of tadpole-like ascidian larvae (Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata), we built and tested a single-sensor, surface-swimming, tail-flapping robot that swims up a light gradient and holds station at an orbital around an area of high intensity. We implemented the same neural circuitry in a terrestrial, wheeled robot with a single photoresistor; it exhibited similar navigational behavior. We also mathematically modeled single-sensor robots navigating in plane. The simulated robots showed the importance of sensor placement and excitation field on navigational behavior. When the sensor placement and excitation field of the simulated robot matched that of the embodied robots, navigational behavior was similar. These results 1) tested and supported a proposed neural circuitry model, 2) showed the simplicity and effectiveness of using a single light sensor for navigation, and 3) demonstrated the use of helical motion in two dimensions.     

Zero-G Class Underwater Robots: Unrestricted Attitude Control Using Control Moment Gyros

The "Zero-G" is designated as a new class of underwater robot that is capable of unrestricted attitude control. A novel control scheme based on internal actuation using control moment gyros (CMGs) is developed to provide Zero-G class autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) with this unique freedom in control. This is implemented in the CMG-actuated Zero-G class internal kinematic underwater robot actuation (IKURA) system that was developed as part of this research. A series of experiments are performed to demonstrate the practical application of CMGs and verify the associated theoretical developments. The ability to actively stabilize the translational dynamics of the robot is assessed and unrestricted attitude control is demonstrated in an experiment that involves vertically pitched diving and surfacing in surge. Finally, potential applications for Zero-G class AUVs are discussed.     

The frequency and effect of shark-inflicted bite injuries to the reef manta ray Manta alfredi

Shark bite injuries on reef manta rays Manta alfredi off the coast of Inhambane, Mozambique, were examined over a three-year period (2003–2006). The frequency and seasonality of attacks, the rate of wound healing, and the possible identities of attackers were explored. This study presents the first examination of bite wounds on manta rays in the wild and the role sharks may play in the natural mortality of this species. The reported incidence of shark-inflicted injuries is high with over three-quarters of the sampled population affected. In total, 571 bite injuries were observed on 283 identified individuals. The number of bite injuries varied from one to seven, with a mean of 1.54 bite wounds. There was no significant difference in the frequency of bite injuries in male and female rays. The majority (96%) of the observed bite wounds were healed. Fresh wounds occurred throughout the year, with no obvious seasonality. The bull shark Carcharhinus leucas and tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier are suggested as the primary mediators of attacks, although up to 11 other shark species are listed as potential attackers. The majority of the bite marks (96%) occurred to the most posterior region of the body, specifically the posterior edges of the pectoral and pelvic fins, with many injuries likely having a negative impact on the reproductive abilities and fitness of the rays.     

First record of manta rays off New Zealand

Three manta rays were seen and photographed in the western Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, in March 1968. Although the species or genus could not be identified, this sighting represents the first substantiated record of the manta ray family (Mobulidae) in New Zealand and confirms the statements of fishermen that, in summer, mantas occasionally appear in offshore game‐fish waters in north‐eastern New Zealand.     

自主水下机器人水下接驳插拔传输与无线感应传输研究现状及对比分析

水下对接传输技术作为自主水下机器人（autonomous underwater vehicle,简称AUV）水下能源补给及数据传输的重要方式,受到国内外的重点关注,目前采用的水下对接传输方式主要分为接驳插拔传输及无线感应传输。在探究国内外AUV水下对接研究概况的基础上,归纳、总结以上两种传输方式的研究现状,分析对比其在对接传输效率、发展限制因素、对接控制技术等方面的区别。通过分析发现,接驳插拔传输在传输效率及功率方面具备优势,无线感应传输则具有更高的简易性、经济性。此发现为不同作业需求下传输方式的选择提供了基础。通过技术发展限制因素对比得出,在未来技术发展方向上,接驳插拔传输技术需提升系统稳定性、灵活性及费效比,无线感应传输需解决能量损耗、系统鲁棒性及涡旋损耗等问题。对两种传输技术未来发展前景及方向的预测,能够为AUV水下传输的发展提供重要参考。